The electric motor

HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
«Her tercih bir vazgeçiştir»
BİREYSEL ULAŞIM - GELECEĞİN OTOMOBİLİ - TANIMLAYICI FAKTÖRLER
Artan yakıt fiyatı
Kaynaklar/tahrik teknolojilerinin mevcudu
Artan tıkanıklık problemi
Değişen müşteri talepleri
Source: Bundesverband Freier Tankstellen
MEVCUT TEKNOLOJİ İLE YAKIT EKONOMİSİ VE EMİSYON AZALTIMI
Üzerinde Çalışılan Teknolojiler
Optimize edilmiş motorlar
%
3-10
Düşük yuvarlanma direncine sahip lastik teknolojisi
2
Aerodinamik
2
Hacim küçültme
10
Termodinamik yönetimi
5-7
Start stop sistemi
Toplam
2010
98%
3-10
2035’de
25-40
Hala araçlardaki
motorların %50’sinden
fazlası içten yanmalı
motor…
Kaynak: Fehre, N., Schneider, H., “Hybrids and Electric Vehicles: Hype or sustainable investment? The truth about market potential and investment ideas”,
Industrials/Global Autos – Equities, 13 October 2009.
YAKIT/ENERJİ VE TAHRİK SİSTEMLERİ
Tahrik Sistemleri
Sıvı
Yakıtlar
Konvansiyonel ICE:
Benzin / Dizel
Kömür
Doğal Gaz
Gaz ICE
Gaz
Yakıtlar
ICE Hibrit
Plug-In Hybrid ICE
Biokütle
Elektrik
Diğer Kaynaklar
(Güneş, Rüzgar, Hidro)
Nükleer
Elektrikli Araç
Electric Vehicle
Hidrojen
Yakıt Hücresi/Pili
Elektriklenme
Petrol (petrol, gaz)
Enerji Taşıyıcıları
Pil
Enerji Kaynakları
ALTERNATİF YAKITLI ARAÇLARIN BAŞARISINDAKİ KISITLAR
In 2009, the US government
announced its new CAFE
standard, requiring that all car
manufacturers
achieve
an
average fuel economy of 35 MPG
by 2020. This is equivalent to 6.7
l/100 km.
Notlar:
MPG = mil/gal
1 gal = 4,54 litre (UK)
1 gal = 3,78 litre (US)
1 barrel petroluen = 42 gal =
158,99 litre (ham petrol) [US]
1 mil= 1609 m
CAFE - Corporate Average Fuel Economy = Birleşik Ortalama Yakıt Verimliliği, Kurumsal Ortalama
Yakıt Ekonomisi
NHTSA - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration = Ulusal Otoyol Trafik Güvenliği
Yönetimi/İdaresi/Komisyonu
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”, ISBN 978-0-47074773-5, 2011.
ALTERNATİF YAKITLI ARAÇLARIN BAŞARISINDAKİ KISITLAR
Dünyamızın doğal yapısının korunmasına yönelik zorlamalar, otomobil
üreticilerini performanstan ödün vermeden daha çevreci arayışlara doğru
itmektedir. Bu arayışlar içerisinde; daha küçük silindir hacmi ile daha az
sürtünme ve ağırlık, daha az hareketli kütleler, turbo besleme sayesinde
torkun geniş devir bandına yayılması, çift beslemeyle (turbo ve kompresör)
turbo boşluğunun azaltılması ya da tamamen yok edilmesi, değişken
supap zamanlaması, dur-kalk sistemleri, farklı malzemelerle ağırlık
azaltılması, gelişmiş direk enjeksiyon sistemleri, motorda sürtünmelerin
azaltılması, düşük sürtünmeli yağlayıcılar, silindirlerin devre dışı
bırakılması, kamsız supap işletimi, otomatikleştirilmiş manüel şanzıman
uygulamaları ve 8-10 ileri kademeli manüel vites kutularının kullanımı,
entegre marş-alternatör üniteleri, ultra fakir karışımlı direk enjeksiyonlu
motorlar, araçta uzman/akıllı ısı yönetimi, dizel motorlarda piezo-enjektör
kullanımı ve bir çevrimde birden çok enjeksiyon (split injection) gibi
konular üzerinde yoğun çalışmalar yürütülmektedir [1].
ALTERNATİF YAKITLI ARAÇLARIN BAŞARISINDAKİ KISITLAR
 Alternatif teknolojili taşıtlar için yüksek ilk yatırım maliyeti (High first
cost for vehicle)
 Sınırlı yakıt depolama durumları [On-board fuel storage issues (i.e.
Limited range)]
 Emniyet ve yükümlülük konuları (Safety and liability concerns)
 Yüksek yakıt dolum maliyetleri [High fueling cost (compared to gasoline)]
 Sınırlı dolum/şarj istasyonları [Limited fuel stations: chicken and egg
problem]
 Mevcut trendlerdeki gelişmeler [better, cleaner gasoline vehicles].
Kaynak: Joseph Romm, “The car and fuel of the future”, Energy Policy 34 (2006) 2609–2614.
GELİŞMİŞ ARAÇ TAHRİK TEKNOLOJİ STRATEJİSİ
Geliştirilmiş Yakıt
Ekonomisi ve
Emisyonlar
2009-2020
Hidrojen Yakıt Pili - Elektrik
Batarya-Elektrikli Araçlar
(E-Flex)
Hibrid-Elektrikli Araçlar (Plugin Araçlar dahil)
İçten Yanmalı Motor ve
Şanzıman Gelişmeleri
Zaman
Enerji Çeşitliliği
Petrol (Konvensiyonel ve Alternatif Kaynaklar)
Biyoyakıtlar (Ethanol E85, Biyodizel)
Elektrik (Konvensiyonel ve Alternatif Kaynaklar)
Hidrojen
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
2020’de tüm
yeni araçların
%10 plug-in
fonksiyonlu olacak
Şekil 3: 2025 Vizyonu bağlamında elektrikleştirme derecesi [12].
