forschungszeıtschrıft über alevıtentum und bektaschıtentum

Transkript

forschungszeıtschrıft über alevıtentum und bektaschıtentum
$5'$+$1<g5(6ø'$0$/$/(9ø/(5ø1'(³+$..$<h5h0((5.Æ1,´
g/h0/(ø/*ø/øø1$1,ù9(8<*8/$0$/$5
$%675$&7
<5''2d'5=(.ø8<$1,.
gö5*g5$5ø).$/$
$OWKRXJKGHDWKLVDXQLYHUVDOIDFWIRUDOOKXPDQEHLQJVUHDFWLRQVWRGHDWKDQGSHUFHSWLRQVRIGHDWKE\SHRSOHV
PD\YDU\DFFRUGLQJWRWKHFXOWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWV7RJHWKHUZLWKELUWKDQGPDUULDJHGHDWKLVDPRQJWKHWXUQLQJ
SRLQWV RI KXPDQ OLIH /LNH RWKHU WXUQLQJ SRLQWV GHDWK DQG FHUHPRQLHV RI IXQHUDO DUH DOVR SUDFWLFHG DORQJ
ZLWKDQXPEHURIWUDGLWLRQDQGULWXDOV,QWKLVVWXG\ZHIRFXVHGRQEHOLHIVDQGUHOLJLRXVSUDFWLFHVRI$OHYL
FRPPXQLW\LQ$UGDKDQ3UHSDUDWLRQRIWKHERG\IRUEXULDOEXU\LQJWKHERG\WUDGLWLRQVUHODWLQJWRDIWHUEXULDO
DQGEHYHUDPHQWLQ$UGDKDQ$OHYLVDUHPDLQGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHVWXG\0DLQPHWKRGVRIWKLVVWXG\DUHSDUWLFLSDQW
REVHUYDWLRQV DQG LQGHSWK LQWHUYLHZV ,QGHSWK LQWHUYLHZV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG ZLWK UHOLJLRXV OHDGHUV GHGH RI
$OHYLVZKRDUHOLYLQJLQ'DPDODVXESURYLQFHRI$UGDKDQPDLQO\LQKDELWHGE\$OHYLV,QDGGLWLRQWRWKH
LQWHUYLHZVIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\RIDPHPEHURI$OHYLFRPPXQLW\ZDVDWWHQGHG%HFDXVHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHLVQR
SUHYLRXVUHVHDUFKLQWKLVVXEMHFWRXUVWXG\LVDSLRQHHULQJVWXG\2XUVWXG\LVLPSRUWDQWIRUDOVRLWVHPSKDVLV
RQWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ$OHYLVDQG6XQQLVLQWHUPVRIGHDWKDQGIXQHUDOV
Keywords 3ULQFLSOHVRI+DNND<UPHGHDWKIXQHUDO$OHYLVRI$UGDKDQ'DPDO
35,1&,3/(62)³+$..$<h5h0(´,1
$/(9,62)$5'$+$1'$0$/%(/,()6
$1'35$&7,&(6&21&(51,1*72'($7+
ÖZET
gOP HYUHQVHO ELU ROJX ROVD GD EX ROJXQXQ ELUH\VHO
YH WRSOXPVDO G]H\GH DOJÕODQÕú ELoLPOHUL |OPH NDUúÕ
WDNÕQÕODQ VRV\DO WDYÕUODU YH JHOLúWLULOHQ WHSNLOHU LoLQGH
EXOXQXODQNOWUHOoHYUHYHVDKLSROXQDQLQDQoVLVWHPL
JLEL ELU GL]L ED÷ODPVDO IDNW|UQ HWNLVL\OH IDUNOÕOÕN
J|VWHUPHNWHGLU gOP GR÷XP YH HYOHQPH LOH ELUOLNWH
LQVDQ KD\DWÕQÕQ HQ |QHPOL G|QP QRNWDODUÕQGDQ
ELULQL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU 'L÷HU G|QP QRNWDODUÕ JLEL
|OP GH ELU GL]L DGHW D\LQ YH W|UHQ HúOL÷LQGH WHFUEH
HGLOPHNWHGLU %X WU ³JHoLú´ DúDPDODUÕQGD \HULQH
JHWLULOHQ X\JXODPDODU W|UHQOHU YH D\LQOHU WRSOXPVDO
JUXSODUÕQ NOWUHO \DSÕODUÕQÕQ |QHPOL ELU ER\XWXQX
PH\GDQD JHWLUPHNWHGLU %XUDGDQ KDUHNHWOH EX
oDOÕúPDGD $UGDKDQ $OHYLOHULQGH |OPQ DOJÕODQÕúÕ
|OQQ GHIQH KD]ÕUODQPDVÕ GHIQHGLOPHVL YH GH¿Q
VRQUDVÕDGHWYHX\JXODPDODUÕHOHDOÕQDFDNWÕUdDOÕúPDGD
\DSÕODQGÕUÕOPÕúJ|UúPHYHNDWÕOÕPFÕJ|]OHPWHNQLNOHUL
NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU$UGDKDQ¶ÕQ'DPDOøOoH¶VLQGHNL$OHYLGLQL
'LH *ODXEHQVYRUVWHOOXQJHQ XQG 3UDNWLNHQ GHV
7RGHVVULWXDOVGHU$OHYLWHQLQGHU5HJLRQYRQ$UGDKDQ
'DPDO)
Zeki UYANIK1$ULIKALA2
=XVDPPHQIDVVXQJ
$XFK ZHQQ GHU 7RW HLQ XQLYHUVHOOHV (UHLJQLV LVW KlQJW
GLH LQGLYLGXHOOH XQG JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKH 5HDNWLRQ DXI GHQ
7RG GHVVHQ :DKUQHKPXQJ XQG GDV VR]LDOH 9HUKDOWHQ LP
$QJHVLFKW GHV 7RGHV YRQ HLQHU 5HLKH YRQ )DNWRUHQ DE
GLHYRQGHQNXOWXUHOOHQXQGUHOLJL|VHQ8PZHOWLQGHUZLU
OHEHQJHSUlJWVLQG6RZLHGHU7RGVWHOOHQDXFK*HEXUWXQG
+RFK]HLWHLQHQ:HQGHSXQNWLP/HEHQGHU0HQVFKHQGDU
:LHDOOH:HQGHSXQNWLPPHQVFKOLFKHQ/HEHQZLUGDXFKGHU
7RGPLWHLQHU5HLKHYRQ5LWXDOHQXQG=HUHPRQLHQEHJOHLWHW
'LHVH 5LWXDOH XQG )HLHUOLFKNHLWHQ GLH GHQ &KDUDNWHU
HLQHV³hEHUJDQJV³KDEHQELOGHQHLQHQZLFKWLJHQ7HLOGHV
NXOWXUHOOHQ *HELOGHV YRQ PHQVFKOLFKHQ *HPHLQVFKDIWHQ
/HKUEHDXIWUDJWHUDQGHU:LUWVFKDIWVZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHQ)DNXO
/HKUEHDXIWUDJWHUDQGHU:LUWVFKDIWVZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHQ)DNXO
WlWGHU8QLYHUVLWlW$UGDKDQ7UNHL
2/HKUEHDXIWUDJWHUDP6HPLQDUIU6R]LRORJLHDQGHU)DNXOWlW
IU$QWKURSRORJLHXQG/LWHUDWXUGHU8QLYHUVLWlW$UGDKDQ7UNHL
FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM
|QGHUOHUOH GHGHOHUOH \DSÕODQ J|UúPHOHUH HN RODUDN
$OHYL FHPDDWLQH ED÷OÕ \DúOÕ ELU PHUKXPXQ FHQD]HVLQH
LúWLUDNHGLOHUHNGR÷UXGDQJ|]OHP\DSÕOPÕúWÕU$UGDKDQ
$OHYLOHUL\OH LOJLOL |OP YH FHQD]H W|UHQOHUL\OH LOJLOL
GDKD|QFHVLQGHQoDOÕúPD\DSÕOPDGÕ÷ÕQGDQEXoDOÕúPD
DODQÕQGDLONROPD|]HOOL÷LWDúÕPDNWDGÕU&HQD]HYHGH¿Q
NRQXODUÕQGD$OHYL YH 6QQL JHOHQHNOHU DUDVÕQGDNL ELU
NÕVÕP IDUNOÕOÕNODUD LúDUHW HGLOPHVL GH oDOÕúPDQÕQ GL÷HU
|QHPOLELUER\XWXQXROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU
$QDKWDU.HOLPHOHU+DNND<UPHgOP&HQD]H
7|UHQL$UGDKDQ$OHYLOHUL'DPDO
*ø5øù
*HQHORODUDNKDONELOLPLQNRQXVXRODQJHoLúDúDPDODUÕ
GR÷XPHYOLOLNYH|OPD\QÕ]DPDQGDVRV\RORMLQLQ
GH oDOÕúPD DODQÕQD JLUPHNWHGLU %X VRV\DO ROJXODU
NOWUOHULQ GRNXVX KDNNÕQGD ELOJL YHUPHNOH ELUOLNWH
VRV\DO \DúDPOD LOJL WXWXP DOJÕ YH WHSNLOHULQ GH DQD
QHGHQOHUL RODUDN NOWUHO \DSÕGDNL IDUNOÕODúPDODUÕQ
JQFHOKD\DWWDQHJLELSUDWLNOHUDUDFÕOÕ÷ÕLOH\DQVÕGÕ÷ÕQÕ
J|VWHUPHVLEDNÕPÕQGDQ|QHPOLGLU.DoÕQÕOPD]YHJHUL
G|QúROPD\DQELUVRV\DOROJXRODQ|OPGR÷XPYH
HYOHQPHLOHELUOLNWHLQVDQKD\DWÕQÕQHQ|QHPOLG|QP
QRNWDODUÕQGDQ ELULQL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU 'L÷HU G|QP
QRNWDODUÕQGD ROGX÷X JLEL |OP ROJXVX HWUDIÕQGD GD
X\JXODQJ|]HWLOHQ ELU GL]L DGHW D\LQ YH W|UHQOHULQ
YDUOÕ÷Õ ELOLQPHNWHGLU gUQHN¶LQ ³JHoLú´
RODUDN DGODQGÕUGÕ÷Õ EX G|QP QRNWDODUÕ HWUDIÕQGD
\R÷XQODúDQD\LQYHDGHWOHULQDPDFÕLQVDQÕQEX\HQL
GXUXPXQXNXWODPDNNXWVDPDND\QÕ]DPDQGDGDEX
VÕUDGD\R÷XQODúWÕ÷ÕQDLQDQÕODQWHKOLNHOHUGHQYH]DUDUOÕ
HWNLOHUGHQNRUXQPDNWÕU%XWU³JHoLú´DúDPDODUÕQGD
\HULQH JHWLULOHQ X\JXODPDODU W|UHQOHU YH D\LQOHU
WRSOXPVDO JUXSODUÕQ NOWUHO \DSÕODUÕQÕQ |QHPOL ELU
ER\XWXQXPH\GDQDJHWLUPHNWHGLU
gOPH YH FHQD]H W|UHQLQH GDLU KHPHQ hemen
ELOLQHQ WP NOWUOHULQ NHQGLOHULQH KDV NXUDOODUÕ
YH QRUPODUÕ RODJHOPLúWLU %XUDGDQ KDUHNHWOH EX
oDOÕúPDGD $UGDKDQ $OHYLOHULQGH |OPQ DOJÕODQÕúÕ
|OQQ GHIQH KD]ÕUODQPDVÕ GHIQHGLOPHVL YH GH¿Q
VRQUDVÕ DGHW YH X\JXODPDODUÕ HOH DOÕQDFDNWÕU 6RV\DO
QRUPODUÕQ YH SUDWLNOHULQ E\N ELU NÕVPÕQGD úDKLW
ROGX÷XPX]PRGHUQLWHQLQGH÷LúWLULFLYHG|QúWUF
$XVJHKHQG KLHUYRQ EHKDQGHOW GLHVHU $UWLNHO GLH
7RGHVYRUVWHOOXQJHQXQGGLH3UDNWLNHQLP=XVDPPHQKDQJ
PLW GHU 9RUEHUHLWXQJ DXI GLH %HVWDWWXQJ GHU %HVWDWWXQJ
VHOEVW XQG GHU =HLW QDFK GHU %HVWDWWXQJ GHU $OHYLWHQ
>DXV GHU 5HJLRQ@ YRQ $UGDKDQ 'LH $UEHLW KDW KLHUEHL
*HEUDXFK YRQ %HREDFKWXQJV XQG 3DUWL]LSDWLRQVVWXGLHQ
XQG ,QWHUYLHZV JHPDFKW 1HEVW DXVIKUOLFKHQ ,QWHUYLHZV
PLWUHOLJL|VHQ)KUHUQGHGHVLP.UHLV'DPDOLQ$UGDKDQ
ZDU HV DXFK P|JOLFK GLH %HVWDWWXQJ HLQHV YHUVWRUEHQHQ
*HPHLQGHPLWJOLHGV JHQDXHU ]X EHREDFKWHQ 'D YRUKHU
NHLQH 6WXGLHQ EHU GDV 7RGHV XQG %HVWDWWXQJVULWXDO GHU
$OHYLWHQ$UGDKDQV JHPDFKW ZXUGH VWHOOW GLH YRUOLHJHQGH
6WXGLH HLQH 3LRQLHUDUEHLW GDU (LQH DQGHUH :LFKWLJNHLW
EHVLW]W XQVHUH 6WXGLH DXIJUXQG GHU 7DWVDFKH GDVV HV DXI
GLH8QWHUVFKLHGHEHLGHQ7RGHVXQG%HVWDWWXQJVULWXDOHQ
GHU$OHYLWHQXQGGHU6XQQLWHQHLQJHKW
6FKOVVHOZ|UWHU 7RG >³KDNND \UPH³ Z|UWO ³]X *RWW
JHKHQ³@%HVWDWWXQJVULWXDO$OHYLWHQ$UGDKDQV'DPDO
(LQIKUXQJ
hEHUJlQJHZLH*HEXUW+RFK]HLWXQG7RGGLHJHPHLQKLQ
*HJHQVWDQG GHU 9RONVNXQGH VLQG ZHUGHQ DXFK YRQ GHU
6R]LRORJLH HUIRUVFKW 'LHVHV VR]LRORJLVFKH *HELOGH JLEW
$XIVFKOXVV EHU GLH *UXQGVWUXNWXUHQ GHU .XOWXUHQ (V
LVW GDUEHU KLQDXV VHKU EHGHXWHQG GD HV XQV .HQQWQLVVH
YHUPLWWHOWZLHVLFKGLHNXOWXUHOOHQ8QWHUVFKLHGHLQ%H]XJ
DXI 3UDNWLNHQ LP DOOWlJOLFKHQ /HEHQ PDQLIHVWLHUHQ GLH
YRQ GHQ (LQVWHOOXQJHQ XQG GHU 5HDNWLRQHQ LQ %H]XJ DXI
GDV VR]LDOH 9HUKDOWHQ UKUHQ 'HU XQYHUPHLGOLFKH 7RG
VWHOOW QHEHQ GHU *HEXUW XQG GHU +HLUDW KLHUEHL DOV HLQ
VR]LRORJLVFKHV 3KlQRPHQ HLQHQ :HQGHSXQNW LP /HEHQ
GHU0HQVFKHQGDUXQGHVJLEW±ZLHDXFKEHLGHQDQGHUHQ
:HQGHSXQNWHQ ± HLQH 5HLKH YRQ %UlXFKHQ 5LWXDOHQ
XQG =HUHPRQLHQ LP =XVDPPHQKDQJ PLW GHP 7RG 'HU
=ZHFN GHU %UlXFKH XQG 5LWXDOH LP =XVDPPHQKDQJ PLW
GLHVHQ :HQGHSXQNWHQ GLH ÖRNEK ³hEHUJlQJH³ QHQQW3
LVWHVGDVVGHU0HQVFKGLHVHQHXHQ*HJHEHQKHLWHQIHLHUW
E]Z KHLOLJW XQG VLFK JOHLFK]HLWLJ YRU GHQ *HIDKUHQ XQG
GHP hEHO YRQ GHQHQ PDQ JODXEW GDVV VLH LQ VROFKHQ
0RPHQWHQ ]XQHKPHQ VFKW]W $OOH +DQGOXQJHQ
=HUHPRQLHQ XQG 5LWXDOH LQ =XVDPPHQKDQJ PLW GLHVHU
$UWYRQ³hEHUJlQJHQ³VWHOOHQHLQHQZLFKWLJHQ$VSHNWGHV
NXOWXUHOOHQ*HELOGHVYRQ*HPHLQVFKDIWHQGDU
3 ÖRNEK 6HGDW 9H\LV $QDGROX )RONORUXQGD gOP '7&)
<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUD6
$/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ
HWNLVLQL |OPH LOLúNLQ DOJÕODUGD QRUPODUGD YH
SUDWLNOHUGHGHJ|]OHPOHPHNPPNQRODELOPHNWHGLU
gOPQ PH\GDQD JHOGL÷L WDULKVHO G|QHPOHULQ
YH VRV\DO ED÷ODPODUÕQ GH÷LúPHVLQH ED÷OÕ RODUDN
|OP HWUDIÕQGD \DSÕODQDQ DGHW YH W|UHQOHULQ GH
|QHPOL GH÷LúLNOLNOHUH X÷UDGÕ÷Õ J|VWHULOPLúWLU %N]
*ODVHU YH 6WUDXV %X oHUoHYHGH $UGDKDQ
$OHYLOHULQLQ |OP ROJXVX HWUDIÕQGD \R÷XQODúDQ
DGHW YH SUDWLNOHULQGH \DV úHNLOOHUL GH¿Q LúOHPL
|OPQGX\XUXOPDVÕYE]DPDQODQHJLELGH÷LúLPOHU
\DúDQGÕ÷Õ QH WU XQVXUODUÕQ GH÷LúPHGHQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ
VUGUG÷ oDOÕúPDQÕQ |QHPOL ER\XWODUÕQGDQ ELULQL
ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU$OHYLOLNJHQHORODUDNøVODPoHUoHYHVL
LoHULVLQGH GH÷HUOHQGLULOHELOHFHN ELU LQDQo VLVWHPL
ROPDVÕQDUD÷PHQøVODP¶ÕQKHWHURGRNVELU\RUXPXQD
WHNDEO HWPHNWHGLU %X \]GHQ $OHYLOLNOH øVODP¶ÕQ
RUWRGRNV \RUXPX RODQ 6QQLOLN DUDVÕQGD |OPOH YH
FHQD]HW|UHQLLOHLOJLOLQRUPODUYHSUDWLNOHUNRQXVXQGD
ELUWDNÕPIDUNOÕOÕNODUPHYFXWWXUdDOÕúPDPÕ]ÕQ|QHPOL
D\DNODUÕQGDQELULVLQLGHEXIDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQEHOLUOHQPHVL
ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU
/LWHUDWUGH |OP NRQXVX ]HULQH H÷LOHQ NDSVD\ÕFÕ
WHRULN ELU \DNODúÕP ROGX÷X V|\OHQHPH] %XQXQOD
ELUOLNWH(PLOH'XUNKHLPVSHVL¿NELU|OPúHNOLRODQ
LQWLKDU]HULQHJHoHUOLOL÷LQLE\N|OoGHJQP]H
GHN VUGUHQ |QHPOL oDOÕúPDODU \DSPÕúWÕU 'LQLQ YH
GLQL W|UHQOHULQ WRSOXP LoLQGH VRV\DO GD\DQÕúPD\Õ
DUWÕUÕFÕ |]HOOLNOHULQH GLNNDW oHNHQ 'XUNKHLP¶GHQ
HWNLOHQHQ IRQNVL\RQDOLVW HNRO oHUoHYHVLQGH GLQL