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Uluslararası Elektroteknik Komisyonunun
Teknik Komitesi (Elektrikli yol araçları)
tarafından verilen tanıma göre: Hibrid elektrikli
araç, enerjinin iki ya da daha fazla enerji
deposundan sağlandığı ve bu enerji
depolarından en az bir tanesinin elektrik
enerjisi verdiği bir araç olarak ifade edilmiştir.
Hibrit elektrikli araç daha çok
hem içten yanmalı motorun
(İYM) hem de elektrikli
motorun
kullanıldığı
araç
olarak kabul edilmektedir.
Honda Insight
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”, ISBN 978-0-47074773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
When compared to gasoline-powered cars,
EVs and HEVs:
• were more expensive than gasoline cars
due to the large battery packs used;
• were less powerful than gasoline cars due
to the limited power from the onboard
battery;
• had limited range between each charge;
• and needed many hours to recharge the
onboard battery. / Chapter -1
Honda Insight
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”, ISBN 978-0-47074773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
History:
The world’s automotive history turned to a new page in 1997 when the first
modern hybrid electric car, the Toyota Prius, was sold in Japan. This car, along
with Honda’s Insight and Civic HEVs, has been available in the United States since
2000. These early HEVs marked a radical change in the types of cars offered to
the public: vehicles that take advantage of the benefits of both battery EVs and
conventional gasoline-powered vehicles. At the time of writing, there are more
than 40 models of HEVs available in the marketplace from more than 10 major
car companies.
[Chapter 1]
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid
Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With
Practical Perspectives”, ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
 İçten Yanmalı Motor
 Aracın Elektriklenme Derecesi
 Elektrik Motoru
 Konfigürasyon
 Transmisyonun Kademelendirilmesi
 Güç Yönetimi
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Architectures of HEVs
A HEV is a combination of a
conventional ICE-powered vehicle and
an EV. It uses both an ICE and an
electric
motor/generator
for
propulsion. The two power devices,
the ICE and the electric motor, can be
connected in series or in parallel from
a power flow point of view.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Architectures of HEVs (cont.)
When the ICE and motor are connected
in series, the HEV is a series hybrid in
which only the electric motor is
providing mechanical power to the
wheels. When the ICE and the electric
motor are connected in parallel, the HEV
is a parallel hybrid in which both the
electric motor and the ICE can deliver
mechanical power to the wheels.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Architectures of HEVs (cont.)
In a HEV, liquid fuel is still the source of
energy. The ICE is the main power converter
that provides all the energy for the vehicle.
The electric motor increases system
efficiency and reduces fuel consumption by
recovering
kinetic
energy
during
regenerative braking, and optimizes the
operation of the ICE during normal driving
by adjusting the engine torque and speed.
The ICE provides the vehicle with an
extended
driving
range
therefore
overcoming the disadvantages of a pure EV.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Architectures of HEVs (cont.)
In a series HEV or PHEV, the ICE drives a
generator (referred to as the I/G set). The ICE
converts energy in the liquid fuel to
mechanical energy and the generator
converts the mechanical energy of the engine
output to electricity. An electric motor will
propel the vehicle using electricity generated
by the I/G set. This electric motor is also
used to capture the kinetic energy during
braking. There will be a battery between the
generator and the electric motor to buffer the
electric energy between the I/G set and the
motor.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Architectures
(cont.)
of
HEVs
In a parallel HEV or PHEV, both
the ICE and the electric motor are
coupled to the final drive shaft
through a mechanical coupling
mechanism, such as a clutch,
gears, belts, or pulleys. This
parallel configuration allows both
the ICE and the electric motor to
drive the vehicle either in
combined mode, or separately.
The electric moor is also used for
regenerative braking and for
capturing the excess energy from
the ICE during coasting.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
SERİ HİBRİD ELEKTRİKLİ ARAÇLAR
Series HEV
In this HEV, the ICE is the main energy converter that converts
the original energy in gasoline to mechanical power. The
mechanical output of the ICE is then converted to electricity
using a generator. The electric motor moves the final drive
using electricity generated by the generator or electricity
stored in the battery. The electric motor can receive electricity
directly from the engine, or from the battery, or both. Since
the engine is decoupled from the wheels, the engine speed
can be controlled independently of vehicle speed. This not only
simplifies the control of the engine, but, most importantly, can
allow operation of the engine at its optimum speed to achieve
the best fuel economy. It also provides flexibility in locating the
engine on the vehicle. There is no need for the traditional
mechanical transmission in a series HEV.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Güç Çevirici (İnvertör): İnvertör, doğru akımı (DC) alternatif akıma (AC) çeviren
elektriksel bir güç çeviricisidir. İnvertör çıkışında üretilen AC güç, kullanılan
transformatörlere, anahtarlama ve kontrol devrelerine bağlı olarak herhangi bir
gerilimde ve frekansta olabilir.
Fig. 1: The architecture of a series HEV
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
Reading Text
What is the difference between an AC motor and a DC motor? / July 29, 2011 | Q&A
While both A.C. and D.C. motors serve the same function of converting
electrical energy into mechanical energy, they are powered, constructed and
controlled differently. 1 The most basic difference is the power source. A.C.
motors are powered from alternating current (A.C.) while D.C. motors are
powered from direct current (D.C.), such as batteries, D.C. power supplies
or an AC-to-DC power converter. D.C wound field motors are constructed
with brushes and a commutator, which add to the maintenance, limit the
speed and usually reduce the life expectancy of brushed D.C. motors. A.C.
induction motors do not use brushes; they are very rugged and have long
life expectancies. The final basic difference is speed control. The speed of a
D.C. motor is controlled by varying the armature winding’s current while
the speed of an A.C. motor is controlled by varying the frequency, which is
commonly done with an adjustable frequency drive control. 2
1.Saeed Niku. Introduction to Robotics: Analysis, Control, Applications. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. Page 280 ↩
2.Robert S. Carrow. Electrician’s technical reference: Variable frequency drives. Delmar Thomson Learning, 2001. Page 45 ↩
Published by Ohio Electric Motors: http://www.ohioelectricmotors.com/what-is-the-difference-between-an-ac-motor-and-a-dc-motor673#ixzz2ezsrNvI3
HİBRİD ARAÇLARA - ÖRNEKLER
SERİ HİBRİD ARAÇLARA ÖRNEK
KONFİGÜRASYON
UYGULAMASI
Seri (elektrik bağlantılı)
AÇIKLAMA
Tofaş Dublo Elit-1
Fusion parallel HEV, GM EV1,
Paralel (mekanik bağlantılı)
Parallel
Hibrid-electric
Honda
Insight and Civic
Seri–paralel
(mekanik
ve Ford Escape series–parallel Hibrid
elektrik bağlantılı)
Civic ve Pruis: Permanent magnet
Kompleks
(mekanik
elektrik bağlantılı)
ve
brushless
Toyota Prius hibrid, Honda Civic
[Sürekli
(PMBL)
Mıknatıslı
DC
motor
fırçasız
Motor]
(a) Series (electrically coupling), (b) parallel (mechanical coupling), (c) series–parallel
(mechanical and electrical coupling, (d) complex (mechanical and electrical coupling).
DC
HİBRİD ARAÇLARDA TRANSMİSYON
TRANSMİSYON
İki modlu ya da
değişken
transmisyon
Tek modlu
UYGULAMASI
Sonata Hibrid, 2011 Camry
Hibrid – CVT, 2010 Altima
Hibrid – CVT, 2011 Fusion
Hibrid – CVT, Honda Civic
Hibrid –CVT, ML450 BlueHibrid- İki modlu
transmisyon
Toyota Prius – ECVT, bir
modlu
AÇIKLAMA
Sonata: Tork konverterli/konvertersiz
otomatik transmisyon, elektrikli yağ
pompası
ECVT: Elektronik sürekli değişken
transmisyon (Electronic continuously
variable transmission)
İki modlu transmisyon iki elektrik
motoruna sahiptir. Şehir içi ve
şehirlerarası yollarda yakıt ekonomisi
sağlar.
Düzenli bir modlu hibrid düşük
hızlarda taşıtın tahriki için bir elektrik
motoru kullanır ve hızlanmalarda
benzin motoruna yardımcı olur.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Series HEV (Cont.)
Based on the vehicle operating conditions, the propulsion components on a
series HEV can operate with different combinations:
• Battery alone: When the battery has sufficient energy, and the vehicle power demand
is low, the I/G set is turned off, and the vehicle is powered by the battery only.
• Combined power: At high power demands, the I/G set is turned on and the battery
also supplies power to the electric motor.
• Engine alone: During highway cruising and at moderately high power demands, the
I/G set is turned on. The battery is neither charged nor discharged. This is mostly due
to the fact that the battery’s state of charge (SOC) is already at a high level but the
power demand of the vehicle prevents the engine from turning, or it may not be
efficient to turn the engine off.
• Power split: When the I/G is turned on, the vehicle power demand is below the I/G
optimum power, and the battery SOC is low, then a portion of the I/G power is used to
charge the battery.
• Stationary charging: The battery is charged from the I/G power without the vehicle
being driven.
• Regenerative braking: The electric motor is operated as a generator to convert the
vehicle’s kinetic energy into electric energy and charge the battery.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Series HEV (cont.)
In this case, as shown in Figure 2, there are four electric motors, each one installed inside each
wheel. Due to the elimination of transmission and final drive, the efficiency of the vehicle system
can be significantly increased. The vehicle will also have all-wheel drive (AWD) capability.
However, controlling the four electric motors independently is a challenge.
Figure 2: Hub motor configuration of a series HEV
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Parallel HEVs
In this configuration, the ICE and the electric motor can both deliver power in parallel
to the wheels. The ICE and the electric motor are coupled to the final drive through a
mechanism such as a clutch, belts, pulleys, and gears. Both the ICE and the motor can
deliver power to the final drive, either in combined mode, or each separately. The
electric motor can be used as a generator to recover the kinetic energy during braking
or absorbing a portion of power from the ICE.
Figure 3: The architecture of a parallel HEV
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Parallel HEVs (cont.)
The parallel hybrid needs only two propulsion devices, the ICE and
the electric motor, which can be used in the following mode:
• Motor-alone mode: When the battery has sufficient energy,
and the vehicle power demand is low, then the engine is turned
off, and the vehicle is powered by the motor and battery only.
• Combined power mode: At high power demand, the engine is
turned on and the motor also supplies power to the wheels.
• Engine-alone mode: During highway cruising and at moderately
high power demands, the engine provides all the power needed
to drive the vehicle. The motor remains idle. This is mostly due
to the fact that the battery SOC is already at a high level but the
power demand of the vehicle prevents the engine from turning
off, or it may not be efficient to turn the engine off.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Parallel HEVs (cont.)
• Power split mode: When the engine is on, but the vehicle
power demand is low and the battery SOC is also low, then a
portion of the engine power is converted to electricity by the
motor to charge the battery.