W|UHQOHULQ ELUOHúWLULFL LúOHYOHUL ]HULQGH |QHPOL
oDOÕúPDODU\UWOPúWUgUQH÷LQ0HUWRQEXWUGHQ
W|UHQOHULQDoÕNYHNDSDOÕROPDN]HUHLNLWULúOHYLQGHQ
EDKVHWPLúWLU 'XUNKHLP¶GHQ EX \DQD LúOHYVHOFLOHU
³NXUXPODúPÕúYH\HUOHúPLúELUGLQLQRUWDNGH÷HUOHU
\DUDWPDN YH WRSOXOXNOD |]GHúOHúWLUPHN VXUHWL\OH
WRSOXPXEWQOHúWLUHELOHFH÷LQLEHOLUWPHNH÷LOLPLQGH
ROPXúWXU´:DOODFHYH:ROI%XDQODPGD
$OHYLOHUGHNLFHQD]HW|UHQOHULYHEXW|UHQOHUHWUDIÕQGD
\D\JÕQOÕN J|VWHUHQ DGHWOHULQ FHPDDW \HOHULQL ELU
DUD\D JHWLUPH YH FHPDDW LoL GD\DQÕúPD\Õ DUWÕUÕFÕ
LúOHYOHUL ROGX÷XQX V|\OHPHN \DQOÕú ROPD\DFDNWÕU
1LWHNLP %DOÕNHVLU dHSQLOHUL ]HULQH oDOÕúPD \DSDQ
ùDKLQELUFDQÕQKDNND\UG÷QGX\DQ
KHUNHVLQ WP PHúJXOL\HWLQL ELU NHQDUD EÕUDNDUDN
FHQD]H W|UHQLQH YH GH¿Q LúOHPOHULQH NDWÕOPDNOD
\NPO ROGX÷XQX EHOLUWPHVL EX GXUXP LoLQ L\L
:LU KDEHQ ,QIRUPDWLRQHQ EHU IDVW DOOH 5HJHOXQJHQ XQG
1RUPHQ LQ %H]XJ DXI GDV 7RGHV XQG %HVWDWWXQJVULWXDO
YRQGHQXQVEHNDQQWHQ.XOWXUJHPHLQVFKDIWHQ,PZHLWHUHQ
9HUODXI ZHUGHQ XQV LQ GHU YRUOLHJHQGHQ $UEHLW GHU
9RUVWHOOXQJYRP7RGGHU9RUEHUHLWXQJDXIGLH%HVWDWWXQJ
GHU %HVWDWWXQJ XQG GHQ 3UDNWLNHQ QDFK GHU %HVWDWWXQJ
EHL GHQ $OHYLWHQ $UGDKDQV ZLGPHQ :LU ZHUGHQ DXFK
GHQ YHUZDQGHOQGHQ XQG XPIRUPHQGHQ (LQÀXVV GHU
0RGHUQHDXI9RUVWHOOXQJHQ5HJHOXQJHQXQG3UDNWLNHQLP
=XVDPPHQKDQJPLWGHP7RGVHKHQN|QQHQ$XVGLHVHP
*UXQG ELOGHQ GLH )UDJHQ LQZLHZHLW GLH %UlXFKH XQG
3UDNWLNHQ GHU$OHYLWHQ$UGDKDQV LP =XVDPPHQKDQJ PLW
GHP7RGZLH]%LKUH$UW]XWUDXHUQGLH%HVWDWWXQJGLH
%HQDFKULFKWLJXQJEHUGHQ7RGHLQHV0HQVFKHQVLFKEHU
GLH=HLWYHUlQGHUWKDEHQXQGZHOFKH(OHPHQWVLFKQLFKW
YHUlQGHUWKDEHQXQGELVKHXWHEHVWHKHQHLQHQZLFKWLJHQ
7HLOGLHVHU$UEHLW
2EZRKOGDV$OHYLWHQWXPHLQ*ODXEHQVV\VWHPLVWGDVVPDQ
LQQHUKDOE GHV ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQVKRUL]RQWHV GHU LVODPLVFKHQ
5HOLJLRQ GHXWHQ NDQQ JLEW HV MHGRFK DXFK KHWHURGR[H
(OHPHQWH $XV GLHVHP *UXQG EHVWHKHQ HLQH 5HLKH YRQ
8QWHUVFKLHGHQ ]ZLVFKHQ GHP $OHYLWHQWXP XQG GHU
RUWKRGR[HQ$XIIDVVXQJ GHV ,VODPVGHP6XQQLWHQWXPLQ
%H]XJ DXI 5HJHOXQJHQ XQG 3UDNWLNHQ LQ =XVDPPHQKDQJ
PLW GHP 7RGHV XQG %HVWDWWXQJVULWXV (LQ DQGHUHU
ZHVHQWOLFKHU7HLOXQVHUHU$UEHLWEHVWHKWHEHQGDULQGLHVH
8QWHUVFKLHGHKHUDXV]XDUEHLWHQ
0DQ NDQQ QLFKW EHKDXSWHQ GDVV HV LQ GHU /LWHUDWXU HLQH
XPIDVVHQGH WKHRUHWLVFKH +HUDQJHKHQVZHLVH DQ GDV
7KHPDGHV7RGHVJHEHQZUGH>$EHU@(PLOH'XUNKHLPV
$UEHLWHQ EHU GHQ 6HOEVWPRUG HLQHU VSH]LHOOHQ )RUP
GHV 7RGHV ± GLH ]X GHQ ZLFKWLJVWHQ$UEHLWHQ LQ GLHVHP
=XVDPPHQKDQJJHK|UHQKDEHQLKUH*OWLJNHLWELVKHXWH
QLFKW YHUORUHQ 9RQ GHU YRQ 'XUNKHLP EHHLQÀXVVWHQ
IXQNWLRQDOLVWLVFKHQ6FKXOHZXUGHQZLFKWLJH$UEHLWHQEHU
GHQ YHUHLQLJHQGHQ &KDUDNWHU YRQ UHOLJL|VHQ =HUHPRQLHQ
JHPDFKW GLH GHQ I|UGHUQGHQ (LQÀXVV GHU 5HOLJLRQ XQG
UHOLJL|VHQ =HUHPRQLHQ DXI GLH 6ROLGDULWlW LQQHUKDOE
GHU *HVHOOVFKDIW EHWRQHQ 6R KDW ]% MERTON YRQ ]ZHL
GLUHNWHQ XQG LQGLUHNWHQ )XQNWLRQHQ YRQ GLHVHU $UW YRQ
=HUHPRQLHQ JHVSURFKHQ 6HLW 'XUNKHLP ZDU HV GDV
9JO GLASER % *STRAUS$ / $ZDUHQHVV RI '\LQJ 1HZ
<RUN$OGLQH
FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM
ELU |UQHNWLU $OHYL WRSOXPXQXQ IHUWOHULQLQ FHQD]H
NRQXVXQGDNL GLQL LQDQo ND\QDNOÕ GX\DUOÕOÕNODUÕ YH
|OP ROD\ÕQÕQ PH\GDQD JHOPHVLQLQ JUXS ]HULQGH
\DUDWWÕ÷Õ GD\DQÕúPD GX\JXVX EX oDOÕúPD\D \|QHOLN
RODUDN \UWOHQ NDWÕOÕPFÕ J|]OHPOHUOH GH WHVSLW
HGLOPLúWLU
.DWÕOÕPFÕ J|]OHP YH \DSÕODQGÕUÕOPÕú PODNDW
EX oDOÕúPDGD NXOODQÕODFDN EDúOÕFD \|QWHPVHO
DUDoODUGDQGÕU.RQXQXQQLWHOL÷LQLWHOLNVHO\|QWHPOHUOH
oDOÕúPD\Õ]RUXQOXNÕOPDNWDGÕU%X NRQXGDGDKD|QFH
oRN D] VD\ÕGD DUDúWÕUPD \DSÕOPÕú ROPDVÕ QLWHOLNVHO
\|QWHPOHU NXOODQÕOPDVÕQÕQ HQ |QHPOL VHEHELGLU
%X \D]ÕGD XODúÕODQ ELOJLOHULQ ELU NÕVPÕ $UGDKDQ
$OHYLOHULQLQ\R÷XQRODUDN\DúDGÕNODUÕ<XNDUÕ*QGHú
YH (VNLNÕOÕo N|\OHULQGH IDUNOÕ ]DPDQODUGD \DSÕODQ
GH¿Q W|UHQOHULQH GR÷UXGDQ NDWÕOPDN VXUHWL\OH HOGH
HGLOPLúWLU .DWÕOÕPFÕ J|]OHPLQ \DQÕ VÕUD LNL $OHYL
GHGHVL\OH $OL (NEHU *|JWHNLQ YH 0XVD 0úWHNLQ
FHP HYL J|UHYOLVL |O \ÕND\DQ NLúL \X÷XFX øVPDLO
$NGHPLU YH 'DPDO PHUNH]GH PXKWDU $OL (NEHU
ÇalhanLOHGHULQOHPHVLQHPODNDWJHUoHNOHúWLULOPLúWLU
$UGDKDQ'R÷X$QDGROX%|OJHVL¶QLQNX]H\GR÷XVXQGD
EXOXQXU 6RV\RORMLN RODUDN IDUNOÕ HWQLNNOWUHO
YH GLQVHO JUXSODUÕ EDUÕQGÕUPDNWDGÕU $UGDKDQ
$OHYLOHUL |]HOOLNOH 'DPDO YH +DQDN LOoHOHULQGH
\R÷XQODúPÕúODUGÕU %XQXQ GÕúÕQGD $UGDKDQ 0HUNH]
YH *|OH LOoHVLQGHNL ED]Õ N|\OHUGH GH $OHYLOHU
EXOXQPDNWDGÕU 'DPDO YH +DQDN LOoHOHULQGHNL
$OHYLOHULQNHQGLOHULQL7UNPHQRODUDNWDQÕPODGÕNODUÕ
YH .DKUDPDQPDUDú¶GDQ 0DUDú$OWÕQ EX E|OJH\H
JHOGLNOHUL |QFHNL oDOÕúPDODUGD RUWD\D NRQPXúWXU
.LU]LR÷OX (UFLODVXQ <ÕOPD] *|OH¶GHNL $OHYLOHU KDNNÕQGD GDKD |QFH oDOÕúPD
\DSÕOPDGÕ÷ÕQGDQ VD÷OÕNOÕ ELOJL PHYFXW GH÷LOGLU
<DSÕODQ ELU DODQ DUDúWÕUPDVÕQGD 'DPDO YH +DQDN
$OHYLOHULQLQ 0DUDú$OWÕQ¶GDQ JHOHQ 7UNPHQOHU
ROGX÷X *|OH $OHYLOHULQLQ LVH 7XQFHOL YH 0Xú
9DUWR¶GDQ JHOGLNOHUL WHVSLW HGLOPLúWLU 8\DQÕN YH
.DOD
$QOLHJHQGHU)XQNWLRQDOLVWHQ]X]HLJHQGDVV³5HOLJLRQHQ
GLHVLFKLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVLHUWHQXQG)X‰IDVVWHQLQGHU/DJH
VHLHQGLH*HPHLQVFKDIW]XHLQHQLQGHPVLHJHPHLQVDPH
:HUWHVFKDIIHQXQGVLHLQGLH*HPHLQVFKDIWLQWHJULHUHQ³
,Q GLHVHP 6LQQH LVW HV QLFKW IDOVFK ]X EHKDXSWHQ GDVV
GLH %HVWDWWXQJV]HUHPRQLHQ XQG GLH GDPLW YHUEXQGHQHQ
%UlXFKHGLH)XQNWLRQKDEHQGLH*HPHLQVFKDIWVPLWJOLHGHU
HLQDQGHU QlKHU ]X EULQJHQ XQG GLH 6ROLGDULWlW LQQHUKDOE
GHU*HPHLQVFKDIW]XVWlUNHQ 'DVVGLHÇepniLQ%DOÕNHVLU
GLH ù$+,1 XQWHUVXFKW KDW LKUH$UEHLW VWHKHQ XQG OLHJHQ
ODVVHQXQG]XU%HVWDWWXQJV]HUHPRQLHHLOHQZHQQMHPDQG
DXV LKUHU *HPHLQVFKDIW YHUVWRUEHQ LVW XQG HV DOV 3ÀLFKW
EHWUDFKWHQ GHQ %HVWDWWXQJVULWHQ EHL]XZRKQHQ LVW HLQ
JXWHV%HLVSLHOGDIU,QXQVHUHQ%HREDFKWXQJHQZDUHQZLU
=HXJH GHU DXV UHOLJL|VHQ:XU]HOQ JHVSHLVWHQ 6HQVLELOLWlW
LP%H]XJDXI%HVWDWWXQJHQXQGGHP6ROLGDULWlWVJHIKOLP
$QJHVLFKWGHV7RGHVGHUDOHYLWLVFKHQ0HQVFKHQ
7HLOQHKPHQGH %HREDFKWXQJ XQG ,QWHUYLHZV ZDUHQ GDV
PHWKRGLVFKH :HUN]HXJ GLHVHU 8QWHUVXFKXQJ XQG GLH
(LJHQKHLWHQ GHV 7KHPDV KDEHQ HLQH TXDOLWDWLYH $QDO\VH
JHIRUGHUW 'HU *UXQG ZDUXP ELVKHU ZHQLJ ]X GLHVHP
7KHPD JHIRUVFKW ZXUGH LVW GLH 7DWVDFKH GDVV YRUKHU
NHLQH TXDOLWDWLYHQ 0HWKRGHQ DQJHZHQGHW ZXUGHQ (LQHQ
7HLO GHU (UJHEQLVVH GLHVHU 8QWHUVXFKXQJ ZXUGHQ GXUFK
GLH 7HLOQDKPH DQ YHUVFKLHGHQHQ %HVWDWWXQJV]HUHPRQLHQ
LQ GHQ YRQ GHQ $OHYLWHQ $UGDKDQV VWDUN EHVLHGHOWHQ
'|UIHUQ *QGHú XQG (VNLNÕOÕo JHZRQQHQ 1HEHQ
GHQ WHLOQHKPHQGHQ %HREDFKWXQJHQ ZXUGHQ DXFK
DXVJHGHKQWH*HVSUlFKHPLW]ZHLDOHYLWLVFKHQ*HLVWOLFKHQ
GHGHV $OL (NEHU *|JWHNLQ XQG 0XVD 0úWHNLQ GHP
9HUDQWZRUWOLFKHQIUGLHFHP=HUHPRQLH,VPDLO$NGHPLU
GHU DXFK GLH /HLFKHQZDVFKXQJHQ GXUFKIKUW XQG GHP
%H]LUNVYRUVWHKHUYRQ'DPDO$OL(NEHUÇalhanJHIKUW
$UGDKDQ LVW LP 1RUGRVWHQ YRQ $QDWROLHQ JHOHJHQ (V
EHKHLPDWHW YHUVFKLHGHQH HWKQLVFKH NXOWXUHOOH XQG
UHOLJL|VH *HPHLQVFKDIWHQ 'LH $OHYLWHQ $UGDKDQV VLQG
YRU DOOHP LQ GHP .UHLV 'DPDO XQG +DQDN DQ]XWUHIIHQ
XQGHVJLEWGDUEHUKLQDXVDXFK$OHYLWHQLQGHQ'|UIHULP
6WDGWJHELHW$UGDKDQVXQGLP.UHLV*|OH$XVYRUKHULJHQ
$UEHLWHQ ZLVVHQ ZLU GDVV GLH $OHYLWHQ DXV GHP .UHLV
WALLACE5XWK$WOLF$OLVRQdD÷GDú6RV\RORML.XUDPODUÕ
hEHUVHW]WYRQ/H\OD(OEXU]XQG05DPL$\DV3XQWR<D\ÕQODUÕ
ø]PLU6
ù$+,1 +DOLO øEUDKLP %DOÕNHVLU dHSQLOHULQGH 'H¿Q YH 'H¿Q
6RQUDVÕ%D]ÕøQDQÕúYH8\JXODPDODU,Q7UN.OWUYH+DFÕ
%HNWDúÕ9HOL%QG66
$/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ
$OHYLOL÷LQGL÷HUELUoRNER\XWXQGDROGX÷XJLEL|OPOH
LOJLOL QRUPODU YH X\JXODPDODUGD GD 7UNL\H¶QLQ
GH÷LúLN E|OJHOHULQGH \DúD\DQ $OHYLOHU DUDVÕQGD ELU
NÕVÕPIDUNOÕOÕNODUROGX÷XELOLQPHNWHGLUgQFO
³GLQL H÷LWLP YHUHQ ELU NXUXPXQ EXOXQPDPDVÕ
GHGHOLN NXUXPXQXQ ND\EROPDVÕ YH EXQODUD ED÷OÕ
RODUDN FHPOHULQ \DSÕOPDPDVÕQÕQ VRQXFX RODUDN
D\QÕ DLOH YH \HUOHúLP ELULPLQGH GDKL ELUELULQGHQ
IDUNOÕ GúQFH YH NDEXOOHULQ´ RUWD\D oÕNPDVÕQÕ
$OHYLOHUGHNL|OPOHLOJLOLLQDQÕúYHX\JXODPDODUGDNL
IDUNOÕODúPDODUÕQ QHGHQOHUL RODUDN EHOLUWLU $NWDú¶GD
\DúDQÕODQ\HUOHúLPDODQÕQÕQNHQW\DGDNÕUVDO
ROPDVÕQÕQ |÷UHQLP GXUXPXQXQ |OP DOJÕVÕQÕQ YH
\DNÕQODUÕQÕND\EHGHQOHULQJ|VWHUGLNOHULWHSNLOHULQ|O
J|PPH ELoLP YH JHOHQHNOHULQGH ED]Õ IDUNOÕOÕNODUD
QHGHQRODFD÷ÕQÕV|\OHU%XIDUNOÕOÕNODUDUD÷PHQ(QJLQ
$OHYLOHUGHNL |OPOH LOJLOL X\JXODPDODUÕ
LNL DúDPDGD HOH DOPD\Õ |QHUPHNWHGLU gOPQ
JHUoHNOHúPHVLQGHQ FHQD]H QDPD]ÕQÕQ NÕOÕQGÕ÷Õ DQD
NDGDURODQVUHoLONDúDPDKD]ÕUOÕNDúDPDVÕFHQD]H
QDPD]ÕQGDQ VRQUDNL VUHo LVH VRQUDNL DúDPD RODUDN
HOH DOÕQPDNWDGÕU hONHPL] JHQHOLQGH |OP ]HULQH
\DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDODUÕQ E\N ELU NÕVPÕQGD |OP LOH
LOJLOLLQDQoYHULWHOOHU³|OP|QFHVL´³|OPVÕUDVÕ´
YH ³|OP VRQUDVÕ´ ROPDN ]HUH o DQD VDIKDGD HOH
DOÕQPDNWDGÕU
$OHYL YH 6QQL NHVLPOHULQ |OPOH LOJLOL RODUDN
X\JXODGÕ÷Õ EHQ]HU SUDWLNOHU V|] NRQXVXGXU
³$OHYLOHUGH WHONLQLQ \DSÕOÕúÕ EDúODQJÕo YH ELWLú
FPOHOHUL GÕúÕQGD 6QQLOHUGH ROGX÷X JLELGLU +RFD
WHONLQH EDúODUNHQ ³%LVPLOODK \D GD %LVPL ùDK«´
ELWLULUNHQ GH ³øPDPÕP ùkKÕ 9HOk\HW $OL\\H¶O
0XUWD]D¶GÕU´ GHU YH WHONLQ VRQD HUHU´ <ÕOGÕ]
<LQH \DSÕODQ ED]Õ oDOÕúPDODUGD FHQD]H
QDPD]ÕQÕQ NÕOÕQÕú úHNOLQGH GH 6QQL NHVLPOH ELU
D\UÕOÕ÷ÕQ EXOXQPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ V|\OHQHELOLU ùDKLQ &HP HYLQGH NÕOÕQDQ FHQD]H QDPD]ÕQD ³KDOND
'DPDOXQG+DQDNVLFKDOV³7XUNPHQHQ³EHWUDFKWHQXQG
EHKDXSWHQ GDVV VLH DXV .DKUDPDQPDUDú 0DUDú$OWÕQ
GRUWKLQ JHNRPPHQ VHLQ VROOHQ hEHU GLH $OHYLWHQ DXV
*|OH KDEHQ ZLU NHLQH JHVLFKHUWHQ ,QIRUPDWLRQHQ GD VLH
ELVKHU QLFKW HUIRUVFKW ZXUGHQ ,Q HLQHU )HOGVWXGLH ZXUGH
IHVWJHVWHOOW GDVV GLH$OHYLWHQ DXV 'DPDO XQG +DQDN >LQ
GHU 7DW@ DXV 0DUDú$OWÕQ VWDPPHQGH ³7XUNPHQHQ³ VLQG
XQG GLH $OHYLWHQ DXV *|OH DXV 7XQFHOL XQG 0Xú 9DUWR
HLQJHZDQGHUWVLQG
(V LVW EHNDQQW GDVV HV MH QDFK 5HJLRQ 8QWHUVFKLHGH EHL
GHQ5HJHOXQJHQXQG3UDNWLNHQLQQHUKDOEGHUDOHYLWLVFKHQ
*HPHLQVFKDIWHQ LP =XVDPPHQKDQJ PLW GHP 7RG JLEW ±
GLHVEHWULIIWDXFKDQGHUH(OHPHQWHGHV$OHYLWHQWXPV$OV
8UVDFKHIUGLHVH8QWHUVFKLHGHQHQQWÖNCÜL GHQ8PVWDQG
³GDVVHVDXIJUXQGGHV1LFKWYRUKDQGHQVHLQVHLQHU,QVWLWXWLRQ
IU UHOLJL|VH 8QWHUZHLVXQJ GHV 9HUIDOOV GHV $PWHV GHV