• Stationary charging mode: The battery is charged by running
the motor as a generator and driven by the engine, without the
vehicle being driven.
• Regenerative braking mode: The electric motor is operated as
a generator to convert the vehicle’s kinetic energy into electric
energy and store it in the battery. Note that, in regenerative
mode, it is in principle possible to run the engine as well, and
provide additional current to charge the battery more quickly
(while the propulsion motor is in generator mode) and
command its torque accordingly, that is, to match the total
battery power input. In this case, the engine and motor
controllers have to be properly coordinated.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Series–Parallel HEVs
In comparison to a series HEV, the series–parallel HEV adds a
mechanical link between the engine and the final drive, so the
engine can drive the wheels directly. When compared to a
parallel HEV, the series–parallel HEV adds a second electric motor
that serves primarily as a generator.
Because a series–parallel HEV can operate in both parallel and
series modes, the fuel efficiency and drivability can be optimized
based on the vehicle’s operating condition. The increased degree
of freedom in control makes the series–parallel HEV a popular
choice. However, due to increased components and complexity, it
is generally more expensive than series or parallel HEVs.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Series–Parallel HEVs
Figure 4: The architectures of a series–parallel HEV
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Complex HEVs
Complex HEVs usually involve the use of planetary
gear systems and multiple electric motors (in the
case of four/all-wheel drive). One typical example
is a four-wheel drive (4WD) system that is
realized through the use of separate drive axles,
as shown in Figure 5. The generator in this system
is used to realize series operation as well as to
control the engine operating condition for
maximum efficiency. The two electric motors are
used to realize all-wheel drive, and to realize
better performance in regenerative braking. They
may also enhance vehicle stability control and
antilock braking control by their use.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Complex HEVs
Figure 5: The electrical four-wheel drive system using a complex architecture
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
The main difference among the various configurations is the series, parallel or mixed
interconnection of the power sources. In the series configuration (1) the individual drive
components are connected in series, whereas in the parallel configuration (2) the drive
power of both drive sources is mechanically added. The letters M and G indicate
whether the electric drive is operating in "motor" or "generator" mode.
Because the diesel engine in the series configuration is mechanically decoupled from
the vehicle drive, the diesel engine can be operated at a constant speed, i.e. at its
optimum operating point in terms of efficiency and emissions. Despite the advantages
of the series configuration, its disadvantage is that energy must be converted several
times. Including battery storage efficiency, the mechanical efficiency between the
diesel engine and the powered axle is hardly greater than 55 %.
The parallel hybrid configuration (2) has the advantage that when operated in the mode
which incorporates an IC engine, it is just as efficient as the engine in a conventional
vehicle. In configuration 2, the change-speed transmission required by the diesel-engine
drive is also part of the electric drive branch. In this type of drive the speed of the
electric motor therefore must be varied only within a specific range above a basic speed,
in a manner similar to the way in which the diesel engine is operated. Moreover, in this
configuration the electric drive also profits from the torque conversion by the
downstream transmission, as a result of which the electric motor must only be
dimensioned for low drive torque. This leads to an equivalent reduction in motor mass
which is roughly proportional to motor torque.
Bosch Automotiv Handbook, 2002
The mixed configuration (3) represents
a combination of configurations 1 and
2, and corresponds to a splitter
transmission with an infinitely-variable
transmission ratio. On the one hand,
the power of the IC engine is
mechanically transmitted directly to the
driving wheels, while on the other, the
rotation of the IC engine is decoupled
from the rotation of the driving wheels
by the speed overlay in the planetary
gear.
Hybrid drive configurations
1 Series configuration,
2 Parallel configuration,
3 Mixed configuration
VM IC engine,
EL Electric drive (operated as a motor or
alternator/generator),
BA Battery or external power supply,
SG Manually shifted transmission.
Bosch Automotiv Handbook, 2002
Seri hibrid sistemde tekerlere tahrik gücünü sağlayan bir elektrik motoru vardır. İYM
generatöre bağlıdır ve elektrik enerjisinin oluşturulmasını sağlayarak bataryalarda enerji
depolanmasına katkıda bulunur. Bataryalarda depo edilen elektrik enerjisi ise elektrik
motoruna verilir ve tahrik tekerlerine gerekli olan güç iletilir. İYM ve tekerlekler arasında
mekanik bir güç iletimi mevcut değildir.
Paralel hibrid sistemde ise itki için gerekli olan güç, birden fazla enerji kaynağından
sağlanır. İYM transmisyon aracılığı ile tekerlere doğrudan güç iletir. Bunun yanında
bataryalarda depo edilen elektrik enerjisi ise elektrik motoru yolu ile tekerlere iletilir.
Seri sistemin dezavantajları:
Bu sistemde İYM, jeneratör ve elektrik motoru olmak üzere üç tahrik ekipmanına ihtiyaç
duyulur:
• Elektrik motoru gerekli olan azami gücü karşılayacak şekilde, özellikle yüksek eğimler
için tasarlanır. Fakat araç çoğunlukla azami gücün altında çalışmaktadır.
• Tahrik ekipmanları, batarya kapasitesinin birinci seviyede dikkate alınarak menzil ve
performans için azami gücü karşılayacak şekilde boyutlandırılır.
• Güç sistemi ağır ve maliyeti daha yüksektir.
Paralel hibrid sistemin dezavantajları:
• Gerekli olan güç iki farklı kaynaktan sağlandığı için burada enerji yönetimi önem arz
eder.
• İYM ve motordan gelen gücün tahrik tekerlerine düzgün olarak iletilebilmesi için
karmaşık mekanik elemanlara ihtiyaç duyulur.