DOHYLWLVFKHQ *HLVWOLFKHQ GHGH XQG GHU 7DWVDFKH GDVV
keine FHP=HUHPRQLHQ PHKU LQ GHU *HJHQZDUW GLHVHU
GHGH JHPDFKW ZXUGHQ XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH 9RUVWHOOXQJHQ
XQG.RQ]HSWLRQHQLQHLQXQGGHPVHOEHQ6LHGOXQJVJHELHW
MDVRJDULQHLQXQGGHUVHOEHQ)DPLOLHJLEW³8QG$.7$ù
EHPHUNWGDVVHVMHQDFK6LHGOXQJVJHELHW6WDGWRGHU/DQG
GHP %LOGXQJVQLYHDX GHU 9RUVWHOOXQJ YRP 7RG XQG GHU
5HDNWLRQDXIGHQ7RGHLQHV1DKHVWHKHQGHQ8QWHUVFKLHGH
LQGHU$UWXQG:HLVHZLHPDQGLH7RWHQEHVWDWWHWJHEHQ
ZLUG 7URW] GLHVHU 8QWHUVFKLHGH HPS¿HKOW ENGIN GLH
+DQGOXQJLQ%H]XJDXIGLH%HVWDWWXQJEHLGHQ$OHYLWHQLQ
]ZHL3KDVHQ]XXQWHUWHLOHQ'HU=HLWUDXPYRP7RGELV
]XU 9HUULFKWXQJ GHV 7RGHVJHEHWHV 9RUEHUHLWXQJVSKDVH
'LH =HLW QDFK GHU9HUULFKWXQJ GHV7RGHVJHEHWHV11 ,Q
GHPJUR‰HQ7HLOGHU6WXGLHQGLHLQXQVHUHP/DQG>7UNHL@
GHQ7RG]XP*HJHQVWDQGKDEHQZHUGHQGLH9RUVWHOOXQJHQ
XQG3UDNWLNHQLQ=XVDPPHQKDQJPLWGHP7RGDQDO\VLHUW
LQGHPPDQGUHL3KDVHQXQWHUVFKHLGHWGLH=HLW³YRUGHP
7RG³ GLH =HLW ³ZlKUHQG GHV 7RGHV³ XQG GLH =HLW ³QDFK
GHP7RG³
.,5=,2ö/8ERCILASUNYILMAZ>YROOVWlQ
GLJH/LWHUDWXUDQJDEHQIHKOHQ@
UYANIK=HNLXQG.$/$$ULI$UGDKDQøOL$OHYLOHULQGH.HQGL
QL7DQÕPODPDøEDGHWYHÖteki$OJÕVÕ,Q$NDGHPLN$UDúWÕUPDODU
'HUJLVL$XVJDEH6
ÖNCÜL .UúDW .DUV 7UNPHQOHULQGH gOPH %D÷OÕ øQDQÕúODU
$QODWÕODUYH8\JXODPDODU,Q7UN.OWUYH+DFÕ%HNWDúÕ9HOL
$UDúWÕUPD'HUJLVL$XVJDEH66
$.7$ù$OL$OHYLOHUGHgOPOH øOJLOL5LWHOOHU,Q+DFÕ%HNWDúÕ
9HOL$UDúWÕUPD'HUJLVL6
11 ENGINøVPDLO7DKWDFÕODU $QW<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXO6
FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM
QDPD]Õ´PH]DUOÕNWDNÕOÕQDQQDPD]DLVH³VDIQDPD]Õ´
DGÕQÕQ YHULOGL÷LQL EHOLUWLU$\UÕFD |OQQ \ÕNDQPDVÕ
NHIHQOHQPHVL FHQD]H QDPD]Õ JLEL 6QQL DNLGHOHU
oHUoHYHVLQGH JHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ LúOHPOHULQ EHQ]HULQLQ
GH¿Q HVQDVÕQGD GD J|UOG÷Q V|\OHQHELOLU
$ODQGDNL J|]OHPOHUGHQ YH OLWHUDWUGHQ DQODúÕOGÕ÷Õ
]HUH $OHYL YDWDQGDúODUÕ .... YH
D\GÕQODUÕJHQHORODUDN$OHYLGH¿QLúOHPOHULQLQ6QQL
DNLGHOHUHEHQ]HUúHNLOGH\DSÕOPDVÕQÕHOHúWLUPHNWHGLU
%R]NXUW¶D J|UH FHQD]H LúOHPOHUL \UWHQ GHGHOHULQ
VRQ G|QHPGH VD\ÕODUÕQÕQ D]DOPDVÕQGDQ GROD\Õ
$OHYLOHU GHYOHWWHQ FDPL YH 6QQL KRFD LVWHPHN
]RUXQGD NDOPÕúODUGÕU EX GD$OHYL YH 6QQL FHQD]H
ULWHOOHULQLQ ELUELUOHULQH EHQ]HPHVLQH \RO DoPÕúWÕU
<LQH%R]NXUW¶DJ|UHFHQD]HQDPD]ÕWDPDPHQ6QQL
JHOHQH÷H DLW ELU X\JXODPDGÕU *HoPLúWH FHQD]H
QDPD]ÕQÕ KLo X\JXODPDPÕú $OHYL WRSOXOXNODUÕ
NHQGL GH¿Q X\JXODPDODUÕQÕ ROXúWXUPXúWXU gUQH÷LQ
(JH¶GH \DúD\DQ 7DKWDFÕ 7UNPHQOHU ³øVPL $]DP
GXDVÕ´%R]NXUWLOHùDK+DWD\L¶GHQ
RNXGXNODUÕ GH\LúOHUOH GH¿Q W|UHQOHULQL \DSPÕúODUGÕU
%R]NXUW¶WXQ]LNUHWWL÷LGXDQÕQELUNÕVPÕúXúHNLOGHGLU
*HOJ|QORNX\DOÕPøVPL$]DP'XDVÕQÕ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
<DNÕQELOVLOHOLPJ|QOSDVÕQÕ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
%L]GHoÕ÷UÕúÕUÕ]³<D0XKDPPHG<D$OL´
2QODUGDLNLFLKDQÕQVHUYHUL
%XGXDLOHGUVWROGXGLQLLPDQÕ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
0XVD7XU'D÷Õ¶QGD+DNN¶DçokQL\D]H\OHGL
(KOL+DNLGL1HPUXWEXQDøEUDKLP¶HQHOHUH\OHGL
(UHQOHUHYOL\DODUEXGXD\ÕV|\OHGL
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
$VODQGRQXQDJLUGL\ROD\DWWÕùDK0HUGDQ
2QXQD÷]ÕQDPKUQDWWÕROSH\JDPEHU
%XGXD\ÕRNXU6XOWDQùDK+DWD\¶LPKHPHQ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
……
'LH 3UDNWLNHQ GHU DOHYLWLVFKHQ XQG VXQQLWLVFKHQ
*HPHLQVFKDIWHQLQ=XVDPPHQKDQJPLWGHP7RGVLQG>DQ
GLHVHU 6WHOOH@ *HJHQVWDQG XQVHUHV 7KHPDV 'LH :RUWH
GLHGHP9HUVWRUEHQHQRGHUGHU9HUVWRUEHQHQHLQJHÀVWHUW
ZHUGHQ VLQG EHL GHQ $OHYLWHQ XQG 6XQQLWHQ LGHQWLVFK
DX‰HU GHQ$QIDQJV XQG (QGVlW]HQ 1DFK GHP GHU KRFD
>LVODPLVFKHU 5HOLJLRQVJHOHKUWHU@ GLH:RUWH ³%LVPLOODK \D
GD%LVPLùDK«´DP$QIDQJXQGGLH:RUWH³øPDPÕP
ùkKÕ9HOk\HW$OL\\H¶O0XUWD]D¶GÕU³JHVSURFKHQKDWHQGHW
GLH (LQÀVWHUXQJ LQ GLH 2KUHQ GHV 9HUVWRUEHQHQ E]Z
GHU 9HUVWRUEHQHQ12 $XV HLQLJHQ 6WXGLHQ JHKW DX‰HUGHP
KHUYRUGDVVHVNHLQH8QWHUVFKHLGHLQGHU$UWXQG:HLVH
ZLHGDV7RWHQJHEHWYHUULFKWHWZLUGEHLGHQ$OHYLWHQXQG
GHQ6XQQLWHQJLEW13'DUEHUKLQDXVJHKWDXVGLHVHU6WXGLH
KHUYRU GDVV GDV 7RWHQJHEHW LQ GHP =HUHPRQLHQKDXV
GHU $OHYLWHQ ³FHP HYL³ ³*HPHLQVFKDIWVJHEHW³ ³KDOND
QDPD]Õ³ JHQDQQW ZLUG ZlKUHQG GDV DXI GHP )ULHGKRI
YHUULFKWHWH *HEHW ³VDI QDPD]Õ³ ³5HLKHQJHEHW³ JHQDQQW
ZLUG$X‰HUGHP LVW ]X VDJHQ GDVV HV *HPHLQVDPNHLWHQ
EHL GHQ $OHYLWHQ LP +LQEOLFN DXI %HVWDWWXQJVULWHQ ZLH
]% GLH /HLFKHQZDVFKXQJ GLH (LQNOHLGXQJ GHU /HLFKH
LQ HLQ /HLFKHQWXFK RGHU GDV 7RWHQJHEHW LQ HLQHP
VXQQLWLVFKHQ5DKPHQJLEW:LHDXFKDXVGHQ(UJHEQLVVHQ
GHU)HOGIRUVFKXQJXQGGHU/LWHUDWXUKHUYRUJHKWNULWLVLHUHQ
GLH$OHYLWHQ3HUVRQ333XQGDXFKDOHYLWLVFKHQ
*HOHKUWHGDVVGLH%HVWDWWXQJHQGHU$OHYLWHQDXI$UWXQG
:HLVH GHU 6XQQLWHQ JHPDFKW ZHUGHQ BOZKURT ]XIROJH
VLQGGLH$OHYLWHQDXIJUXQGGHV8PVWDQGHVGDVVGLH=DKO
GHUMHQLJHQGHGHGLHLQGHU/DJHVLQGGLH%HVWDWWXQJVULWHQ
GXUFK]XIKUHQ LQ GHU OHW]WHQ =HLW HUKHEOLFK
]XUFNJHJDQJHQ LVW JH]ZXQJHQ JHZHVHQ EHLP 6WDDW
0RVFKHHQXQGVXQQLWLVFKHKRFDDQ]XIUDJHQ±XQGGLHVKDW
]XU )ROJH JHKDEW GDVV GLH %HVWDWWXQJVULWHQ GHU$OHYLWHQ
VLFKPHKUXQGPHKUDQGLHVXQQLWLVFKHQ%HVWDWWXQJVULWHQ
DQJHJOLFKHQKDEHQ
BOZKURT ]XIROJH LVW DXFK GDV 7RWHQJHEHW HLQ JHQXLQ
VXQQLWLVFKHU 5LWXV $OHYLWLVFKHQ *HPHLQVFKDIWHQ
GLH GDV 7RWHQJHEHW QLFKW NHQQHQ KDEHQ LKUH HLJHQHQ
%HVWDWWXQJVULWHQ 6R KDEHQ ]% GLH 7DKWDFL LQ GHU bJlLV
LKUH %HVWDWWXQJV]HUHPRQLHQ PLW GHP øVPL$]DP*HEHW
HLQHP*HGLFKWùDK+DWD\LVDXVJHIKUW'DVYRQBOZKURT
HUZlKQWH*HGLFKWODXWHWLQ$XV]JHQIROJHQGHUPD‰HQ
12 YILDIZ +DUXQ $OHYL *HOHQH÷LQGH gOP YH gOP 6RQUDVÕ
7|UHQYH5LWHOOHU8OXVODUDUDVÕ7UN.OWUQGHgOP6HPSR
]\XPX1RYHPEHUøVWDQEXO6
13 ù$+,1 (2006), S.68
>33XVZEHGHXWHW3HUVRQ3HUVRQXVZXQGZHLVWDXI
>33XVZEHGHXWHW3HUVRQ3HUVRQXVZXQGZHLVWDXI
GLH,QWHUYLHZSDUWQHULQGLHVHU6WXGLHKLQ@
>4XHOOHQQDFKZHLVHIHKOHQ@
BOZKURT )XDW $OHYLOL÷LQ 7RSOXPVDO %R\XWODUÕ Tekin
<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXO6
$/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ
*HORNXEXGXD\ÕJLWVLQNDOELQGHQNLELULOHNLQ
2NXUGXEXGXD\ÕKHU]DPDQLPDQLOHGLQ
2NXGXGLUHNWXWXDVXPDQX]HPLQ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
$OHYL YH 6QQL FHPDDWOHU D\QÕ NXWVDO NLWDS
.XUDQÕ .HULP UHIHUDQVÕ\OD GLQVHO SUDWLNOHULQL
JHUoHNOHúWLUPHOHULQGHQ
GROD\Õ
ELoLP
YH
DGODQGÕUPDODUÕIDUNOÕROVDGD|]LWLEDUL\OHD\QÕWHRORMLN
\|QHOLPOHUH VDKLSWLU $QODP YH \RUXPVDO ER\XWWD
IDUNOÕODúWÕNODUÕ WDULKVHO YH VRV\RORMLN ELU JHUoHN
ROPDNOD ELUOLNWH ND\QDN RODUDN D\QÕ GLQL UHIHUDQVÕQ
oHúLWOHQPHVLRODUDNRNXQDELOLUµ<ROELUVUHNELQELU¶
LIDGHVL GH EXQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 6RQXo RODUDN GL÷HU
GLQVHO SUDWLNOHU JLEL |OP ROJXVX GD D\QÕ ND\QD÷ÕQ
IDUNOÕ \RUXPODQPDVÕQD ED÷OÕ RODUDN RUWDN |]HOOLNOHU
J|VWHUHELOPHNWHGLU
gOPQ$OJÕODQÕúÕKDNND\UPHNYH\D
|OPHGHQ|QFH|OPHN
gOP \RN ROPDN RODUDN DOJÕODQPDGÕ÷ÕQGDQ GROD\Õ
|OP V|]F÷ $OHYLOHUGH LQVDQÕQ NHQGLQL $OODK¶ÕQ
YDUOÕ÷ÕQGD \RN HWPHVL úHNOLQGH DQODP ND]DQPÕúWÕU
$QDGROX $OHYLOHULQLQ LQDQFÕQD J|UH $OODK¶ÕQ NHQGL
QXUXQGDQ \DUDWWÕ÷Õ YH EX \]GHQ 7DQUÕVDO ELU |]
WDúÕ\DQ LQVDQ |OP\OH ELUOLNWH \HQLGHQ $OODK¶D
NDYXúDFDN RQXQOD EWQOHúHFHN \DQL ³+DNN¶D
\U\HFHNWLU´..
+HU úH\GHQ |QFH WDQUÕ NDYUDPVDOODúWÕUPDVÕQD ED÷OÕ
RODUDN $OHYLOHU WDQUÕ NRUNXVX \HULQH WDQUÕ VHYJLVLQL
HVDVDOÕU$OHYLOHULQVDQÕQ7DQUÕVDOELU|]HVDKLSRODUDN
\DUDWÕOGÕNODUÕQD LQDQGÕNODUÕ LoLQ |OP DQFDN |]H
G|Qú RODUDN GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU %XQGDQ GROD\Õ
³$]UDLOLoLQFDQDOÕFÕGH÷LOFDQÕFDQDXODúWÕUÕFÕRODUDN
EDKVHGLOPHNWHGLU´ $NWDú gOPHGHQ HYYHO
|OPHN$]UDLO¶HFDQEÕUDNPDPDNWÕUdQN$]UDLO¶LQ
DOGÕ÷ÕFDQPXUGDUROXU³%L]OHUVRUJXPX]XGDPDKúHUH
EÕUDNPDGDQ J|UJ FHPLQGH SLU KX]XUXQGD YHULUL]´
.. %X NDYUDPVDOODúWÕUPDQÕQ VRQXFX RODUDN
|OP NDYUDPÕ \HULQH ³+DNN¶D \UPHN JHUoHNOHUH
NDYXúPDN NDOÕS GH÷LúWLUPHN NDOÕEÕ GLQOHQGLUPHN
*HOJ|QORNX\DOÕPøVPL$]DP'XDVÕQÕ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
<DNÕQELOVLOHOLPJ|QOSDVÕQÕ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
.RPP RK +HU] ODVV XQV GDV %LWWJHEHW GHV +|FKVWHQ
1DPHQ>*RWWHV@VSUHFKHQ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU17
%HWUDFKWHHVDOVJHZLVVXQGOD‰XQVGHQ5RVWGHV+HU]HQV
EHVHLWLJHQ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
$OLED÷ODGÕGHYLQED÷ÕQÕ
<UH÷LQHçektiKLFUDQGD÷ÕQÕ
+XUPDNDSÕLOHED÷ODGÕNDEÕQÕ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
$OLZDUHVGHUGHQ5LHVHQEH]ZDQJ
XQGLKPYLHOH:XQGHQ]XIJWH
>8QG@HUZDUHVGHUGDV'DWWHOWRUHLQQDKP>"@
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
%L]GHoÕ÷UÕúÕUÕ]\D0XKDPPHG\D$OL
2QODUGDLNLFLKDQÕQVHUYHUL
%XGXDLOHGUVWROGXGLQLLPDQÕ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
$XFKZLUUXIHQ2K0XKDPPHGRK$OL
6LHEHLGHVLQGGLH+HUUHQGHUEHLGHQ:HOWHQ>'LHVVHLWVXQG
-HQVHLWV@
0LWGLHVHP%LWWJHEHWZXUGHGHU*ODXEHQUHLQ
ODIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
0XVD1XU'D÷ÕQGD+DNNDçokQL\D]H\OHGL
(KOL+DNLGL1HPUXWEXQDQHOHUH\OHGL (UHQOHUHYOL\DODU
EXGXD\ÕV|\OHGL
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
0RVHVZDUIVLFKVRRIWDXIGHP6LQDLLQ$QEHWXQJYRU*RWW
QLHGHU
2EZRKO HU >JHPHLQW LVW $EUDKDP@ ]X *RWWHV .QHFKWHQ
JHK|UWHKDWLKQ1LPURGYLHOHVDQJHWDQ
'LH+HLOLJHQVSUDFKHQDOOHVDPWGLHVHV%LWWJHEHW
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
«
>³
>³(VJLEWNHLQHQKHOGHQPWLJHUHQDOV$OLXQGNHLQ6FKZHUW
ZLHGDV6FKZHUW=O¿NDU³GDV6FKZHUW$OLV@
FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM
VÕUROPDNHPDQHWLWHVOLPHWPHN&HPkO¶HYH'vGkU¶D
NDYXúPDNGRQGH÷LúWLUPHN´JLELGH\LPOHUNXOODQÕOÕU
.D\DDNWDUDQ<ÕOGÕ]
$VODQGRQXQDJLUGL\ROD\DWWÕùDK0HUGDQ
2QXQD÷]ÕQDPKUQDWWÕROSH\JDPEHU
%XGXD\ÕRNXU6XOWDQùDK+DWD\LPKHPHQ
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
$OHYLOHUGH |OP DOJÕVÕ VDGHFH EL\RORMLN |OPOH
VÕQÕUODQPDPDNWDGÕU $OHYL |÷UHWLVLQGHNL WDVDYYX¿
GLQVHOLOHUOHPHGH'|UWNDSÕ.ÕUNPDNDPøNUDU&HPL
|QHPOLX÷UDNODUGDQELULQL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕUøNUDU1DVLS
&HPLQLQ DQD NRQXVX ³|OPHGHQ |QFH |OPHN´ .