• Sessiz çalışma modu sağlamamaktadır
Elektrikli Araçlar, Enerji Sistemleri ve Çevre Araştırma Enstitüsü, GEBZE - 2003
ATKINSON CYCLE ENGINE
The Atkinson cycle engine is definitely
not a new design having been
invented in 1882. Because the cycle
has advantages when applied to
hybrids, the 1882 invention is enjoying
a period of popularity. See Figure,
which shows the various strokes of a
four-stroke engine with intermediate
positions as well.
Key features of Atkinson cycle are a
long expansion stroke which allows
extraction of more energy. The short
compression stroke reduces pumping
losses. The design allows retaining
and designing any compression ratio
desired. The results are improved
engine efficiency which is provided at
the expense of power.
Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation
ATKINSON CYCLE ENGINE
That is the good news; now for the bad
news. Due to the reduced charge, discussed
presently, the power is reduced compared
to the same engine of equal displacement.
“Charge” is the maximum mass of fuel plus
air in the cylinder; usually this mass occurs
when the piston is at TDC and all valves are
(nearly) closed ready for expansion stroke.
Some relevant definitions: as crankshaft
angle passes through 0°, the piston pauses
and stops; hence the word “dead” to
describe top dead center (TDC).
Closing all valves for improved regenerative
braking. Engine operation is analogous to
lowloss motion of a spring with a mass, m.
The minimum loss for an engine is attained
with all valves closed.
Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation
ATKINSON CYCLE ENGINE
An open intake valve is like
leaving the door open; the
charge leaks out. Compression
is delayed creating a shortened
compression stroke, which is
one feature of the Atkinson
cycle (see sketch C). Sketch F
shows full expansion stroke,
which is another feature of the
Atkinson cycle.
Figure provides an excellent
way to understand reduced
pumping losses from the
Atkinson cycle as applied to a
four-stroke
engine.
The
pressure traces enclose two
areas, I and II.
Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation
ATKINSON CYCLE ENGINE
Analysis shows that the area
enclosed in I is proportional to the
energy produced by the engine.
Since the test equipment that
yields the pressure–volume curves
is known as an indicator, the
energy of I is termed indicated
energy. Area II involves moving the
gases in and out of the cylinder; this
is called pumping. Hence, the term
pumping loss is applied to II. The
net output of energy from the
engine is
Net energy = Indicated energy Pumping loss
Considerable confusion exists in the
popular press about pumping loss.
Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation
ATKINSON CYCLE ENGINE
FIGURE: Pressure shown as function
of volume within cylinder as piston
moves from TDC to BDC. The four
strokes are D–E, compression; E–A–
B, expansion; B–C, exhaust; and C–
D, intake. Pressures within a
cylinder are measured as engine is
operating at part throttle.
The magnitude of pumping loss
depends on the throttle setting.
Consider the ratio of pumping loss
divided by net work done by the
engine. At full throttle, the
pumping loss ratio is 1%–3%. At
partial throttle, the pumping loss
ratio is much larger being 30%–
40%.
Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation
ATKINSON CYCLE ENGINE
In Figure, pa is the ambient pressure. Point
D, which is below ambient pressure, is a
partial vacuum. Also point D is equal to
manifold pressure. In the Otto cycle, the
intake valve closes at D, and the charge is
being compressed. Notice the pressure
curve going upward toward point E.
However, with the Atkinson cycle the
intake valve remains open. As the piston
moves toward TDC from BDC, the pressure
remains equal to that at point D. When the
intake valve closes, the pressure increases
and the curve heads off toward E. Area II is
reduced in size by the slice, which is gray
shaded. Pumping losses are less.
Figure also shows the shortened
compression stroke and the comparatively
long expansion stroke. The long expansion
stroke yields a greater extraction of
energy from the fuel.
Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation
ATKINSON CYCLE ENGINE
ATKINSON CYCLE ENGINE
http://m.searchautoparts.com/motorage/training/oldengine-designs-are-new-again
MILLER CYCLE ENGINE
Otto motorlardan farkı olarak, Miller
çevrimi
motorlarda,
4
zamanlı
motorlardaki sıkıştırma sürecinde otaya
çıkan enerji kaybı daha düşüktür. Patenti
Amerikalı mühendis Ralph Miller tarafında
1940 yılında alınmıştır. İlk örnekleri
gemilerde ve güç üretim istasyonlarında
kullanılmıştır.
MILLER CYCLE ENGINE
Mazda’s naturally-aspirated MZR 1.3L Miller-cycle engine delays the
closure of the intake valves to improve the thermal efficiency (high
expansion ratio). Sequential-valve timing (S-VT) is also employed to
optimize intake valve timing and ensure sufficient torque for cruising
and accelerating.
Miller Cycle | Sequential Valve Timing (S-VT) | Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
http://www.mechanicalengineeringblog.com/982-miller-cycle-sequential-valve-timing-s-vt-continuously-variable-transmission-cvt/
MILLER CYCLE ENGINE
Miller Cycle | Sequential Valve Timing (S-VT) | Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
http://www.mechanicalengineeringblog.com/982-miller-cycle-sequential-valve-timing-s-vt-continuously-variable-transmission-cvt/
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Diesel Hybrids
HEVs can also be built around diesel vehicles. All topologies explained earlier, such as
series, parallel, series–parallel, and complex HEVs, are applicable to diesel hybrids.
Due to the fact that diesel vehicles can generally achieve higher fuel economy, the fuel
efficiency of hybridized diesel vehicles can be even better when compared to their
gasoline counterparts.
Vehicles such as delivery trucks and buses have unique driving patterns and relatively
low fuel economy. When hybridized, these vehicles can provide significant fuel savings.