olarak NDYUDPVDOODúWÕUÕODQYHLUDGLELUELoLPGHGHGHQLQ
YH FHPDDWLQ |QQGH WDOLELQ \ROD EDú NR\PDVÕGÕU %X
LNUDUGDQ VRQUD WDOLS DUÕQPÕú YH LNLQFL PDVXPL\HWLQL
ND]DQPÕúRODUDNEXQGDQVRQUDNLKD\DWÕQGDHQJ]HOLQL
\DúDPD\D YH \DúDWPD\D NR\XOXU %X GD DQFDN QHIVLQ
|OGUOPHVL YH EHGHQL LVWHNOHULQ VÕQÕUODQPDVÕ\OD
PPNQGU .. %XUDGDNL ³gOPHGHQ |QFH
|OPHN´PHFD]LYHQHIVLQ|OGUOPHVLDQODPÕQDDOÕQGÕ÷Õ
LoLQEL\RORMLN|OPHGHQIDUNOÕELUDQODPWDúÕU
'HU )UVW GHU 5HFKWVFKDIIHQHQ QDKP GLH *HVWDOW HLQHV
/|ZHQDQXQGYHUVSHUUWHGHQ:HJ18
XQGGHU3URSKHWZDUILKPVHLQHQ6LHJHOULQJLQGHQ5DFKHQ
8QGùDK+DWD\VSULFKWGLHVHV%LWWJHEHWLPPHUIRUW
/DIHWDLOOD$OLODVH\IHLOOD=O¿NDU
<HQLGHQ EL\RORMLN |OPH LoLQ \DSÕODQ ULWHOOHUH
G|QHUVHN |OPHN ]HUH RODQ ELU KDVWDQÕQ \DQÕQGD
EXOXQDQODU KDVWD\D VDEÕUODU GLOH\HUHN $OODK¶D
VÕ÷ÕQPDVÕQÕ $OODK¶WDQ NHQGLVL KDNNÕQGD KD\ÕUODU
GLOHPHVLQL YH W|YEH HWPHVLQL WHONLQ HGHUOHU %XQX
KDVWD\Õ LQFLWPHGHQ YH JFHQGLUPHGHQ \DSDUODU
\DQÕQGDKDVWDQÕQGX\DFD÷ÕNDGDUVHVOLRODUDN.XUDQ
RNXQXU W|YEH LVWL÷IDU HGLOLU .HOLPHL úHKDGHW
JHWLULOLU7HYKLGYH6DOkYDWÕúHULIHRNXQXU+DVWD\D
³6HQ GH RNX´ GHQLOPH] øVWHUVH KDVWD NHQGLVL RNXU
+DVWDQÕQ EDúÕQGD .XUDQ RNX\DQ NLPVH KDVWDQÕQ
GX\DPD\DFD÷Õ úHNLOGH \DYDú VHVOH ³<D 5DEEH¶O
$OHPL\Q %X RNXGX÷XP .XU¶DQ KUPHWLQH EX
KDVWD\DKD\ÕUODúLIDODULKVDQH\OH(÷HU|PUWDPDP
ROPXúVDVDQDG|QúQNROD\ODúWÕU(KOLEH\W¶LQDúNÕ
KUPHWLQHNXVXUODUÕQÕDIH\OH<DUDEEL´GL\HGXDHGHU
.. gOP JHUoHNOHúWLNWHQ VRQUD LVH FHQD]H\L
EHNOHWPHGHQ HQ NÕVD ]DPDQGD WRSUD÷D YHUPHN
ONHPL] $OHYL WRSOXOXNODUÕQGD J|UOHQ |QHPOL ELU
JHOHQHNWLU %XUDGD KHU úH\GHQ |QFH ³gO\ \HUGH
EÕUDNPDPDN LoLQ HUNHQ J|PPH´ GúQFHVL HVDVWÕU
7Dú÷ÕQ%XGúQFH'DPDO$OHYLOHULQGH
GHJ|]HWLOPHNWHGLU
$XFK ZHQQ HV 8QWHUVFKLHGH ]ZLVFKHQ GHQ UHOLJL|VHQ
3UDNWLNHQGHU$OHYLWHQXQGGHQHQGHU6XQQLWHQJLEWKDEHQ
VLHLP*UXQGHJHQRPPHQGLHVHOEHWKHRORJLVFKH*UXQGODJH
GDVLHGHQ.RUDQDOVKHLOLJHV%XFKDOV*UXQGODJHKDEHQ
QDFK GHP VLH LKUH 3UDNWLNHQ DXVULFKWHQ 0DQ NDQQ GLH
KLVWRULVFKHQXQGVR]LRORJLVFKHQ%HGLQJXQJHQDOV8UVDFKH
IU GLH 8QWHUVFKLHGH LQ GHU 'HXWXQJ JHOWHQ ODVVHQ GLH
HLQH1HXLQWHUSUHWDWLRQGHVVHOEHQUHOLJL|VHQ)XQGDPHQWHV
]XU)ROJHKDW'HU$XVGUXFN³'HU:HJLVWHLQHUGRFKGLH
0HWKRGH>E]ZGHU3UR]HVV@LVWWDXVHQGIDFK³PDFKWKLHUDXI
DXIPHUNVDP (V JHKW DEHU OHW]WHQGOLFK GDUXP GDVV PDQ
LQGHU/DJHLVWWURW]GHUXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ$XVSUlJXQJHQ
LP=XJHGHV'HXWXQJVSUR]HVVHVGHU*UXQGSULQ]LSLHQGLH
*HPHLQVDPNHLWHQLP+LQEOLFNDXIGLHUHOLJL|VHQ3UDNWLNHQ
LP=XVDPPHQKDQJPLWGHP7RGGHXWOLFKPDFKW
'LH9RUVWHOOXQJYRP7RG³KDNND\UPHN³³]X*RWW
JHKHQ³E]Z
³VWHUEHQEHYRUPDQVWLUEW³
'DIUGLH$OHYLWHQGHU7RGQLFKWJOHLFKEHGHXWHQGLVWPLW
GHU$XVO|VFKXQJGHV0HQVFKHQKHUUVFKWGLH9RUVWHOOXQJ
GDVVGHU0HQVFKEHLVHLQHP7RGLP6HLQ*RWWHVDXIJHKHQ
ZLUG 'HP$QDWROLVFKHQ$OHYLWHQWXP ]XIROJH ZXUGH GHU
0HQVFKDXVGHP/LFKW*RWWHVHUVFKDIIHQXQGKDWGHVKDOE
HLQHQJ|WWOLFKHQ.HUQ$XVGLHVHP*UXQGZLUGGHU0HQVFK
QDFKVHLQHP7RGZLHGHUPLW*RWWYHUHLQWZHUGHQHUZLUG
³]X*RWWJHKHQ³33)UGLH$OHYLWHQVWHKW>GDUEHU
KLQDXV@QLFKWGLH*RWWHVIXUFKWVRQGHUQGLH*RWWHVOLHEHLP
9RUGHUJUXQG'DGHU0HQVFKGHQ$OHYLWHQ]XIROJHHLQHQ
J|WWOLFKHQ .HUQ EHVLW]W PLW GHP HU HUVFKDIIHQ ZXUGH
ZLUG GHU 7RG GHV 0HQVFKHQ GDKHU DOV HLQH 5FNNHKU ]X
*RWW EHWUDFKWHW $XV GLHVHP *UXQG EHWUDFKWHW PDQ GHQ
7RGHVHQJHO $]UDHO QLFKW DOV MHPDQGHQ ³GHU ³ /HEHQ
QLPPW³ VRQGHUQ DOV MHPDQGHQ GHU ³GLH 6HHOH ]XP
>$QVSLHOXQJDXIGLH/HJHQGHQXPGLH+LPPHOVUHLVHGHV
>$QVSLHOXQJDXIGLH/HJHQGHQXPGLH+LPPHOVUHLVHGHV
3URSKHWHQ0XKDPPHG@
$/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ
$UGDKDQ$OHYLOHULQGH'H¿QH+D]ÕUOÕN
|OPQGX\XUXOPDVÕ\ÕNDPDNHIHQOHQPH
FHQD]HQDPD]Õ
gOHQNLúL\HLONDQGD\DSÕODQúH\OHULQEDúÕQGDQDE]ÕQ
NRQWURO HGLOPHVL YH |OG÷QGHQ HPLQ ROXQPDVÕ
JHOPHNWHGLU gOHQ NLúL H÷HU \DQ ]HUL \DWÕ\RUVD VÕUW
VW \DWÕUÕOÕU *|] NDSDNODUÕ HOOH \DYDúoD NDSDWÕOÕU
$\DN EDúSDUPDNODUÕ ELUELULQH ED÷ODQÕU (OOHUL
\DQODUÕQD X]DWÕOÕU 8\JXQ J|UOUVH VWQGHNLOHU Lo
oDPDúÕUÕ KDULo VR\XOXU %LU HúDUS YH\D EHQ]HUL\OH
oHQHVLED÷ODQÕUdHQHDOWÕQGDQVDUÕODQHúDUSWHSHVLQGHQ
ED÷ODQDUDN D÷]ÕQ DoÕN NDOPDPDVÕ VD÷ODQÕU ³hU\DQ
JHOGL U\DQ JLGHFHN´ . LQDQÕúÕ JHUH÷L ]L\QHW
Hú\DODUÕVDDWNRO\H\]NYVYDUVDoÕNDUÕOÕUgOP
DQÕQGD UXKXQ EHGHQGHQ D\UÕODUDN XoXS JLWPHVLQH
NROD\OÕNVD÷ODPDNLoLQoR÷X]DPDQ|OPDQÕQGDNDSÕ
YH SHQFHUHOHULQ DoÕOPDVÕ ROD\Õ $\DWD $UGDKDQ $OHYLOHULQGH EXOXQPDPDNWDGÕU ..
..
8]DNWDQJHOHQ\DNÕQDNUDEDODULoLQFHQD]HLúOHPOHUL
EHNOHWLOHELOLU %HNOHWPH |]HOOLNOH NÕú PHYVLPOHULQGH
\DSÕOÕUNHQ \D]ÕQ JHUHNPHGLNoH WHUFLK HGLOPH]
%XQXQODELUOLNWHFHPHYOHULQLQPRUJODUDYHVR÷XWPD
FLKD]ODUÕQD VDKLS ROPDVÕ VD\HVLQGH DUWÕN \D]ÕQ
GD FHQD]H EHNOHWLOHELOPHNWHGLU ....
%X |UQHNWH J|UOG÷ ]HUH PRGHUQ ]DPDQODUGD
WHNQRORMLN JHOLúPHOHULQ VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ LPNkQODU
oHUoHYHVLQGH JHOHQHNVHO GDYUDQÕú NDOÕSODUÕQGD
IDUNOÕOÕNODUJ|]OHQPHNWHGLU
gOP ROD\ÕQÕQ GX\XUXOPDVÕQGD 6QQL SUDWLNOHUGHQ
IDUNOÕRODUDNVDODYHUPH\ROXWHUFLKHGLOPHPHNWHGLU
(VNL G|QHPOHUGH |OPQ PH\GDQD JHOGL÷L
\HUOHúLP \HULQGHNL WP KDQHOHU GRODúÕODUDN \DSÕODQ
GX\XUPD LúOHPL JQP]GH KRSDUO|U NXOODQÕODUDN
\DSÕOPDNWDGÕUYHJHQHOGHEHOHGL\HOHULQDQRQVVLVWHPL
GHYUH\HVRNXOPDNWDGÕU..gO\ÕNDPDLúOHPL
PHIWD HUNHNVH EX LúOHP EX LúL ELOHQ HUEDEÕ RODQ
HUNHNOHUWDUDIÕQGDQ\DSÕOÕU.DGÕQPHYWDODUÕLVHNDGÕQ
*HOLHEWHQ IKUW³ ³=X VWHUEHQ EHYRU PDQ VWLUEW³ KHL‰W
VHLQH6HHOHQLFKWGHP>7RGHVHQJHO@$]UDHO]XEHUODVVHQ
GDGLH6HHOHGLHYRQLKPJHQRPPHQZLUG]XJUXQGHJHKW
>(VKHL‰WEHLGHQ$OHYLWHQ@³:LUJHEHQ5HFKHQVFKDIW>EHU
XQVHUH7DWHQ@LQGHU*HJHQZDUWXQVHUHV0HLVWHUVEHLGHU
J|UJFHP=HUHPRQLH >HLQH =HUHPRQLH ]XU (UQHXHUXQJ
GHU 9HUEXQGHQKHLW ]XP 0HLVWHU ]XP 2UGHQ XQG ]XU
*HPHLQVFKDIW@QLFKWHUVWDP7DJGHV-QJVWHQ*HULFKWHV³
3 3 0DQ VSULFKW GHVKDOE QLFKW YRP 7RG VRQGHUQ
EHQXW]W$XVGUFNHZLH³]X*RWWJHKHQ³³]XU:LUNOLFKNHLW
JHODQJHQ³³GLH*HVWDOWlQGHUQ³³GLH+OOHUXKHQODVVHQ³
³GDVDQYHUWUDXWH*XW]XUFNJHEHQ³³]XPVFK|QHQ$QWOLW]
JHODQJHQ³E]Z³GDV*HZDQGZHFKVHOQ³
'HU7RGLVWIUGLH$OHYLWHQQLFKWQXUDXIGHQELRORJLVFKHQ
7RGEHJUHQ]W>'HU7RGLVWYRQLPPHQVHU%HGHXWXQJGD@
GLH (LQZHLKXQJV]HUHPRQLH LNUDU FHPL HLQH ZLFKWLJH
(WDSSH DXI GHP VX¿VFKUHOLJL|VHQ (QWZLFNOXQJVSUR]HVV
7RUH :HJVWDWLRQHQ GDUVWHOOW 'DV +DXSWWKHPD
GHU (LQZHLKXQJV]HUHPRQLH LVW >GDV 0RWLY@ ³VWHUEHQ
EHYRU PDQ VWLUEW³ 3 >%HL GLHVHU =HUHPRQLH@ JLEW
GHU 2UGHQVDQZlUWHU DXV IUHLHQ :LOOHQ VHLQHQ .RSI LQ
*HJHQZDUWGHVGHGHXQGHU*HPHLQVFKDIWKLQ1DFKGLHVHU
(LQZHLKXQJ >XQG GHQ GDPLW YHUEXQGHQHQ *HO|EQLVVHQ
GHV 2UGHQVDQZlUWHUV@ LVW GHU 2UGHQVDQZlUWHU³JHUHLQLJW³
XQG KDW VHLQH ³]ZHLWH 8QVFKXOG³ ZLHGHUHUODQJW XQG HU
JHOREWYRQQXQDQVHLQ/HEHQDXIVFK|QVWHU$UWXQG:HLVH
]X IKUHQ 'LHV LVW ZLHGHUXP QXU GDGXUFK P|JOLFK GDVV
PDQVHLQH7ULHEVHHOHQHIVDEW|WHWXQGVHLQHN|USHUOLFKHQ
%HGUIQLVVHLQGLH6FKUDQNHQZHLVW33
'LH0HQVFKHQDQGHU6HLWHGHV6WHUEHQGHQZQVFKHQLKP
.UDIWXQG$XVGDXHU6LHVDJHQLKPGDVVEHL*RWW=XÀXFKW
VXFKHQP|JHGDVVHU*RWWHV*XQVWIUVLHHUEHWHQP|JH
XQGGDVVHUEHUHXHQVROOWHGLHVWXQVLHRKQHGDEHLGHQ
6WHUEHQGHQ]XNUlQNHQ0DQOLHVWGHQ.RUDQODXWVRGDVV
GHU 6WHUEHQGH HV K|UHQ NDQQ ELWWHW XP 9HUJHEXQJ XQG
VSULFKWGDV*ODXEHQVEHNHQQWQLV0DQEHVWlWLJWGLH(LQKHLW
*RWWHV XQG VSULFKW 6HJHQVVSUFKH DXI GHQ 3URSKHWHQ
0DQ HUZDUWHQ QLFKW GDVV GHU 6WHUEHQGH HV JOHLFKWXQ
VROOWHHUNDQQVLFKGHPDQVFKOLH‰HQZHQQHUHVZQVFKW
'LH 3HUVRQ GLH DP 7RWHQEHWW GHV 6WHUEHQGHQ GHU .RUDQ
UH]LWLHUW VSULFKW PLWOHLVHU6WLPPH GDV *HEHW ³2K +HUU
$.7$ù$OL>6HLWHQDQJDEHIHKOW@
KAYA+D\GDU$OHYL%HNWDúL(UNkQÕ(YUkG¶ÕYH(GHEL\DWÕ(Q
JLQ<D\øVWDQEXO6
=LWLHUWYRQYILDIZ+DUXQ$OHYL*HOHQH÷LQGHgOPYH
gOP6RQUDVÕ7|UHQYH5LWHOOHU8OXVODUDUDVÕ7UN.OWUQGH
gOP6HPSR]\XPX1RYHPEHUøVWDQEXO6
FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM
J|UHYOLOHU \ÕNDU *|UHYOL FHQD]H\H |QFH DEGHVWLQL
DOGÕUÕU VRQUD \ÕNDPD LúOHPL EDúODU 9H |OHQ NLúLQLQ
\DNÕQODUÕQD ELUHU VX G|NWUOU &HP HYOHULQGHQ
|QFH\ÕNDPDLúOHPL|OHYLQGHNLNDSDOÕELUPHNkQGD
\ÕNDQÕUNHQEXJQEXLúOHPoR÷XQOXNODFHPHYOHULQLQ
FHQD]H\ÕNDPDLúOHPLLoLQD\UÕOPÕú|]HOE|OPOHULQGH
\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU...
<ÕNDPD LúOHPLQGHQ VRQUD NHIHQOHPH LúOHPL
EDúODU .HIHQ UHQJL EH\D]GÕU .HIHQOHPH LúOHPL
VRQUDVÕQGD WDEXWD NRQXU 7DEXWXQ VWQH \HúLO ELU
|UW |UWOU %D]Õ \|UHOHUGH WDEXWXQ VWQH |UWOHQ
\HúLO |UWGHQ EDúND o NDW VDUÕODQ NHIHQLQ VRQ NDWÕ
GD \HúLO UHQNWH RODELOPHNWHGLU YH EX \HúLO UHQN +]
+VH\LQ¶LQ HOELVHVLQLQ \HúLO UHQNWH ROGX÷X LQDQFÕQD
GD\DQPDNWDGÕU .HVNLQ gOHQ NLúL úHKLW
LVH7UN%D\UD÷Õ|UWOU.....HIHQOHPH
LúOHPLQGH NDGÕQODU HUNHNOHUGHQ ELU NDW GDKD ID]OD
NHIHQOHVDUÕOÕU$\UÕFDNDGÕQODUÕQPH]DUÕHUNHNOHUHJ|UH
GDKDGHULQND]ÕOÕU%XQXQVHEHELNDPHWED÷ODPD\D11
J|UH ROPDVÕGÕU (UNHNOHUGH ³NDPHW ED÷ODPD´ J|EHN
KL]DVÕQGD ROGX÷XQGDQ PH]DUÕ GD J|EHN KL]DVÕ
GHULQOL÷LQGHND]ÕOÕU.DGÕQODUGDLVH³NDPHWED÷ODPD´
J|÷V KL]DVÕQGD ROGX÷X LoLQ PH]DUÕ GD J|÷V
KL]DVÕQGDND]ÕOÕUgO\\ÕND\DQYHNHIHQOH\HQD\QÕ
YH\DIDUNOÕNLúLOHURODELOLU...
&HQD]HHYLQGHYH\DFHPHYLQGH\ÕNDQÕSNHIHQOHQLS
WDEXWDNRQGXNWDQVRQUDFHQD]HQDPD]ÕLoLQoÕNDUÕOÕU
0HNkQGDQ \HGL DGÕP X]DNODúWÕNWDQ VRQUD 'HGH
KDONWDQ FHPDDWWHQ ³UD]ÕOÕN´ LVWHU ³(\ FHPDDW %X
FDQGDUÕIHQDGDQGDUÕEHND\DLQWLNDOHWPLúJLGL\RU
.RPúX KDNNÕQÕ WX] HNPHN KDNNÕQÕ DKLUHW KDNNÕQÕ
KDNNÕQÕ]Õ HPH÷LQL]L KHODO HGL\RU PXVXQX]" +HODO
(GL\RU PXVXQX]" +HODO (GL\RU PXVXQX]" +HODO
(GL\RUPXVXQX]"´GL\HVRUDU*HQHOGHFHPDDW³KHODO
HGL\RUX]´ úHNOLQGH \DQÕWODU gOHQ ³FDQ´ GD KDNNÕ
ROGX÷XQX V|\OH\HQ ROXUVD PHYWDQÕQ KD\DWWD RODQ
PXVDKLEL EX KDNNÕQÕ |GHU 'HGH EX LúOHPL o GHID
1$OHYLOHUFHPHYLQGHQL\D]HGHUOHUNHQHUNHNOHULQHOOHULQLJ|
$OHYLOHUFHPHYLQGHQL\D]HGHUOHUNHQHUNHNOHULQHOOHULQLJ|
EHN KL]DVÕQGD NDGÕQODUÕQ LVH J|÷V KL]DVÕQGD VW VWH NR\DUDN
ED÷ODPDVÕQDµNDPHWED÷ODPD¶GHQLU
GHU:HOWHQ(UZHLVHGHP.UDQNHQXPGHU.RUDQUH]LWDWLRQ
ZLOOHQ 'HLQH *XQVW 'HLQH +HLOXQJ )DOOV VHLQ 7DJ
JHNRPPHQVHLQP|JHVRPDFKHLKPVHLQH5FNNHKU]X
'LU OHLFKWHU 2K +HUU YHUJHEH LKP XP GHU /LHEH ]X GHU
)DPLOLH GHV 3URSKHWHQ ZLOOHQ VHLQH 9HUJHKHQ³ 3 3
(V LVW HLQH EHUDXV JHOlX¿JH XQG ZLFKWLJH 7UDGLWLRQ GHU
$OHYLWHQ LQ XQVHUHP /DQG GHQ 9HUVWRUEHQ QDFK GHVVHQ
9HUVFKHLGHQ VR VFKQHOO ZLH P|JOLFK ]X EHVWDWWHQ 'DEHL
LVWGHU*HGDQNH³GHQ/HLFKQDPQLFKWDXIGHP%RGHQ]X
ODVVHQ XQG IUK ]X EHVWDWWHQ³ YRQ JU|‰WHU :LFKWLJNHLW21
$XFKEHLGHQ$OHYLWHQDXV'DPDOLVWGLHV]XEHREDFKWHQ
'LH9RUEHUHLWXQJ DXI GLH %HVWDWWXQJ EHL GHQ$OHYLWHQ
$UGDKDQV
GLH %HQDFKULFKWLJXQJ EHU GHQ 7RG GHU 3HUVRQ GLH
/HLFKHQZDVFKXQJ GLH (LQNOHLGXQJ LQ GDV /HLFKHQWXFK
GDV7RWHQJHEHW
=X GHQ HUVWHQ 'LQJHQ GLH PDQ QDFK GHP 7RG HLQHV
0HQVFKHQ PDFKW JHK|UW GDVV PDQ VHLQHQ 3XOV IKOW
XQG VLFKHUJHKW GDVV GLH 3HUVRQ JHVWRUEHQ LVW :HQQ GLH
YHUVWRUEHQH 3HUVRQ DXI GHU 6HLWH OLHJW GDQQ GUHKW PDQ
VLHVRGDVVHURGHUVLHDXIGHP5FNHQOLHJW>'DUDXIKLQ@
VFKOLH‰WPDQGHUYHUVWRUEHQHQ3HUVRQYRUVLFKWLJGLH/LGHU
XQG OHJW LKUH )‰H VR ]XVDPPHQ GDVV VLFK GLH GLFNHQ
=HKHQEHUKUHQ0DQOHJWLKUGLH+lQGHDQGLH6HLWHXQG
ZHQQ HV DQJHEUDFKW LVW HQWNOHLGHW PDQ VLH ELV DXI GLH
8QWHUZlVFKH0LWHLQHU$UW6FKDOE]ZHLQHP7XFK¿[LHUW
PDQ>[email protected]|IIQHW'HU
9RUVWHOOXQJZRQDFKPDQ³QDFNW>DXIGLH:HOW@NRPPWXQG
QDFNWZLHGHU>DXVGHU:HOW@JHKW³3HQWVSUHFKHQG]LHKW
PDQ GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ 3HUVRQ GLH 6FKPXFNJHJHQVWlQGH
ZLH]%GLH8KU.HWWHQRGHU5LQJHDXVIDOOVYRUKDQGHQ
%HLGHQ$OHYLWHQ$UGDKDQVLVWGHU%UDXFKYHUEUHLWHWGDVV
PDQGLH7UHQXQG)HQVWHU|IIQHWGDPLWGLH6HHOHGLHVLFK
YRP.|USHUJHWUHQQWKDWOHLFKWHUDXIVHLQH5HLVHPDFKHQ
NDQQ333322
(V LVW GXUFKDXV EOLFK GDVV PDQ GLH %HVWDWWXQJVULWHQ
UXKHQ OlVVW GDPLW 9HUZDQGWH DXV GHU )HUQH HLQWUHIIHQ
N|QQHQREZRKOHVLQGHQ6RPPHUPRQDWHQQXUJHPDFKW
ZLUG ZHQQ HV DXVGUFNOLFK JHZQVFKW LVW 'D DEHU
>KHXW]XWDJH@ GLH FHP+lXVHU EHU /HLFKHQKlXVHU RGHU
21 7$ùö,1$KPHW(UH÷OLYHdHYUHVLQGHNL$OHYLOHUGH6RV\DOYH
'LQL+D\DW0DVWHUDUEHLWYRUJHOHJWIUGDV,QVWLWXWIU6R]LDOZLV
VHQVFKDIWHQ6HOoXN8QLYHUVLWlW.RQ\D6
22 AYATA 6DLP .ÕUúHKLU <|UHVL $EGDOODUÕQÕQ 'LQL øQDQoODUÕ
h]HULQH %LU $UDúWÕUPD 9HU|IIHQWOLFKWH 'RNWRUDUEHLW YRUJHOHJW
GHP,QVWLWXWIU6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWGHU(UFL\HV8QLYHUVLWlW.D\
VHUL6
$/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ
WHNUDUODU%|\OHFHFHQD]HQDPD]ÕLoLQPXVDOODWDúÕQD
J|WUOU &HQD]H QDPD]ÕQGD VDI WXWDQODUD GHGH
VHVOHQHUHN ³0úNO KDOL RODQ úDKÕV \DQL DEGHVWL
ROPD\DQ\DGDGúNQRODQELULOHULYDUVDGúNQOHU
QDVÕO NL FHP HYLQH DOÕQPD]VD FHQD]H QDPD]ÕQD GD
DOÕQPD] FHQD]H QDPD]ÕQD GXUPDVÕQ´ GHU .
.. %D\DQODU LVWHUOHUVH FHQD]H QDPD]ÕQD
GXUDELOLUOHU)DWLKDRNXQXUYHGXDHGLOLU
'úNQ YH\D LNUDU YHUPH\HQ NLúLOHULQ GH FHQD]H
QDPD]Õ NÕOÕQÕU $PD JHQHO RODUDN \HPH÷L \HQLOPH]
GXDVÕ NXUDQÕ RNXQPD] øQWLKDU $OHYLOLNWH GH JQDK
VD\ÕOÕU $PD LQWLKDU HGHQ NLúLQLQ FHQD]H QDPD]Õ
NÕOÕQÕU GH¿QL \DSÕOÕU .. 6QQL FHQD]H
W|UHQOHULQGHQ IDUNOÕ RODUDN GHGH \D GD SLU WDEXWXQ
|QQGHFHPDDWOHVDIWXWDUNHQLPDPWDEXWODFHPDDWLQ
DUDVÕQGD VDI WXWPDNWDGÕU <LQH 6QQL JHOHQHNWHQ
IDUNOÕ RODUDN QDPD]Õ NÕOGÕUDQ NLúLQLQ 'HGH ROPDVÕ
GXUXPXQGDQL\HWLQ³X\GXPLPDPD´úHNOLQGHGH÷LO
³X\GXP2QøNLLPDPD´úHNOLQGH\DSÕOÕ\RUROPDVÕGÕU
.HVNLQ
gOQQPH]DUDNRQXOPDVÕ
&HQD]H QDPD]Õ NÕOÕQGÕNWDQ VRQUD GH¿QH J|WUOU
'H¿Q LúOHPLQL \DNÕQ DNUDEDODUÕ GD \DSDELOLU NRPúX
YH\D R LúLQ HUEDEÕ ELOHQOHU GH \DSDELOLU 7DEXWWDQ
oÕNDUÕODUDN PH]DUD NRQXOXU /HQW YXUXOPD KHVDEÕQÕ
\DSDUODU/HQWYXUXOPDND]ÕODQPH]DUÕQ]HPLQLQGHQ
NÕEOH WDUDIÕQD JHOHQ NÕVPÕQÕQ LoHUL GR÷UX FHQD]HQLQ
VÕ÷DFD÷Õ NDGDU R\XOPDVÕGÕU 0H]DUÕQ NÕEOH WDUDIÕQD
DoÕODQ EX oXNXU FHQD]HQLQ NRQXODFD÷Õ \HUGLU .
&HQD]HNÕEOH\HGR÷UXLoHULDOÕQÕSVD÷WDUDIÕQD\DWÕUÕOÕU
.ÕEOH\HGR÷UXYHULOPHNLoLQ\XPXúDNWRSUDNPH]DUÕQ
DOWÕQD NR\XOXU YH NHIHQLQ \] NÕVPÕ DoÕOÕU %DúÕ
EDWÕ\D D\DNODUÕ GR÷X\D |Q JQH\H JHOLU<DNÕQODUÕ
WDUDIÕQGDQ J|]QH ELU WXWDP WRSUDN NRQXOXU 'H¿Q
LúOHPLQGHDFHOHHGLOPH]7DKWDVÕRWX|UWOU$NúDP
GH¿Q LúOHPL \DSÕOPD] g÷OHQ YH\D LNLQGL \DSÕOÕU
'DKD VRQUD YHIDW HGHQOHU LoLQ VRQUDNL JQ EHNOHQLU
0H]DUÕQ EDúÕQD PH]DU EDú WDKWDVÕ WDKWDGDQ ELU
SDUoDNRQXOXULVPLGR÷XPYH|OPWDULKOHUL\D]ÕOÕU
YH ELU \ÕO VRQUD PH]DU \DSÕOÕU %LU \ÕO LoLQGH PH]DU
WRSUD÷Õ WDP \HUOHúWL÷LQGHQ GROD\Õ JHQHOOLNOH ELU \ÕO
VRQUDPH]DUÕ\DSÕOÕU...
gOQQ DUGÕQGDQ \DNÕQODUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ \DSÕODQ GXD
DQGHUH0|JOLFKNHLWHQ]XU.KOXQJYHUIJHQLVWPDQQLFKW
JH]ZXQJHQGLH/HLFKHLQGHQ6RPPHUPRQDWHQVRIRUW]X
EHVWDWWHQ3333+LHUDQNDQQPDQHUNHQQHQZLH
GLH WUDGLWLRQHOOHQ 3UDNWLNHQ HLQH DQGHUH )RUP DQJHVLFKWV
GHU WHFKQLVFKHQ (QWZLFNOXQJ GHU PRGHUQHQ :HOW
DQQHKPHQ
'LH%HNDQQWPDFKXQJGHV7RGHVHLQHV0HQVFKHQEHLGHQ
$OHYLWHQLVWYRQGHUGHU6XQQLWHQXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKXQGPDQ
]LHKWHVYRUGHQ7RGHLQHV0HQVFKHQEHNDQQW]XPDFKHQ
LQGHPPDQHLQH$QNQGLJXQJYRP0LQDUHWWPDFKW)UKHU
JLQJ PDQ KLHUEHL YRQ +DXV ]X +DXV DEHU KHXW]XWDJH
PDFKW PDQ YRQ GHQ /DXWVSUHFKHUQ GHV 0LQDUHWWV RGHU
GHP'XUFKVDJH6\VWHPGHU6WDGW*HEUDXFK33'LH
/HLFKHQZDVFKXQJ ZLUG YRQ HLQHP 0DQQ JHPDFKW ZHQQ
GLHYHUVWRUEHQH3HUVRQPlQQOLFKLVW±PHLVWHLQ$QJHK|ULJHU
GHV9HUVWRUEHQHQGHUVLFKGDPLWDXVNHQQWXQGZHQQGLH
YHUVWRUEHQH3HUVRQZHLEOLFKLVWGDQQYRQHLQHU)UDX'LH
3HUVRQGLHGLH/HLFKHQZDVFKXQJGXUFKIKUWZlVFKWGHQ
/HLFKQDPHUVWQDFKLVODPLVFKHP5LWXVXQGVHW]WGDQQHUVW
GLH:DVFKXQJ IRUW 'DUDXIKLQ ZHLVW VLH GLH$QJHK|ULJHQ
DQDXFKHLQZHQLJ:DVVHUDXIGHQ/HLFKQDP]XJLH‰HQ
)UKHU ZXUGH GLH /HLFKHQZDVFKXQJ LP +DXV GHU
YHUVWRUEHQHQ3HUVRQJHPDFKWKHXW]XWDJHDEHUIKUWPDQ
GLH /HLFKHQZDVFKXQJ LQ HLQHP H[WUD GDIU DXVHUVHKHQHQ
5DXPLQGHQFHP+lXVHUQGXUFK3331DFKGHU
:DVFKXQJZLUGGHU/HLFKQDPLQGDV/HLFKHQWXFKJHNOHLGHW
± GDV /HLFKHQWXFK LVW ZHL‰ 'DUDXIKLQ ZLUG GLH /HLFKH
LQ GHQ 6DUJ JHOHJW XQG GHU 6DUJ ZLUG PLW HLQHP JUQHQ
7XFK EHGHFNW ,Q HLQLJHQ 5HJLRQHQ ZLUG GHU /HLFKQDP
GUHL 0DO PLW HLQHP 7XFK XPZLFNHOW ZlKUHQG GLH GULWWH
6FKLFKW JUQ LVW 'LH JUQH )DUEH UKUW GDKHU GDVV GLH
.OHLGXQJGHV+VH\LQ>GHU6RKQ$OLV@JUQJHZHVHQVHLQ
VROO23 :HQQ GLH YHUVWRUEHQH 3HUVRQ HLQ 0lUW\UHU LVW
GDQQEHGHFNWPDQGHQ6DUJPLWGHUWUNLVFKHQ)ODJJH3
3 3 3 %HL GHU %HNOHLGXQJ GHV /HLFKQDPV ZHUGHQ
)UDXHQPLWHLQHU6FKLFKWPHKUXPZLFNHOW'DUEHUKLQDXV
LVW GDV *UDE GHU )UDXHQ WLHIHU DOV GDV GHU 0lQQHU 'LHV
VWHKWLQ9HUELQGXQJGDPLWGDVVEHLGHU(KUHQYHUEHXJXQJ
ZlKUHQGGHUFHP=HUHPRQLHGHQ0lQQHUQDXI%DXFKK|KH
XQGGHQ)UDXHQDXI%UXVWK|KHHLQH6FKlUSHXPJHEXQGHQ
ZLUGZDVPDQ³NDPHWED÷ODPD³QHQQW$XVGLHVHP*UXQG
UHLFKW GDV *UDE GHU )UDXHQ ELV ]XU %UXVWK|KH ZlKUHQG
GDV*UDEGHU0lQQHUELV]XP%DXFKUHLFKW'LH3HUVRQ
GLHGLH/HLFKHZlVFKWNDQQDXFKGLH3HUVRQVHLQGLHGHQ
/HLFKQDPPLWGHP/HLFKHQWXFKXPZLFNHOW333
1DFKGHPGHU/HLFKQDPJHZDVFKHQPLWGHP/HLFKHQWXFK
XPZLFNHOW XQG LQ GHQ 6DUJ JHOHJW ZXUGH WUlJW PDQ GHQ
/HLFKQDP KLQDXV XP LQ *HJHQZDUW GHV /HLFKQDPV GDV
7RWHQJHEHW YHUULFKWHQ ]X N|QQHQ 'HU GHGH tritt sieben
23 KESKIN<DK\D0XVWDID6DUÕ6DOWÕN2FD÷ÕQD%D÷OÕ$OHYLOHUGH
gOPLOHøOJLOL øQDQoYH5LWHOOHU,Q=HLWVFKULIWGHU6R]LDOZLV
VHQVFKDIWOLFKHQ )DNXOWlW GHU )ÕUDW 8QLYHUVLWlW$XVJDEH 6
>GDPLWVLQGMXQJH6ROGDWHQJHPHLQWGLHLQGHU7UNHLLP
>GDPLWVLQGMXQJH6ROGDWHQJHPHLQWGLHLQGHU7UNHLLP
.DPSIJHJHQGHQ7HUURUJHW|WHWZHUGHQ@
FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM
³(\ \DUDGDQ |OP]H GLULPL]H HUOHULQ SLUOHULQ
JHoPLúOHULQSH\JDPEHUOHULQYHOLOHULQQHELOHULQ\]
VX\X KUPHWLQH EX +DNN¶D \U\HQ FDQÕPÕ]Õ GD
\DQÕQD DO \DUGÕPFÕVÕ RO´. úHNOLQGHGLU gOQQ
DUGÕQGDQD÷ÕW\DNÕOÕUDPDGXDRNXQGX÷XQGD.XUDQYH
JOEHQN RNXQGX÷XQGD VHVVL] D÷ODPDODUÕ NRQXVXQGD
X\DUÕOÕU gOQQ DUGÕQGDQ D÷ODPDN GR÷DO NDUúÕODQÕU
+DWWDJ|]\DúÕ|OHQNLúLOHULQDNUDEDODUÕQÕUDKDWODWPDVÕ
DoÕVÕQGDQ|QHPOLGLU..
7DONÕQ'XDVÕPHOHNOHULQ|OHQNLúL\H\DUGÕPHGLOPHVL
için HGLOHQGXDPH]DUGDHQVRQRNXQDQGXDGÕU ³(\
)DWPD¶GDQ GR÷PD 6OH\PDQ 'Q\D PHQ]LOL
IDQLGLUDKUHWPHQ]LOLEDNLGLU<FH7DQUÕ¶QÕQKNP
\UG GQ\D JQOHULQLQ VRQXQGD DKUHW JQOHULQLQ
EDúÕQGDVÕQ 5DEELQ NDWÕQGD VDQD 5DEELQL GLQLQL
SH\JDPEHULQL NLWDEÕQÕ NÕEOHQL LPDPÕQÕ VRUDUODU
<DúDPÕQGDLQDQGÕ÷ÕQJLELNRUNPDGDQVHUEHVWoHV|\OH
NL5DEE¶LP$OODK¶WÕU'LQLPøVODP¶GÕU3H\JDPEHULP
+] 0XKDPPHG¶GLU .LWDEÕP .XUDQ¶GÕU .ÕEOHP
0DNDPÕ øEUDKLP¶GLU øPDPÕP +] $OL¶GLU (KOL
%H\W¶LQ EHQGHVL\LP 2QODUD LQDQGÕP 2QODUD LNUDU
YHUGLP$OODK¶DKDPGROVXQ2QODUÕQVR\XQDVDODWYH
VHODPROVXQ´..