Hybrid trucks and buses can be series, parallel, series–parallel, or complex structured
and may run on gasoline or diesel.
Diesel locomotives are a special type of hybrid. A diesel locomotive uses a diesel engine
and generator set to generate electricity. It uses electric motors to drive the train. Even
though a diesel locomotive can be referred to as a series hybrid, in some architectures
there is no battery for the main drive system to buffer energy between the I/G set and
the electric motor. This special configuration is sometimes referred to as simple hybrid.
In other architectures, batteries are used and can help reduce the size of the generator,
and can also be used for regenerative energy capture. The batteries, in this case, can also
be utilized for short-term high current due to torque needs, without resorting to a larger
generator.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
PHILEAS – HYBRID / Reading Text
PHILEAS – HYBRID / Reading Text
PHILEAS – HYBRID / Reading Text
HİBRİD ARAÇLAR
Other Approaches to Vehicle
Hybridization
The main focus of this presentation is
on HEVs, that is, electric–gasoline or
electric–diesel hybrids. However, there
exist other types of hybridization
methods that involve other types of
energy storage and propulsion, such
as compressed air, flywheels, and
hydraulic systems.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Other Approaches to Vehicle Hybridization (Cont.)
A typical hydraulic hybrid is shown in Figure 6. Hydraulic systems can provide a
large amount of torque, but due to the complexity of the hydraulic system, a
hydraulic hybrid is considered only for large trucks and utility vehicles where
frequent and extended period of stops of the engine are necessary.
Figure 6: A parallel hydraulic
hybrid vehicle (LP, Low Pressure)
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Hybridization Ratio
Some new concepts have also emerged in the past few years, including full
hybrid, mild hybrid, and micro hybrid. These concepts are usually related to the
power rating of the main electric motor in a HEV.
For example, if the HEV contains a fairly large electric motor and associated
batteries, it can be considered as a full hybrid. On the other hand, if the size of
the electric motor is relatively small, then it may be considered as a micro
hybrid.
Typically, a full hybrid should be able to operate the vehicle using the electric
motor and battery up to a certain speed limit and drive the vehicle for a certain
amount of time. The speed threshold is typically the speed limit in a residential
area. The typical power rating of an electric motor in a full hybrid passenger car
is approximately 50–75 kW.
The micro hybrid, on the other hand, does not offer the capability to drive the
vehicle with the electric motor only. The electric motor is merely for starting
and stopping the engine. The typical rating of electric motors used in micro
hybrids is less than 10 kW.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Hybridization Ratio
A mild hybrid is in between a full hybrid and a micro hybrid.
An effective approach for evaluating HEVs is to use a hybridization ratio to
reflect the degree of hybridization of a HEV. In a parallel hybrid, the
hybridization ratio is defined as the ratio of electric power to the total
powertrain power.
For example, a HEV with a motor rated at 50 kW and an engine rated at 75 kW
will have a hybridization ratio of 50/(50+75) kW= 40%. A conventional gasolinepowered vehicle will have a 0% hybridization ratio and a battery EV will have a
hybridization ratio of 100%. A series HEV will also have a hybridization ratio of
100% due to the fact that the vehicle is capable of being driven in EV mode.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs
HEVs involve the use of electric machines, power electronics converters, and
batteries, in addition to conventional ICEs and mechanical and hydraulic
systems. The interdisciplinary nature of HEV systems can be summarized as in
Figures 7. The HEV field involves engineering subjects beyond traditional
automotive engineering, which was mechanical engineering oriented. Power
electronics, electric machines, energy storage systems, and control systems are
now integral parts of the engineering of HEVs and PHEVs.
In addition, thermal management is also important in HEVs and PHEVs, where
the power electronics, electric machines, and batteries all require a much lower
temperature to operate properly, compared to a non-hybrid vehicle’s
powertrain components.
Modeling and simulation, vehicle dynamics, and vehicle design and optimization
also pose challenges to the traditional automotive engineering field due to the
increased difficulties in packaging the components and associated thermal
management systems, as well as the changes in vehicle weight, shape, and
weight distribution.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Figure 7: The general nature and required engineering field by HEVs
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
State of the Art of HEVs
•
•
•
•
In the past 10 years, many HEVs have been deployed by the major
automotive manufacturers.
It is clear that HEV sales have grown significantly over the last 10 years.
In 2008, these sales had a downturn which is consistent with
conventional car sales that dropped more than 20% in 2008 from the
previous year.
Another observation is that most HEV sales belong to Toyota, which
manufactured the earliest modern HEV, the Prius, and also makes most
of the models available (including the Lexus).
In the case of the Toyota Prius, the comparison is made to the Toyota
Corolla. It can be seen that the price of HEVs is generally 40% more than
that of their base models. The increase in fuel economy in HEVs is also
significant, in particular for city driving.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
The Toyota Prius
Toyota produced the world’s first mass-marketed modern HEV in 1997, the Prius, as
shown in Figure 8. The worldwide sales of the Prius exceeded 1 million units in 2009.
It uses a planetary gear set to realize continuous variable transmission (CVT).
Therefore, conventional transmission is not needed in this system. As shown in
Figure 9, the engine is connected to the carrier of the planetary gear while the
generator is connected to the sun gear. The ring gear is coupled to the final drive, as
is the electric motor. The planetary gear set also acts as a power/torque split
device. During normal operations, the ring gear speed is determined by the vehicle
speed, while the generator speed can be controlled such that the engine speed is in
its optimum efficiency range.
The 6.5 Ah, 21 kW nickel metal hydride battery pack is charged by the generator
during coasting and by the propulsion motor (in generation mode) during
regenerative braking. The engine is shut off during low-speed driving.