'H¿QVRQUDVÕøúOHPOHU
ND]PDWDNÕUWÕVÕ\DVDQPDJQOHULGHYUL\H
GDUGDQLQGLUPH
&HQD]H GHIQHGLOGLNWHQ VRQUD ³ND]PD WDNÕUWÕVÕ´
DGÕQGD KHOYDVÕ GD÷ÕWÕOÕU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH EWQ
FHQD]HVDKLSOHULFHQD]HOHULQDUGÕQGDQ\HPHNGD÷ÕWÕU
FDQDúÕ....&HQD]HLúOHPLQGHQVRQUD
³FDQODU KDNND \U\HQ FDQÕPÕ] LoLQ YHULOHQ ORNPD´
.LoLQGDYHWHGLOLU(YGH\DGDFHPHYLQGH\HPHN
YHULOLU/RNPDRNXQXUGXDHGLOLU
³(YYHO $OODK GL\HOLP .DGLPL %LOODK GL\HOLP
*HOGL UÕ]D ORNPDVÕ +DN YHUVLQ EL] \L\HOLP
GHPLQH + GL\HOLP (OKDPGOLOODK (OKDPGOLOODK
(OKDPGOLOODK 1LPHWL FHOLO EHUHNHWL +DOLO +DELEL
+XGD 5HVXO¶X NLEUL\D VHUYHU (QEL\D 0XKDPPHG
0XVWDID ùDKÕ 9HOD\DW $OL\\O 0UWD]D ùHKLGL
6FKULWWH EHLVHLWH XQG IUDJW GLH *HPHLQGH QDFK GHUHQ
³JHJHQVHLWLJHP (LQYHUVWlQGQLV³ ³UÕ]DOÕN³ >(U VSULFKW@
³2K*HPHLQGHGLHVHU0HQVFKKDWGLHCYHUJlQJOLFKH:HOWC
YHUODVVHQ XQG UHLVW ]XU CHZLJHQ:HOWC *|QQW XQG VHJQHW
LKU GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ 3HUVRQ LKU 1DFKEDUVFKDIWVUHFKW
LKU 6DO] XQG LKU %URW LKU $QUHFKW LP -HQVHLWV XQG HXUH
0KHQ"*|QQWXQGVHJQHWLKUHV"*|QQWXQGVHJQHWLKUHV"
*|QQWXQGVHJQHWLKUHV"³>$XIGLHVH)UDJH@DQWZRUWHWGLH
*HPHLQGHLQGHU5HJHOPLW³-DZLUJ|QQHQXQGVHJQHQHV
LKU³:HQQHVHLQH3HUVRQJLEWGHUHQ5HFKWQLFKWYHUJROWHQ
LVWVRJOHLFKWGLHVGHU:HJEUXGHUE]ZGLH:HJVFKZHVWHU
>³PVDKLS³@ GHV9HUVWRUEHQHQ DXV 'HU GHGH ZLHGHUKROW
GLHVHV 5LWXDO GUHL 0DO 'DUDXIKLQ ZLUG GHU 6DUJ DXI GHQ
VRJ ³PXVDOOD6WHLQ³ JHOHJW XP GDV 7RWHQJHEHW ]X
YHUULFKWHQ 'HU GHGH ZDUQW GLH *HPHLQGH GLH VLFK IU
GDV *HEHW LQ 5HLKHQ DXIJHVWHOOW KDW XQG VSULFKW ³:HQQ
MHPDQG XQWHU HXFK QLFKW ULWXHOO UHLQ LVW >GK GLH ULWXHOOH
:DVFKXQJQLFKWYROO]RJHQKDW@RGHUHLQ³$XVJHVWR‰HQHU³
³GúNQ³ LVW >GLH ³$XVJHVWR‰HQHQ³ GUIHQ DXFK QLFKW
DQ GHU FHP=HUHPRQLH WHLOQHKPHQ@ VR VROO HU >RGHU VLH@
QLFKWDP7RWHQJHEHWWHLOQHKPHQ³333'LH)UDXHQ
N|QQHQDP7RWHQJHEHWWHLOQHKPHQZHQQVLHHVZQVFKHQ
'DQDFKZLUGGLH)DWLKD UH]LWLHUWXQGPDQVSULFKW*HEHWH
$XFKIUGLH³$XVJHVWR‰HQHQ³XQGGLH1LFKWHLQJHZHLKWHQ
VSULFKWPDQGDV7RWHQJHEHWMHGRFKJLEWPDQQRUPDOHUZHLVH
PDQ NHLQ 7RWHQPDKO ]X GHUHQ (KUHQ XQG PDQ UH]LWLHUW
DXFK QLFKW GHQ .RUDQ IU VLH 6HOEVWPRUG ZLUG LP
$OHYLWHQWXP DOV 6QGH EHWUDFKWHW MHGRFK YHUULFKWHW PDQ
DXFK IU GLH 6HOEVWP|UGHU GDV 7RWHQJHEHW XQG EHVWDWWHW
VLH DXFK WUDGLWLRQVJHPl‰ 3 3 ,P *HJHQVDW] ]X GHQ
%HVWDWWXQJV]HUHPRQLHQGHU6XQQLWHQEHLGHQHQGHU,PDP
VLFKEHLP7RWHQJHEHW]ZLVFKHQGHQ6DUJXQGGLH*HPHLQGH
HLQUHLKWVWHKWGHU0HLVWHUE]ZGHUGHGHYRUGHP6DUJ(LQ
DQGHUHU 8QWHUVFKLHG ]XU VXQQLWLVFKHQ 7UDGLWLRQ LVW GDVV
ZHQQGHUGHGHGDV7RWHQJHEHWOHLWHWPDQQLFKWGLH:RUWH
³,FKIROJHGHP,PDP³VRQGHUQGLH:RUWH³,FKIROJHGHQ
=Z|OI,PDPHQ³VSULFKW
'LH%HHUGLJXQJGHUYHUVWRUEHQHQ3HUVRQ
1DFKGHP GDV 7RWHQJHEHW YHUULFKWHW ZXUGH EULQJW PDQ
GHQ /HLFKQDP ]XU %HHUGLJXQJ 'LH %HHUGLJXQJ N|QQHQ
DXFK QDKH 9HUZDQGWH 1DFKEDUQ RGHU %HNDQQWH GLH
(UIDKUXQJGDPLWKDEHQGXUFKIKUHQ'HU/HLFKQDPZLUG
DXVGHP6DUJJHKROWXQGLQGDV*UDEJHOHJW>«@(UZLUG
DXI GLH UHFKWH 6HLWH JHOHJW XQG JHQ 0HNND DXVJHULFKWHW
8PGHQ/HLFKQDPJHQ0HNNDDXVULFKWHQ]XN|QQHQOHJW
PDQHWZDVZHLFKH(UGHXQWHUGHQ/HLFKQDP0DQGHFNW
>GDUDXIKLQ@GDV*HGLFKWGHV/HLFKQDPVDXI'HU.RSIZLUG
JHQ:HVWHQGLH)‰HJHQ2VWHQXQGGLH%UXVWJHQ6GHQ
DXVJHULFKWHW'LHGHUYHUVWRUEHQHQ3HUVRQQDKH6WHKHQGHQ
>PHLVWHLQ0DUPRUEORFNLP+RIGHU0RVFKHHZRUDXIPDQ
>PHLVWHLQ0DUPRUEORFNLP+RIGHU0RVFKHHZRUDXIPDQ
GHQ6DUJOHJWXPGDV7RWHQJHEHW]XYHUULFKWHQ@
>GLHHUVWH6XUHGHV.RUDQ@
>GLHHUVWH6XUHGHV.RUDQ@
KESKIN6
$/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ
øPDP +VH\Q¶L GHúWL .HUEDOD¶QÕQ KUPHWL KDNNÕ
LoLQ+DNN¶D\U\HQ««&DQ¶ÕQDGÕQDYHULOHQEX
ORNPDODUÕGHUJDKÕL]]HWLQGHNDEXOH\OH´..
<DVÕ GDKD oRN DLOH \DNÕQODUÕ WXWDU *HQo YH\D DQL
|OPOHUGH \D GD úHKLW ROXUVD EXQODUÕQ \DVÕ X]XQ
ROXU'R÷DO|OPOHULQ\DVÕGDKDNÕVDROPDNWDGÕU<DV
VUHVLQFHúHQOLN\DSÕOPD]%LUG÷QYDUVDHUWHOHQLU
.LUYHOLN \DSÕOPD] (UWHOHQHPH\HFHN ELU GXUXP
ROXUVDGDFHQD]HHYLQGHQUÕ]DOÕNDOÕQÕU³RGD$OODKÕQ
HPUL EX GD$OODKÕQ HPUL GL\H´ .. GúQOU
*HOHQHNVHOOL÷LQ D÷ÕU EDVWÕ÷Õ \HUOHUGH WRSOXPXQ
DGHWOHUL \HULQH JHWLUPHVL LoLQ FHQD]H HYLQH ELU oHúLW
EDVNÕ\DSWÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWHQgUQHN\DNÕQÕQÕ
ND\EHWPLú DLOHQLQ WRSOXPGD VD\JÕQOÕ÷ÕQÕQ GHYDP
HGHELOPHVL YH \DVOD LOJLOL DGHWOHUL \HULQH JHWLUPHVL
LoLQ\HVLQLND\EHWPLúDLOHQLQYHFHPDDWLQWRSOXP
WDUDIÕQGDQGHQHWOHQGL÷LQLV|\OHU
gOHQ NLúLQLQ \DNÕQODUÕ LVWH÷H ED÷OÕ RODUDN GH¿QGHQ
VRQUDPH]DUDJLGHELOLU0H]DUNDELU]L\DUHWOHULLVH
SHUúHPEH YH oR÷XQOXNOD NXWVDO NDEXO HGLOHQ &XPD
JQOHULGLU.dHUDKPXP\DNÕOPD]YHPH]DUODUGD
PXP\DNPDNLoLQD\UÕ\HUEXOXQPD]YH\D\DSÕOPD]
gOQQNÕUNÕRNXWXOXU.XUDQPHYOLW<DVLQRNXQXU
JOEHQN oHNLOLU GXD HGLOLU<HPHN YHULOHU YH ELULQFL
\ÕOG|QPQGH \ÕOOÕN KD\UDWÕ PH]DUÕ \DSÕOÕU YH
\HPHN FDQ DúÕ YHULOLU 0H]DU \DSÕPÕ HNVHUL\HWOH
ELULQFL \ÕO G|QPQGH ROPDNOD EHUDEHU HNRQRPLN
GXUXPDJ|UHLVWH÷HED÷OÕRODUDNKHUKDQJLELU]DPDQGD
\DSÕODELOLU 1HYUX] +] ÆOLQLQ GR÷XP JQ ROPDVÕ
GROD\ÕVÕ\ODNXWVDOVD\ÕOÕUYHPH]DU]L\DUHWL\DSÕODELOLU
...
$UGDKDQ$OHYLOL÷LQGHKDNND\U\HQNLúLQLQKD\DWWD
LNHQ LOLúNL LoLQGH ROGX÷X Hú GRVW DNUDED YH GL÷HU
WDQÕGÕNODUÕ\OD KHODOOHúPHVL DPDFÕQD \|QHOLN RODUDN
³GDUGDQLQGLUPHFHPL´GDUFHPLYH\DGDUÕ0DQVXU
RODUDNGDELOLQHQFHP\DSÕOÕUgOHQFDQÕQ³LVWLUDKDWÕ
UXKX´ LoLQ EX GDUGDQ LQGLUPH HUNkQÕ DoÕOÕ\RU .
WXQHLQH+DQGYROO(UGHDXIGLH$XJHQGHV/HLFKQDPV%HL
GHU %HHUGLJXQJ OlVVW PDQ NHLQH (LOH DXINRPPHQ 0DQ
EHHUGLJW GLH 7RWHQ QLFKW DEHQGV HQWZHGHU PRUJHQV RGHU
PLWWDJV:HQQHV]XVSlWLVWZDUWHWPDQGHQQlFKVWHQ7DJ
DE0DQJUlEWHLQ+RO]EUHWWPLWGHP1DPHQGHP*HEXUWV
XQG7RGHVGDWXPGHUYHUVWRUEHQHQ3HUVRQDQGDV.RSIHQGH
GHV*UDEHVHLQ>(UVW@QDFKHLQHP-DKUHUULFKWHWPDQHLQ
>RUGHQWOLFKHV@ *UDE GDPLW VLFK GLH (UGH DXI GHP *UDE
IHVWLJHQ NDQQ 3 3 3 'LH GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ 3HUVRQ
1DKHVWHKHQGHQVSUHFKHQIROJHQGHV*HEHW³2K6FK|SIHU
QLPP'LFKXPGHU0HLVWHU3URSKHWHQXQG+HLOLJHQZLOOHQ
XQVHUHV YHUVWRUEHQHQ *HPHLQGHPLWJOLHGHV DQ XQG KHOIH
LKU³3 0DQZHKNODJW]ZDUEHUGHQ7RGDEHUZlKUHQG
GHU .RUDQUH]LWDWLRQ XQG GHU 5H]LWDWLRQ YRQ /LWDQHLHQ
PDKQWPDQGLH$QZHVHQGHQOHLVH]XZHLQHQ'DV:HLQHQ
EHU GHQ 7RG ZLUG >MHGRFK@ DOV QDWUOLFK EHWUDFKWHW ±
>PDQ LVW GHU 0HLQXQJ GDVV@ GDV :HLQHQ ]XU VHHOLVFKHQ
%HUXKLJXQJGHU+LQWHUEOLHEHQHQZLFKWLJLVW33
7DNOÕQ>"@LVWGDVOHW]WH*HEHWZDVPDQDP*UDEVSULFKWHLQ
*HEHWGDVVPDQVSULFKWGDPLWGLH(QJHOGHUYHUVWRUEHQHQ
3HUVRQ KHOIHQ P|JHQ >(V ODXWHW IROJHQGHUPD‰HQ@
³2K >9HUVWRUEHQHU E]Z 9HUVWRUEHQH@ « 'LH :HOW LVW
YHUJlQJOLFK>QXU@GDV-HQVHLWVYRQ%HVWDQG'HU7DJGHV
+HUUQLVWDQJHEURFKHQXQGDP(QGHGHLQHULUGLVFKHQ7DJH
EHJLQQHQ QXQ GHLQH 7DJH LP -HQVHLWV ,Q GHU *HJHQZDUW
GHLQHV +HUUQ IUDJW PDQ GLFK QDFK GHLQHP +HUUQ GHLQHU
5HOLJLRQGHLQHP3URSKHWHQGHLQHP%XFKGHLQHU.LEOD
GHLQHP,PDP6SUHFKHIXUFKWORVXQGIUHLVRZLHGXHV]X
/HE]HLWHQJHWDQKDVWGHQQGHLQ+HUULVW*RWWC'HU,VODP
LVW PHLQH 5HOLJLRQ 0XKDPPHG LVW PHLQ 3URSKHW 0HLQ
%XFKLVWGHU.RUDQ0HLQH.LEODLVWGDV+DXV$EUDKDPV
>0HNND@0HLQ,PDPLVW$OL,FKELQHLQ'LHQHUGHU)DPLOLH
GHV 3URSKHWHQ 0HLQ *ODXEH JDOW LKQHQ 0HLQ *HO|EQLV
JDOWLKQHQ*RWWJHEKUWGHU'DQN*HSULHVHQXQGJHVHJQHW
VHLLKU*HVFKOHFKWC33
5LWXHOOH +DQGOXQJHQ QDFK GHU %HHUGLJXQJ ND]PD
WDNÕUWÕVÕ :HKNODJHQ *HGHQNWDJH GHYUL\H GDUGDQ
LQGLUPH
1DFKGHPGHU/HLFKQDPEHHUGLJWZXUGHWHLOWPDQ+DOYD
>WUNLVFKHU +RQLJ@ DXV GDV ³ND]PD WDNÕUWÕVÕ³ JHQDQQW
ZLUG 'DQDFK WHLOHQ GLH $QJHK|ULJHQ GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ
HLQ (VVHQ DXV > ZDV ³FDQ DúÕ³ ³/HEHQVVSHLVH³ E]Z
³6HHOHQVSHLVH³JHQDQQWZLUG@3333$OOHVLQG
]X GLHVHU 6SHLVXQJ ]X (KUHQ GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ 3HUVRQ
>HLQH$UWGHU7RWHQVSHLVXQJ@
>HLQH$UWGHU7RWHQVSHLVXQJ@
>'HU*ODXEHDQGLHVRJ³GHYUL\H³GHUIlOVFKOLFKHUZHLVHPLW
GHU6HHOHQZDQGHUXQJVOHKUHJOHLFKJHVHW]WZLUGEHVFKUHLEWGHQ
$XIXQG$EVWLHJGHUYHUVFKLHGHQHQ6HLQVVWXIHQLQ=XVDPPHQ
KDQJPLWGHU(PDQDWLRQVOHKUHGHV*|WWOLFKHQ6HLQV@
>'LH
>'LHGDUGDQLQGLUPH=HUHPRQLHZDVZ|UWOLFK³YRP*DOJHQ
KlQJHQ³EHGHXWHWLVWHLQ5LWXDO]XU/RVVSUHFKXQJGHUYHUVWRUEH
QHQ3HUVRQZlKUHQGGHUFHP=HUHPRQLH@
FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM
gOHQ NLúLQLQ \HULQH PXVDKLEL GDUÕ 0DQVXU¶D GXUXU
DPDo |OHQ FDQ NXO KDNNÕ LOH KDNND \UPúVH R
KDNNÕ|GHPHNWLUgOHQLQERUFXYDUVDLQFLWWL÷LNLúLOHU
YDUVD KHVDSODúÕU EX KHVDSODúPD\Õ KDNND \U\HQLQ
PXVDKLELVWOHQLU..'DUGDQLQGLUPHFHPLQLQ
]DPDQÕ \|UH\H J|UH GH÷LúLNOLN J|VWHUHELOPHNOH
EHUDEHU 'DPDO¶GD |OP ROD\ÕQÕQ NÕUNÕQFÕ JQ
\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU..
'DUFHPLJHQHOKDWODUÕ\ODú|\OHGLU%LUNXUEDQNHVLOLU
YH ORNPDVÕ GD÷ÕWÕOÕU 'HGH FHPGH KDNND \U\HQ
FDQÕQ GDUGD GXUDQ PXVDKLELQH YH DLOHVLQH VRUDU
³(\YDOODK FDQODU úX DQGD KDNND \UPú RODQ
FDQÕQ GDUÕQD GXUPXú EXOXQX\RUVXQX] KDNNÕQ YH
KDONÕQ KX]XUXQGD EL] VL]H VRUX\RUX] µ%X FHPGHQ
GÕúDUÕGDQYH\DVRQUDGDQELULJHOVHKDNND\U\HQEX
\DNÕQÕQÕ]GDQKDNYHKXNXNWDOHSHGHUVHYHKDNNÕQGD
GDKDNOÕLVHKHODOOHúPH\HUD]ÕPÕVÕQÕ]"¶.'DUGD
GXUDQODU GD ³(\YDOODK SLULP (÷HU G|NW÷ YDUVD
GROGXUDFD÷Õ] D÷ODWWÕ÷Õ YDUVD JOGUHFH÷L] \ÕNWÕ÷Õ
YDUVD NDOGÕUDFD÷Õ] %X \DNÕQÕPÕ]Õ NXO KDNNÕ LOH XOX
GLYDQGD EÕUDNPDN LVWHPL\RUX]´ GHUOHU . 'HGH
FHPDDWHKLWDEHQ³'DUDGXUDQODUÕGX\GXQX]KDNND
\U\HQ FDQÕPÕ]GDQ UD]Õ PÕVÕQÕ]"´ GHU &HPDDW
³+HODO ROVXQ´ GL\HUHN o NHUH WHNUDU HGHU +DNND
\U\HQ NLúLGHQ KDN WDOHS HGHQ ROXUVD EX NLúL\L
PXVDKLEL UD]Õ HWPHN ]RUXQGDGÕU *HoPLúWH NDSDOÕ
WRSOXPVDO JUXSODU KDOLQGH \DúD\DQ $OHYLOHULQ JUXS
LoLGD\DQÕúPDVÕDoÕVÕQGDQPXVDKLSOLNoRN|QHPOLELU
\HUHVDKLSWLUYH|OHQNLúLQLQJHULGHNDODQPXVDKLELQLQ
\RO DUNDGDúOÕ÷Õ VRUXPOXOX÷X |OP ROD\ÕQGDQ VRQUD
ELOHGHYDPHWPHNWHGLU
'HYUL\H LQDQFÕ 1XVD\ULOHUGH \R÷XQ RODUDN LQDQÕODQ
ELUROJXGXUgQFO.DUV$OHYLOHULQGH
GHYUL\H ¿NULQLQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQD LúDUHW HWPLúWLU $UGDKDQ
$OHYLOHULQGH GH GHYUL\H LQDQÕúÕ PHYFXWWXU gOHQ ELU
³FDQ´ UXKODU DOHPLQH JLGHU JQDKÕQÕQ VHYDEÕQÕQ
KHVDEÕQÕ RUDGD YHULU .ÕUNÕQFÕ JQQGH UXK LVWHUVH
WHNUDU IDUNOÕ ELU EHGHQGH GQ\D\D JHOHELOLU .|W
ELU \DúDP \DúDPÕúVD YH\D JQDKNkUVD VUQJHQ ELU
KD\YDQGDYFXWEXODELOLU..