The same technology has been used in the Camry hybrid, the Highlander hybrid, and
the Lexus brand hybrids. However, the Highlander and the Lexus brand hybrids add a
third motor at the rear wheel. The drive performance, such as for acceleration and
braking, can thus be further improved.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Figure 8: The Toyota Prius (2010 model)
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Figure 9: The powertrain layout of the Toyota Prius (EM, Electric Machine; PM,
Permanent Magnet)
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
Table 1: Partial list of HEVs available in the United States
a Comparison to Corolla.
b Comparison to Civic.
c Saturn Brand vehicle
including Vue and Saturn
Aura are not offered.
d Chrysler Aspen uses
similar
platform
as
Durango but is no longer
offered.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
The Honda Civic
The Honda Civic hybrid has an electric
motor mounted between the ICE and
the CVT, as shown in Figure 10. The
electric motor either provides
assistance to the engine during high
power demand, or splits the engine
power during low power demand.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Figure 10: The powertrain layout of the Honda Civic hybrid
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
The Ford Escape
The Escape hybrid from the Ford
Motor Company (Figure 11) is
the first hybrid in the SUV
category. The Escape hybrid
adopted the same planetary
gear concept as the Toyota
system.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Figure 11: The Ford Escape hybrid SUV
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
The Two-Mode Hybrid
The GM two-mode hybrid
transmission
was
initially
developed by GM (Alison) in
1996, and later advanced by GM,
Chrysler, BMW, and MercedesBenz with a joint venture named
Global Hybrid Cooperation in
2005. The GM two-mode hybrids
(Figure 12) use two planetary
gear sets and two electric
machines to realize two different
operating modes, namely, highspeed mode and low-speed
mode.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Figure 12: The Chrysler Aspen two-mode hybrid
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs
HEVs can overcome some of the disadvantages of battery-powered pure EVs and
gasoline powered conventional vehicles. These advantages include optimized
fuel economy and reduced emissions when compared to conventional vehicles,
and increased range, reduced charging time, and reduced battery size (hence
reduced cost) when compared to pure EVs. However, HEVs and PHEVs still face
many challenges, including higher cost when compared to conventional vehicles;
electromagnetic interference caused by high-power components; and safety and
reliability concerns due to increased components and complexity, packaging of
the system, vehicle control, and power management:
• Power electronics and electric machines: The subject of power electronics
and electric motors is not new. However, the use of power electronics in a
vehicle environment poses significant challenges. Environmental conditions,
such as extreme high and low temperatures, vibration, shock, and transient
behavior are very different from what electric motors and power electronic
converters have been used to. Challenges in power electronics in a HEV
include packaging, size, cost, and thermal management.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs (Cont.)
•
•
Electromagnetic interference: High-frequency switching and high-power
operation of power electronics and electric motors will generate abundant
electromagnetic noise that will interfere with the rest of the vehicle system
if not dealt with properly.
Energy storage systems: Such systems are a major challenge for HEVs and
PHEVs. The pulsed power behavior and energy content required for the best
performance are typically difficult for conventional batteries to satisfy. Life
cycle and abuse tolerance are also critical for vehicle applications. At the
present time, nickel metal hydride batteries are used by most HEVs and
lithium-ion batteries are targeted by PHEVs. Ultracapacitors have also been
considered in some special applications where power demand is a major
concern. Flywheels have also been investigated. The limitations of the
current energy storage systems are unsatisfactory power density and energy
density, limited life cycle, high cost, and potential safety issues.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
HİBRİT ARAÇLAR
Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs (Cont.)
•
•
•
•
Regenerative braking control: Recovering the kinetic energy during braking is a
key feature of HEVs and PHEVs. However, coordinating regenerative braking with
the hydraulic/frictional braking system presents a major challenge as far as
safety and braking performance are concerned.
Power management and vehicle control: HEVs involve the use of multiple
propulsion components that require harmonious coordination. Hence, power
management is a critical aspect of vehicle control functions in a HEV. A optimized
vehicle controller can help achieve better fuel efficiency in a HEV.
Thermal management: Power electronics, electric machines, and batteries all
require a much lower operating temperature than a gasoline engine. A separate
cooling loop is necessary in a HEV.
Modeling and simulation, vehicle dynamics, vehicle design, and optimization:
Due to the increased number of components in a HEV, packaging of the
components in the same space is a challenge. Associated vehicle dynamics,
vehicle design, and modeling and simulation all involve major challenges.
Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Principles And Applications With Practical Perspectives”,
ISBN 978-0-470-74773-5, 2011.
ÖZETLE: HİBRİD ARAÇLARIN KONFİGÜRASYONU
(a) Series (electrically coupling), (b) parallel (mechanical coupling), (c) series–parallel
(mechanical and electrical coupling, (d) complex (mechanical and electrical coupling).
ÖNEMLİ NOTLAR
ÖNEMLİ NOTLAR
A rectifier is an electrical device that
converts alternating current (AC),
which periodically reverses direction,
to direct current (DC), which flows in
only one direction. The process is
known as rectification.
Güç Çevirici (İnvertör): İnvertör, doğru
akımı (DC) alternatif akıma (AC)
çeviren elektriksel bir güç çeviricisidir.
İnvertör çıkışında üretilen AC güç,
kullanılan
transformatörlere,
anahtarlama ve kontrol devrelerine
bağlı olarak herhangi bir gerilimde ve
frekansta olabilir.
ÖNEMLİ NOTLAR – Doğru Akım
Doğru Akım: Zamanla yönü ve şiddeti
değişmeyen akıma doğru akım denir. İngilizce
“Direct Current” kelimelerinin kısaltılması
“DC” ile gösterilir.
DC üreten kaynaklar şu şekilde sıralanabilir:
Pil: Kimyasal enerjiyi elektrik enerjisine
dönüştüren araçlara pil adı verilir.
Akü: Kimyasal yolla elektrik enerjisi üreten
araçtır.
Dinamo: Hareket enerjisini DC elektrik
enerjisine çeviren ünitelerdir.
Doğrultmaç devresi: Alternatif akım elektrik
enerjisini DC elektrik enerjisine
çeviren araçlardır.
Güneş pili: Güneş enerjisini DC elektrik
enerjisine çeviren elemanlara güneş
pili denir.
Doğru akımın yaygın olarak
kullanıldığı alanlar:
• Haberleşme
cihazlarında
(telekomünikasyonda)
• Radyo, teyp, televizyon, gibi
elektronik cihazlarda
• Redresörlü
kaynak
makinelerinde
• Maden arıtma (elektroliz) ve
maden
kaplamacılığında
(galvonoteknik )
• Elektrikli taşıtlarda (tren,
tramvay, metro)
• Elektro-mıknatıslarda
• DC elektrik motorlarında
ÖNEMLİ NOTLAR – Alternatif Akım
Alternatif Akımın Tanımı
Zaman içerisinde yönü ve şiddeti belli bir düzen
içerisinde değişen akıma alternatif akım denir.
Alternatif Akımın Elde Edilmesi
Alternatif akım ya da gerilimin elde edilmesinde
alternatör denilen aygıtlar kullanılır.
Not: Bilindiği gibi DC akım/gerilim değeri
sabittir. Örneğin 1 V DC dediğimizde DC
gerilimin 1 V olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Fakat
AC’de akım/ve gerilim değerleri sürekli
değişmektedir. Bu yüzden AC’yi ifade etmek için
çeşitli değerler kullanılmaktadır. Bunlar ani
değer, maksimum (tepe) değer, tepeden tepeye
değer, ortalama değer ve etkin değerdir.
Frekans: Frekans, sinüs sinyalinin bir
saniyede tekrarlanan saykıl sayısıdır.
Periyot: Bir saykılın gerçekleşmesi
için geçen süreye periyot denir.
Periyot birimi saniye (s) dir ve “T” ile
gösterilir.
ÖNEMLİ NOTLAR – Alternatif Akım
Sinüs dalgasında periyot
Sinüs dalgasında alternans
ELEKTRİK MOTORLARI
ELEKTRİK MOTORLARI
Üretici Firma
Alternatif 1
UQM
Alternatif 2
UQM
Alternatif 3
Ansaldo
Alternatif 4
Ansaldo
Alternatif 5
Solectria
Alternatif 6
Enova
Model Numarası
SR 218N
SR 286
A1H207C
A1H256B
AC55
EDM90
Tip
Sürekli Güç [kW]
Maksimum Güç [kW]
Sürekli Tork [Nm]
Maksimum Tork [Nm]
Maksimum Hız [rpm]
Maksimum Verim [%]
Çap [mm]
Uzunluk [mm]
Ağırlık [kg]
Kontrolcü Ağırlığı [kg]
Kontrolcü
Boyutları
[mm]
Voltaj [VDC]
Fırçasız PM
30
75
150
240
8000
94
280
216
40
15,9
380x365x11
9
250-400
Fırçasız PM
55
100
550
5000
90
405
241
86
15,9
380x365x11
9
250-400
H
Asenkron
30
90
300
500
130
14
Asenkron
34
78
55
369
8000
95
343
447
106
14,7
430x330x145
420x320x180
450x235x240
606x518x201
260-300
300-600
100-400
250-425
235
391
61
10
326x212x11
5
185-400
E
H
E
H
E
--
8.6 s
--
3.5 s
--
27 s
11%
29%
12%
23%
11%
15%
10 km/h @
36 s
5 km/h @
32 s
10 km/h @ 31
s
5 km/h @ 27
s
10 km/h @ 40
s
10 km/h @
27 s
9s
5s
10 s
Tırmanma Kabiliyeti
% 15lik Egim [E/H]
%15 lik Eğimde 10km/h
Hıza Çıkma Süresi [s]
Maksimum Tırmanma
Kabiliyeti
Maksimum Eğimde
İvmelenme Zamanı [s]
Düz Yolda 40km/h Hıza
Çıkana Kadar Geçen
Zaman [s]
10 s
4s
Asenkron
30
60
130
260
9000
Asenkron
70
140
220
450
9000
230
400
80
14
Alternatif 7
MES
MES
200250
asenkron
30
94,8
100
239
10000
270
362
65
35
9000
7.2 s
ELEKTRİK MOTORLARI
Senkron ve Asenkron Kavramı
Alternatif akım makinelerinin isimlendirilmesi ürettikleri döner manyetik alanın (stator
manyetik alanı), döner mekanik kısım (rotor) ile eş zamanlı oluşu yada olmayışına
göredir.
Senkron: Uyumlu Olan, Eş zamanlı olan
Asenkron: Uyumlu Olmayan, Eş zamanlı olmayan
Senkron Makine: Stator manyetik alanı döner kısım devrine eşit olan makine.
Asenkron Makine: Stator manyetik alanı döner kısım devrinden her zaman büyük olan
makine.
Asenkron Makine
ELEKTRİK MOTORLARI
ELEKTRİK MOTORLARI
ELEKTRİK MOTORLARI
Table: Typical Electric Motors 20 – 200 kW Parameters
ELEKTRİK MOTORLARI
Table: Electric Motors Properties Comparison
ELEKTRİK MOTORLARI
Table 1. BEV and PHEV parameters comparison