HLQJHODGHQ'LHV¿QGHWHQWZHGHU]X+DXVHRGHULPFHP
+DXVVWDWW0DQVSULFKW*HEHWHXQGGDV*HEHW]XU6HJQXQJ
GHU 6SHLVHQ >GDV IROJHQGHUPD‰HQ ODXWHW@ ³(YYHO $OODK
GL\HOLP .DGLPL %LOODK GL\HOLP *HOGL UÕ]D ORNPDVÕ +DN
YHUVLQ EL] \L\HOLP GHPLQH + GL\HOLP (OKDPGOLOODK
(OKDPGOLOODK(OKDPGOLOODK1LPHWLFHOLOEHUHNHWL+DOLO
+DELEL+XGD5HVXO¶XNLEUL\DVHUYHU(QEL\D0XKDPPHG
0XVWDID ùDKÕ 9HOD\DW $OL\\O 0UWD]D ùHKLGL øPDP
+VH\Q¶L GHúWL .HUEDOD¶QÕQ KUPHWL KDNNÕ LoLQ +DNN¶D
\U\HQ « &DQ¶ÕQ DGÕQD YHULOHQ EX ORNPDODUÕ GHUJDKÕ
L]]HWLQGHNDEXOH\OH´33
(V WUDXHUQ HKHU GLH )DPLOLHQDQJHK|ULJHQ :HQQ HLQ
MXQJHU 0HQVFK VWLUEW HV HLQHQ SO|W]OLFKHQ7RG JLEW RGHU
MHPDQG]XHLQHPúHKLWZLUGGDQQGDXHUWGLH7UDXHUOlQJHU
:lKUHQG GHU 7UDXHU]HLW ¿QGHQ NHLQH )HVWH RGHU DQGHUH
)HLHUOLFKNHLWHQ VWDWW ± +RFK]HLWHQ ZHUGHQ YHUVFKREHQ
« :HQQ PDQ +RFK]HLW QLFKW YHUVFKLHEHQ NDQQ JHKW
PDQ ]XU )DPLOLH GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ 3HUVRQ XQG ELWWHW XP
(LQYHUVWlQGQLV0DQKDQGHOWGDQQQDFKGHP:RUW³VRZLH
GHU7RGLVWDXFKGLHVGHU:LOOH*RWWHV³33ÖRNEK
ZHLVWGDUDXIKLQGDVVHVLQ*HELHWHQZRGLH7UDGLWLRQQRFK
VHKUGRPLQDQWLVWHLQH$UWYRQ'UXFNDXIGLH)DPLOLHGHU
YHUVWRUEHQHQ3HUVRQDXVJHEWZLUGGDPLWGLH7UDGLWLRQHQ
DXFKEHIROJWZHUGHQ6RZHUGHQGLH)DPLOLHQDQJHK|ULJHQ
GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ 3HUVRQ XQG GLH *HPHLQVFKDIW VHLWHQV
GHU*HVHOOVFKDIWLP$XJHEHKDOWHQGDPLWGLH)DPLOLHGHU
YHUVWRUEHQHQ 3HUVRQ LKUHQ 3ODW] LQ GHU *HPHLQVFKDIW LQ
(KUHQZDKUHQNDQQXQGGLH7UDXHUVLWWHQEHIROJWZHUGHQ31
'LH GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ 3HUVRQ 1DKHVWHKHQGHQ N|QQHQ
QDFK GHU %HHUGLJXQJ GDV *UDE EHVXFKHQ ZHQQ VLH HV
ZQVFKHQ0DQEHVXFKWGDV*UDEPHLVW'RQQHUVWDJRGHU
DP)UHLWDJGHUZHLWJHKHQGDOVHLQKHLOLJHU7DJEHWUDFKWHW
ZLUG3(VZLUGNHLQ/lPSFKHQRGHUNHLQH.HU]HDP
*UDE DQJH]QGHW XQG HV JLEW DXFK NHLQHQ JHVRQGHUWHQ
2UWXPGLHV]XWXQ9LHU]LJ7DJHQDFKGHP7RGZLUGGHU
YHUVWRUEHQHQ 3HUVRQ HLQ EHVRQGHUHU 7DJ JHZLGPHW 0DQ
UH]LWLHUWGHQ.RUDQYRUDOOHPGLH6XUH<ƗVLQPDQUH]LWLHUW
/LWDQHLHQVSULFKW*HEHWHXQGJLEW>HUQHXW@HLQ7RWHQPDKO
1DFKHLQHP-DKUZLUGLQGHU5HJHOGDV*UDEHUULFKWHWXQG
PDQ JLEW HUQHXW HLQ 7RWHQPDKO >ZDV ³FDQ DúÕ³ JHQDQQW
ZLUG:HQQHVGLH¿QDQ]LHOOHQ0|JOLFKNHLWHQHVQLFKW]X
ODVVHQ NDQQ GDV *UDE DXFK VSlWHU HUULFKWHW ZHUGHQ $Q
GHP1HYUX])HVWZDVDOV*HEXUWVWDJ$OLVJLOWXQGGHVKDOE
DOV KHLOLJ EHWUDFKWHW ZLUG LVW HV EOLFK GHQ *UlEHUQ HLQ
%HVXFK]XHUVWDWWHQ333
%HLGHQ$OHYLWHQ$UGDKDQVZLUGGLHVRJGDUGDQLQGLUPH
=HUHPRQLHDXFKEHNDQQWDOVGDUFHPLRGHUGDUÕ0DQVXU
DEJHKDOWHQGDPLWGHU(KHSDUWQHUGHUYHUVWRUEHQHQ3HUVRQ
GLH)UHXQGH9HUZDQGWHQXQGGLHEULJHQ1DKHVWHKHQGHQ
GLH YHUVWRUEHQH 3HUVRQ ³IUHLVSUHFKHQ³32 NDQQ 0DQ IKUW
31 ÖRNEK 6HGDW 9H\LV $QDGROX )RONORUXQGD gOP '7&)
<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUD6
>'HUKLHUJHEUDXFKWH%HJULII³
>'HUKLHUJHEUDXFKWH%HJULII³KHODOOHúPH³LVWQLFKW]X
EHUVHW]HQXQGVFKOLH‰W%HGHXWXQJHQZLH]%³YHU]HLKHQ³
³YHUJHEHQ³³J|QQHQ³³ORVVDJHQ³XQG³YRQHLQHU6FKXOGIUHL
VSUHFKHQ³@
$/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ
&HQQHWFHKHQQHPLQDQFÕYHDKLUHWLQDQFÕYDUGÕU³%LQ
ELUD\HWELUDUD\DJHOLQFH.HYVHUÕUPD÷ÕQÕQEDúÕQGD
+]0XKDPPHG¶LQVDQFD÷ÕQÕQDOWÕQGDWRSODQÕODFDNWÕU
ùHIDDW NDSÕPÕ] +] 0XKDPPHW¶WLU +DNOÕ KDNVÕ]
VRUXODFDNELOLQHFHNWLU´..
6RQXoYH'H÷HUOHQGLUPH
.HQWOHúPH YH XOXVODúPD JLEL HWPHQOHUH ED÷OÕ
RODUDNIRQNVL\RQXQX\LWLUHQGHGHOLNNXUXPXVRQ
\ÕOGÕU \HQLGHQ FDQODQPD\D EDúODPÕúWÕU %X GXUXP
FHQD]HOHULQ DUWÕN FDPLGHQ GH÷LO GH FHP HYLQGHQ
NDOGÕUÕOPDVÕQÕJQGHPHJHWLUPLúWLU%XVUH]DUIÕQGD
$OHYLOL÷LQ |]HOOLNOHGH FHQD]H LúOHPOHULQLQ 6QQL
DNLGHOHU LOH \DSÕOPDVÕ oR÷X $OHYL YDWDQGDúÕ YH
a\GÕQÕQÕHOHúWLUHOELUWXWXPJHOLúWLUPH\H\|QHOWPLúWLU
dDOÕúPD ER\XQFD $OHYL 6QQL FHQD]H LúOHPOHULQLQ
EHQ]HUOLNYHIDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQÕQDQDL]OHNOHUROGX÷XJ|]
|QQH DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD EX KXVXVODUÕQ GHULQOHúWLULOPHVL
D\UÕFD|QHPDU]HWPHNWHGLU
$UGDKDQ $OHYLOHULQGH |OQQ GHIQH KD]ÕUODQÕúÕ
J|POPHVL YH EX VÕUDGD RNXQDQ GXDODU øVODP
GLQLQLQ JHQHO NXUDOODUÕQD X\XODUDN \DSÕOPDNWDGÕU
%X DQODPGD 6QQL JUXSODUOD |QHPOL SDUDOHOOLNOHU
J|]H oDUSPDNWDGÕU *|UúW÷P] ED]Õ $OHYL
GHGHOHUL |OPOH LOJLOL W|UHQOHULQ DúÕUÕ GHUHFHGH
6QQL X\JXODPDODUD EHQ]HúWL÷LQL LOHUL VUHUHN EX
GXUXPGDQ UDKDWVÕ]OÕNODUÕQÕ GLOH JHWLUPLúOHUGLU 7P
EHQ]HUOLNOHUH UD÷PHQ$UGDKDQ$OHYLOHULQGH |OPOH
LOJLOLX\JXODPDODUFHQD]HQDPD]ÕQDNDWÕOPDVÕ\DVDN
RODQODUÕQGúNQOHULQYDUOÕ÷Õ|OPQGX\XUXOPDVÕ
GH¿Q VRQUDVÕ \DSÕODQ |]HO D\LQL FHP W|UHQOHUL YH
KHSVLQGHQ |QHPOLVL |OPQ DOJÕODQÕúÕ YH GHYUL\H
LQDQÕúÕ JLEL ELU WDNÕP NRQXODUGD 6QQL JHOHQHNWHQ
D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU
6RV\DO GH÷LúLP VUHoOHULQH SDUDOHO RODUDN |OPOH
LOJLOL X\JXODPDODUGD GD NÕVPL GH÷LúLNOLNOHU J|]H
oDUSPDNWDGÕU *HOHQHNVHO G|QHPGHNL ³|O\ \HUGH
EÕUDNPDPDN LoLQ HUNHQ J|PPH´ GúQFHVL GHYDP
GLHVHV 5LWXDO IU GLH ³6HHOHQUXKH³ GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ
3HUVRQ GXUFK 3 'LH YHUVWRUEHQH 3HUVRQ ZLUG KLHUEHL
YRQ VHLQHP ³:HJEUXGHU³ E]Z VHLQHU ³:HJVFKZHVWHU³
³PVDKLS³ YHUWUHWHQ 'HU 6LQQ XQG =ZHFN LVW GDVV
ZHQQ GLH YHUVWRUEHQH 3HUVRQ HLQH XQEHJOLFKHQH 6FKXOG
KDW>GLHQLFKW]ZDQJVOlX¿J¿QDQ]LHOOHU1DWXUVHLQPXVV@
GLHVH 6FKXOG EHJOLFKHQ ZLUG :HQQ GLH YHUVWRUEHQH
3HUVRQ 6FKXOGHQ KDWWH ZHUGHQ VLH EH]DKOW :HQQ GLH
YHUVWRUEHQH 3HUVRQ MHPDQGHQ YHUOHW]W KDW VR ZLUG DXFK
GLHVH6FKXOGEHJOLFKHQ'LH6FKXOGEHJOHLFKXQJLVWKLHUEHL
GLH$XIJDEHGHV³:HJEUXGHUV³E]ZGHU³:HJVFKZHVWHU³
³PVDKLS³33'HU7DJDQGHPGLHVRJGDUGDQ
LQGLUPH=HUHPRQLHDEJHKDOWHQZLUGNDQQMHQDFK5HJLRQ
YDULLHUHQ,Q'DPDO¿QGHWVLHYLHU]LJ7DJHQDFKGHP7RG
VWDWW33
Die GDUFHPL=HUHPRQLH ZLUG LQ JUREHQ =JHQ LQ
IROJHQGHU :HLVH DEJHKDOWHQ >=X $QIDQJ@ ZLUG HLQ
2SIHUWLHUJHVFKODFKWHWZDVDQGLH7HLOQHKPHQGHQYHUWHLOW
ZLUG 'HU ³:HJJHIlKUWH³ PVDKLS XQG GLH )DPLOLH
GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ 3HUVRQ WUHWHQ LQ $QZHVHQKHLW GHU
*HPHLQVFKDIWYRUGHQGHGHGHUVLHPLWIROJHQGHQ:RUWHQ
DQVSULFKW³2K*HPHLQGHPLWJOLHGHULKUVWHKWYRU*RWWXP
5HFKHQVFKDIW IU GLH YHUVWRUEHQH 3HUVRQ DE]XJHEHQ ,Q
*HJHQZDUW*RWWHVXQGGHU*HPHLQGHIUDJHLFKHXFKC6HLG
LKU HLQYHUVWDQGHQ XQVHU YHUVWRUEHQHV *HPHLQGHPLWJOLHG
YRQ VHLQHU 6FKXOG ORV]XVSUHFKHQ ZHQQ MHPDQG YRU XQV
WULWW GHU HLQH 6FKXOG PLW GHP 9HUVWRUEHQHQ >E]Z GHU
9HUVWRUEHQHQ@ ]X EHJOHLFKHQ RGHU HLQ 5HFKW JHJHQEHU
GHP 9HUVWRUEHQHQ JHOWHQG ]X PDFKHQ KDW"C³ 3 'LH
%HIUDJWHQ DQWZRUWHQ >GDUDXIKLQ@ ³6R *RWW ZLOO PHLQ
0HLVWHU:HQQHVHWZDVJLEWZDVHU>RGHUVLH@YHUVFKWWHW
KDW VR ZHUGHQ ZLU HV ZLHGHU IOOHQ :HQQ HU MHPDQGHQ
]XP :HLQHQ JHEUDFKW KDW VR ZROOHQ ZLU GLHVH 3HUVRQ
ZLHGHU]XP/DFKHQEULQJHQ:HQQHVHWZDVJLEWZDVHU
QLHGHUJHULVVHQ KDW VR ZHUGHQ ZLU HV ZLHGHU DXIULFKWHQ
:LU P|FKWHQ XQVHUHQ 1DKHVWHKHQGHQ QLFKW PLW HLQHP
XQYHUJROWHQHQ5HFKW>Z|UWOGDV5HFKWHLQHV'LHQHUV@DXI
GLHVHPHUKDEHQHQ5LFKWSODW]DOOHLQHODVVHQ³3'HUGHGH
VSULFKW GDUDXIKLQ GLH *HPHLQGH >PLW IROJHQGHQ :RUWHQ@
DQ ³,KU KDEW GLH %HIUDJWHQ JHK|UW 6HLG LKU PLW GHP
9HUVWRUEHQHQ >E]Z GHU 9HUVWRUEHQHQ@ ]XIULHGHQ"³ 8QG
GLH*HPHLQGHDQWZRUWHWGUHL0DO>PLWGHQ:RUWHQ@³+HODO
ROVXQ³ >³(V P|JH JHVHJQHW E]Z ZRKOJHJ|QQW VHLQ³@
:HQQMHPDQGHLQ5HFKWJHJHQEHUGHUYHUVWRUEHQHQ3HUVRQ
HLQ]XIRUGHUQKDWVRLVWHVGLH$XIJDEHGHV³:HJJHIlKUWHQ³
GLH 3HUVRQ ]XIULHGHQ ]X VWHOOHQ )U GLH $OHYLWHQ GLH
IUKHULQJHVFKORVVHQHQ*HPHLQVFKDIWHQOHEWHQVSLHOWGLH
³:HJJHIlKUWHQVFKDIW³³PVDKLSOLN³HLQHZLFKWLJH5ROOH
IU GLH 6ROLGDULWlW LQQHUKDOE GHU *HPHLQVFKDIW 8QG GLH
9HUDQWZRUWXQJGHU³:HJJHIlKUWHQVFKDIW³UHLFKWVRJDUELV
EHUGHQ7RG
'LH 9RUVWHOOXQJ GHU ³GHYUL\\H³ LVW HLQ .RQ]HSW GDV EHL
GHQ 1XVDLULHUQ VHKU YHUEUHLWHW LVW ÖNCÜL KDW DXI GLH
([LVWHQ]GHU9RUVWHOOXQJGHU³GHYUL\\H³EHLGHQ$OHYLWHQ
LQGHU5HJLRQ.DUVDXIPHUNVDPJHPDFKW33$XFKEHLGHQ
33 .h5ù$7gQFO.DUV7UNPHQOHULQGHgOPH%D÷OÕøQDQÕúODU
$QODWÕODUYH8\JXODPDODU,Q7UN.OWUYH+DFÕ%HNWDúÕ9HOL
$UDúWÕUPD'HUJLVL$XVJDEH66
FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM
HWPHNOH ELUOLNWH X]DNWDNL DNUDEDODUÕQ JHOHELOPHVL
DPDFÕ\OD EHNOHWLOHELOPHNWHGLU gOQQ GHIQH
KD]ÕUODQPDVÕYHGH¿QLúOHPLQHNDGDUEHNOHWLOPHVLQGH
FHPHYLPRUJYH|O\ÕNDPDE|OPOHUL\OHELUOLNWH
WDPDPHQ PRGHUQ ELU XQVXU RODUDN VUHFH GkKLO
ROPXúWXUgOPQGX\XUXOPDVÕYHFHQD]HQLQPH]DUD
WDúÕQPDVÕQGD PRGHUQ WHNQRORMLGHQ ID\GDODQÕOÕ\RU
ROPDVÕ LON SODQGD J|]H oDUSDQ GL÷HU \HQL
X\JXODPDODUGDQGÕU
gOP ROD\ÕQÕQ NHQGLVL YH FHQD]H W|UHQL oHYUHVLQGH
JHOLúPLú RODQ JHOHQHNOHU YH X\JXODPDODU
|QHPVHQPHNWH ROXS KHU DúDPDVÕ WLWL]OLNOH \HULQH
JHWLULOPHNWHGLU gOP ROD\Õ VRQUDVÕQGD FHPDDWLQ
ELUH\OHUL PHYWDQÕQ \DNÕQODUÕQD KHU DQODPGD
\DUGÕP HGLS \DNÕQOÕN J|VWHUPHNWHGLU EX GD JUXS LoL
GD\DQÕúPDQÕQ SHNLúPHVL VRQXFXQX GR÷XUPDNWDGÕU
6RV\DOKD\DWÕQELUoRNDODQÕQGDJHOHQHNVHORWRULWHOHUL
DúÕQPD\D X÷UD\DQ $OHYL GHGHOHUL |OQQ GHIQH
KD]ÕUODQPDVÕYHJ|POPHVLV|]NRQXVXROXQFDVUHFLQ
LúOH\LúLQLEHOLUOH\HQWHPHODNW|UKDOLQHJHOPHNWHGLU
4XHOOHQQDFKZHLV
1. /LWHUDWXUKLQZHLVH
$.7$ù$OL $OHYLOHUGH gOPOH øOJLOL 5LWHOOHU +DFÕ
%HNWDúÕ9HOL$UDúWÕUPD'HUJLVL
$<$7$ 6DLP .ÕUúHKLU <|UHVL $EGDOODUÕQÕQ 'LQL
øQDQoODUÕ h]HULQH %LU $UDúWÕUPD 9HU|IIHQWOLFKWH
'RNWRUDUEHLW YRUJHOHJW IU GLH ,QVWLWXW IU
6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWGHU(UFL\HV8QLYHUVLWlW.D\VHUL
%2=.857 )XDW $OHYLOL÷LQ 7RSOXPVDO %R\XWODUÕ
7HNLQ<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXO
(1*,1 øVPDLO 7DKWDFÕODU $QW <D\ÕQODUÕ øVWDQEXO
*/$6(5 % *675$86 $ / $ZDUHQHVV RI '\LQJ
1HZ<RUN$OGLQH
.$<$ +D\GDU $OHYL %HNWDúL (UNkQÕ (YUkG¶Õ YH
(GHEL\DWÕ(QJLQ<D\øVWDQEXO
$OHYLWHQ $UGDKDQV LVW VLH YHUEUHLWHW :HQQ HLQ 0HQVFK
VWLUEW VR JHKW VHLQH 6HHOH LQ GLH ³6HHOHQZHOW³ ZR EHU
VHLQH6QGHQXQG:RKOWDWHQJHULFKWHWZLUG1DFKYLHU]LJ
7DJHQ NDQQ GLH 6HHOH ZHQQ VLH HV P|FKWH LQ HLQHP
DQGHUHQ.|USHUZLHGHU]XU:HOWNRPPHQ:HQQPDQHLQ
VFKOHFKWHV/HEHQJHIKUWKDWRGHUVQGKDIWZDUZLUGVLH
LQGHQ/HLEHLQHV5HSWLOVJHNOHLGHW33(VH[LVWLHUW
>DXFK@GLH9RUVWHOOXQJYRQ+LPPHOXQG+|OOH³:HQQGLH
WDXVHQGXQGHLQVD\ƗW]XVDPPHQNRPPHQYHUVDPPHOWPDQ
GLFKXQWHUGHP%DQQHUGHVHKUHQZHUWHQ0XKDPPHGDQGHU
4XHOOHGHV.HYVHU)OXVVHV'DV7RUXQVHUHU)UVSUDFKHLVW
GHUHKUHQZHUWH0XKDPPHG(VZLUGJHIUDJWXQGHVZLUG
GHXWOLFKZHUGHQZHUUHFKWVFKDIIHQJHZHVHQLVW³33
6FKOXVVIROJHUXQJ
'DV$PWGHVGHGHGDVZHJHQ)DNWRUHQZLHGHU8UEDQLVDWLRQ
XQG GHU 6WDDWHQELOGXQJ VHLQH )XQNWLRQ HLQJHE‰W KDW
HUOHEWVHLW-DKUHQHLQH:LHGHEHOHEXQJ'LHVZLUG>DXFK@
DQ GHU 7DWVDFKH GHXWOLFK GDVV GLH PLW GHU %HHUGLJXQJ
]XVDPPHQKlQJHQGHQ 5LWXDOH LQ FHP+lXVHUQ XQG QLFKW
PHKU LQ 0RVFKHHQ JHPDFKW ZHUGHQ 'LHV KDW GD]X
JHIKUWGDVVGLHPHLVWHQ0HQVFKHQDOHYLWLVFKHQ*ODXEHQV
XQGDOHYLWLVFKH*HOHKUWHLQGHQOHW]WHQ-DKUHQLKUH.ULWLN
GDUEHU JHlX‰HUW KDEHQ GDVV YRU DOOHP GLH 7RGHVULWXDOH
GHV$OHYLWHQWXPV LQ GHU 7UDGLWLRQ GHU 6XQQLWHQ JHPDFKW
ZHUGHQ 'DV +DXSWDXJHQPHUN XQVHUHU $UEHLW ODJ GDULQ
GLH 8QWHUVFKLHGH XQG *HPHLQVDPNHLWHQ GHU 7RGHVULWXDOH
GHU$OHYLWHQXQGGHU6XQQLWHQLP$XJH]XEHKDOWHQXQG
$QEHWUDFKWGHVVHQLVWHVZLFKWLJGDUDXIKLQ]XZHLVHQGDVV
HVZLFKWLJLVWGLHVHV7KHPDQRFK]XYHUWLHIHQ
%HLGHQ$OHYLWHQ$UGDKDQVZHUGHQGLH9RUEHUHLWXQJDXIGLH
%HHUGLJXQJGLH%HHUGLJXQJVHOEVWXQGGLH5H]LWDWLRQGHU
GDPLWYHUEXQGHQHQ*HEHWHQDFKGHQ*UXQGSULQ]LSLHQGHU
LVODPLVFKHQ7UDGLWLRQJHPDFKW'HVKDOEIDOOHQEHVRQGHUV
GLH 3DUDOOHOHQ PLW GHQ VXQQLWLVFKHQ *HPHLQVFKDIWHQ
DXI (LQLJH GHGHV PLW GHQHQ ZLU VSUDFKHQ ZLHVHQ
GDUDXIKLQ GDVV GLH 7RGHVULWXDOH LQ HLQHP EHUWULHEHQHQ
0D‰H GHQHQ GHU 6XQQLWHQ JOLFKHQ XQG EHWRQWHQ LKUHQ
8QPXW GDUEHU 7URW] HLQLJHU *HPHLQVDPNHLWHQ JLEW HV
HLQLJH 8QWHUVFKLHGH EHL GHQ $OHYLWHQ LQ %H]XJ DXI GLH
7RGHVULWXDOH 6R >]%@ GLH 7DWVDFKH GDVV GLHMHQLJHQ
GHQHQ HLJHQWOLFK GLH7HLOQDKPH DP7RWHQJHEHW XQWHUVDJW
LVWGLHVRJ$EWUQQLJHQDP7RWHQJHEHWWHLOQHKPHQGLH
9HUEUHLWXQJ EHU GLH 1DFKULFKW GDVV MHPDQG YHUVWRUEHQ
LVWGLHEHVRQGHUHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQQDFKGHU%HHUGLJXQJ
XQGZDVDPZLFKWLJVWHQLVWGLH7RGHVYRUVWHOOXQJXQGGHU
*ODXEHDQGLH³GHYUL\H³
(VIlOOW>DX‰HUGHP@DXIGDVVSDUDOOHO]XPVR]LDOHQ:DQGHO
DXFKGLH3UDNWLNHQLQ%H]XJDXIGHQ7RGHLQH9HUlQGHUXQJ
HUIDKUHQ 'LH LQ IUKHUHU =HLW YRUKHUUVFKHQGH *HZRKQKHLW
GHQ 7RWHQ VR VFKQHOO ZLH P|JOLFK ]X EHJUDEHQ LVW GHU
0|JOLFKNHLWJHZLFKHQGHQ7RWHQZDUWHQ]XODVVHQGDPLWDXFK
GLH 1DKHVWHKHQGHQ LQ GHU )HUQH DP %HJUlEQLV WHLOQHKPHQ
N|QQHQ%HLGHU9RUEHUHLWXQJGHU/HLFKHDXIGLH%HHUGLJXQJ
XQG GHU $XIEHZDKUXQJ GHU /HLFKH LVW GDV FHP+DXV
JHPHLQVDP PLW GHP /HLFKHQKDXV XQG HLQHP JHVRQGHUWHQ
2UW IU GLH /HLFKHQZDVFKXQJ ]X HLQHP QHXHQ %HVWDQGWHLO
GHV7RGHVULWXDOV JHZRUGHQ$XFK GLH (UUXQJHQVFKDIWHQ GHU
$/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ
.(6.,1<DK\D0XVWDID 6DUÕ6DOWÕN2FD÷ÕQD%D÷OÕ
$OHYLOHUGH gOP LOH øOJLOL øQDQo YH 5LWHOOHU ,Q
=HLWVFKULIWGHU6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHQ)DNXOWlWGHU
)ÕUDW8QLYHUVLWlW$XVJDEH
g1&h/.UúDW .DUV7UNPHQOHULQGHgOPH%D÷OÕ
øQDQÕúODU$QODWÕODUYH8\JXODPDODU,Q7UN.OWU
YH +DFÕ %HNWDúÕ 9HOL $UDúWÕUPD 'HUJLVL $XVJDEH
6
g51(. 6HGDW 9H\LV $QDGROX )RONORUXQGD gOP
'7&)<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUD
ù$+,1+DOLOøEUDKLP%DOÕNHVLUdHSQLOHULQGH'H¿QYH
'H¿Q6RQUDVÕ%D]ÕøQDQÕúYH8\JXODPDODU,Q7UN
.OWUYH+DFÕ%HNWDúÕ9HOL%QG6
7$ù*,1 $KPHW (UH÷OL YH dHYUHVLQGHNL $OHYLOHUGH
6RV\DOYH'LQL+D\DW0DVWHUDUEHLWYRUJHOHJWIUGDV
,QVWLWXWIU6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ6HOoXN8QLYHUVLWlW
.RQ\D
8<$1,. =HNL YH .$/$ $ULI $UGDKDQ øOL
$OHYLOHULQGH .HQGLQL 7DQÕPODPD øEDGHW YH gWHNL
$OJÕVÕ,Q$NDGHPLN$UDúWÕUPDODU'HUJLVL$XVJDEH
<,/',= +DUXQ $OHYL *HOHQH÷LQGH gOP YH gOP
6RQUDVÕ 7|UHQ YH 5LWHOOHU 8OXVODUDUDVÕ 7UN
.OWUQGHgOP6HPSR]\XPX1RYHPEHU
øVWDQEXO
:$//$&(5XWK$:2/)$OLVRQ dD÷GDú6RV\RORML
.XUDPODUÕhEHUVHW]WYRQ/H\OD(OEXU]XQG05DPL
$\DV3XQWR<D\ÕQODUÕø]PLU
2. 0QGOLFKH4XHOOHQ
3HUVRQ
9RUQDPH$OL(NEHU$XVGHPGHGH*HVFKOHFKWGHV
6XOWDQ*|].Õ]ÕO2FDN
1DPH*|JWHNLQ
*HERUHQ UHJLVWULHUW LP 'RUI (VNLNÕOÕo LP
.UHLV'DPDOLQ$UGDKDQ
%LOGXQJVVWDQG*UXQGVFKXOH
3HUVRQ
7HFKQLNVHLHQHVGLH/DXWVSUHFKHUIUGLH%HQDFKULFKWLJXQJ
EHUGHQ7RGHLQHV0HQVFKHQRGHU)DKU]HXJH]XP7UDQVSRUW
GHU /HLFKH VLQG PRGHUQH (OHPHQWH GLH LQ GLH 3UD[LV GHU
$OHYLWHQ(LQ]XJJHQRPPHQKDEHQ
'LH %UlXFKH XQG 3UDNWLNHQ LQ =XVDPPHQKDQJ PLW GHP
7RG XQG GHU %HVWDWWXQJV]HUHPRQLH ZHUGHQ VHKU HUQVW
JHQRPPHQ XQG DOOH +DQGOXQJHQ ZHUGHQ PLW lX‰HUVWHU
6RUJIDOWDXVJHIKUW'LH0HQVFKHQODVVHQLKUHDOOH%HODQJH
XPIDVVHQGH +LOIH GHQ 9HUEOLHEHQHQ GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ
3HUVRQ]XNRPPHQZDVGD]XIKUWGDVVVLFKGLH6ROLGDULWlW
LQQHUKDOE GHU *HPHLQVFKDIW IHVWLJW 'LH GHGH GLH >]ZDU@
LKUH WUDGLWLRQHOOH $XWRULWlW LQ YLHOHQ %HUHLFKHQ GHV
VR]LDOHQ/HEHQVGHU0HQVFKHQYHUORUHQKDEHQEHVWLPPHQ
WURW]GHPDNWLYGHQ$EODXIGHU9RUEHUHLWXQJGHV7RWHQDXI
GLH%HVWDWWXQJXQGGLH%HVWDWWXQJVHOEVW
4XHOOHQQDFKZHLV
a)
/LWHUDWXUKLQZHLVH
$.7$ù $OL $OHYLOHUGH gOPOH øOJLOL 5LWHOOHU ,Q +DFÕ
%HNWDúÕ9HOL$UDúWÕUPD'HUJLVL
AYATA6DLP.ÕUúHKLU<|UHVL$EGDOODUÕQÕQ'LQLøQDQoODUÕ
h]HULQH %LU $UDúWÕUPD 9HU|IIHQWOLFKWH 'RNWRUDUEHLW
YRUJHOHJWGHP,QVWLWXWIU6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWGHU(UFL\HV
8QLYHUVLWlW.D\VHUL
BOZKURT )XDW $OHYLOL÷LQ 7RSOXPVDO %R\XWODUÕ 7HNLQ
<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXO
ENGINøVPDLO7DKWDFÕODU $QW<D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXO
GLASER % *STRAUS $ / $ZDUHQHVV RI '\LQJ 1HZ
<RUN$OGLQH
KAYA+D\GDU$OHYL%HNWDúL(UNkQÕ(YUkG¶ÕYH(GHEL\DWÕ
(QJLQ<D\øVWDQEXO
KESKIN <DK\D 0XVWDID 6DUÕ 6DOWÕN 2FD÷ÕQD %D÷OÕ
$OHYLOHUGHgOPLOHøOJLOL øQDQoYH5LWHOOHU,Q=HLWVFKULIW
GHU6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHQ)DNXOWlWGHU)ÕUDW8QLYHUVLWlW
$XVJDEH
ÖNCÜL .UúDW .DUV 7UNPHQOHULQGH gOPH %D÷OÕ
øQDQÕúODU$QODWÕODUYH8\JXODPDODU,Q7UN.OWUYH
+DFÕ%HNWDúÕ9HOL$UDúWÕUPD'HUJLVL$XVJDEH
6
ÖRNEK 6HGDW9H\LV $QDGROX )RONORUXQGD gOP '7&)
<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUD
ù$+,1+DOLOøEUDKLP%DOÕNHVLUdHSQLOHULQGH'H¿QYH'H¿Q
6RQUDVÕ%D]ÕøQDQÕúYH8\JXODPDODU,Q7UN.OWUYH
+DFÕ%HNWDúÕ9HOL%QG6
7$ùö,1$KPHW(UH÷OLYHdHYUHVLQGHNL$OHYLOHUGH6RV\DO
YH'LQL+D\DW0DVWHUDUEHLWYRUJHOHJWIUGDV,QVWLWXWIU
6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ6HOoXN8QLYHUVLWlW.RQ\D
UYANIK =HNL YH .$/$ $ULI $UGDKDQ øOL $OHYLOHULQGH
.HQGLQL7DQÕPODPDøEDGHWYHÖteki$OJÕVÕ,Q$NDGHPLN
$UDúWÕUPDODU'HUJLVL$XVJDEH
YILDIZ+DUXQ$OHYL*HOHQH÷LQGHgOPYHgOP6RQUDVÕ
7|UHQ YH 5LWHOOHU 8OXVODUDUDVÕ 7UN .OWUQGH gOP
6HPSR]\XPX1RYHPEHUøVWDQEXO
WALLACE 5XWK $ WOLF $OLVRQ dD÷GDú 6RV\RORML
.XUDPODUÕ hEHUVHW]W YRQ /H\OD (OEXU] XQG 0 5DPL
$\DV3XQWR<D\ÕQODUÕø]PLU
FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM
9RUQDPH 0XVD $XV GHP GHGH*HVFKOHFKW GHV
6XOWDQ*|].Õ]ÕO2FDN
1DFKQDPH0úWHNLQ
*HERUHQ UHJLVWULHUW LP 'RUI %XUPDGHUH LP
.UHLV'DPDOLQ$UGDKDQ
%LOGXQJVVWDQG*UXQGVFKXOH
3HUVRQ
9RUQDPHøVPDLO
1DFKQDPH$NGHPLU
*HERUHQLQ'DPDO
%LOGXQJVVWDQG.DQQOHVHQXQGVFKUHLEHQ
3HUVRQ
$GÕ$OL(NEHU
1DFKQDPHÇalhan
*HERUHQLQ+DQDN
%LOGXQJVVWDQG6HNXQGDUVWXIH,,
1.
0QGOLFKH4XHOOHQ
3HUVRQ
9RUQDPH$OL(NEHU$XVGHPGHGH*HVFKOHFKWGHV6XOWDQ
*|].Õ]ÕO2FDN
1DPH*|JWHNLQ
*HERUHQ UHJLVWULHUW LP 'RUI (VNLNÕOÕo LP .UHLV
'DPDOLQ$UGDKDQ
%LOGXQJVVWDQG*UXQGVFKXOH
3HUVRQ
9RUQDPH 0XVD $XV GHP GHGH*HVFKOHFKW GHV 6XOWDQ
*|].Õ]ÕO2FDN
1DFKQDPH0úWHNLQ
*HERUHQUHJLVWULHUWLP'RUI%XUPDGHUHLP.UHLV
'DPDOLQ$UGDKDQ
%LOGXQJVVWDQG*UXQGVFKXOH
3HUVRQ
9RUQDPHøVPDLO
1DFKQDPH$NGHPLU
*HERUHQLQ'DPDO
%LOGXQJVVWDQG.DQQOHVHQXQGVFKUHLEHQ
3HUVRQ
$GÕ$OL(NEHU
1DFKQDPHÇalhan
*HERUHQLQ+DQDN
%LOGXQJVVWDQG6HNXQGDUVWXIH,,
3sUPEDMWMD
9GHNMDHGKHSVHsVKWsQMsIHQRPHQXQLYHUVDOPsQ\UDWHNXSWLPLWLQGLYLGXDORVHNROHNWLYLNsWLMIHQRPHQL
DSRTsQGULPHWVRFLDOHGKHSDUDSULWMHWH]KYLOOXDUDNXQGUHMWYGHNMHVMDQsWsYDUXUDQsSsUJMLWKsVLMQJD
NXOWXUDHFLODLUUHWKRQEHVLPLIHWDUNsVKWXTsQJDQGLNLPLYGHNMDVLIHQRPHQQGU\VKRQQGsUPMHWQMHUs]YH
9GHNMDOLQGMDGKHPDUWHVDMDQSLNDWN\oHTsQGLNRMQsQsQGsULPLQHMHWsVVsQMHULXW6LNXUVHOLQGMDGKH
PDUWHVDHGKHSsUYGHNMHQsVKWsNULMXDUQMsULWXDUORVHQMsULWVLPEDVWUDGLWsV.sWDSLNDNDOXHVHTsMDQs
WsUsQGsVLVKPHGKHJMDWs]KYLOOLPLWWsULWXDOHYHWsW\UHJUXSHWHQGU\VKPHWUHJRMQsGKHNXOWXUsQHW\UH
.sVKWXTsN\SXQLPGRWsPDUUsQsGRUs³NXSWLPLQHYGHNMHV´Vs$OHYLYHWs$UGDKDQLWVHVLHSUHJDGLVLQWs
YGHNXULQULWXDOHWJMDWsYDUULPLWRVHPEDVYDULPLWGRWsMHQs7HPDWNU\HVRUHWsNsWLMSXQLPLW1sNsWsSXQLP
MDQsSsUGRUXUWHNQLNDHELVHGLPLWGKHHYsVKWULPLWWsULWXDOHYH1sUHWKLQH$UGDKDQLWQsYHQGLQHTXDMWXU
'DPDONHPL]KYLOOXDUWDNLPHWPHOLGHUsWH$OHYLYHGHGHOHUGKHJMLWKDVKWXPDUUsSMHVsGUHMWSsUGUHMWQs
YDULPLQHQMsSHUVRQLWsPRVKXDU3sUPEL$OHYLWsHDUGDKDQLWPsKHUsWQXNsVKWsEsUsQGRMQsSXQLPSsUPEL
NsWsWHPsNsVKWXTsN\SXQLPSsUPEDQUsQGsVLMQsNsWsWHPs.\SXQLPWUHJRQYHoRULWsGKHGDOOLPHWSsUPEL
&HUHPRQLWsHYDUULPLWQGsUPMHW$OHYLYHGKH6XQLYHTssVKWsHGKHQMsUsQGsVLMWMHWsUHNsWLMSXQLPL
)MDOsWN\oH1GsUULPMHWH9GHNMHFHUHPRQLMDH)XQHUDOLW$OHYLWsH$UGDKDQLW'DPDO
$/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ

Benzer belgeler

“Hızır İsen Kurtar Beni” İsimli Deyişi - Alevilik

“Hızır İsen Kurtar Beni” İsimli Deyişi - Alevilik 'L\DUEDNÕU \|UHVLQGHNL 'HGH *DUNÕQ RFD÷Õ PHQVXEX 0XVD 'HGH¶QLQ DQODWWÕ÷Õ ELU GL÷HU ULYD\H WHJ|UH(\S'HGH.ÕVDV¶WDNLWDOLSOHULQLQJ|UJOHUL QL \DSPÕú YH 'L\DUEDNÕU¶D G|QPHNWHGLU...

Detaylı

PDF İndir - Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi

PDF İndir - Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi |]GHIDUNOÕOÕNODUEXOXQPDNWDGÕU %\N úHKLUOHUGH ROGX÷X JLEL 7RNDW YH LOoHOHULQGH GH FHP ULWHOOHUL EHQ]HUOLN J|VWHUPHNWH \ROXQ GHYDPOÕOÕ÷Õ NRQXVXQGD KDVVDVL\HW J|VWHUHQ $OHYLOHU...

Detaylı

H÷LúLP 6 UHFLQGH $OHYL - Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi

H÷LúLP 6 UHFLQGH $OHYL - Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi *HVXQGKHLWZDUHQZRKOIROJOLFKDXIGLH8QWHUEUHFKXQJ GHU J|WWOLFKHQ (QHUJLH ]XUFN]XIKUHQ 'LH +HLOXQJ GHU.UDQNKHLWZDUDXFK$XIJDEHGHU6FKDPDQHQ$XV GLHVHP*UXQGHKDWWHVLFKGDV*ODXEH...

Detaylı

28.07.2008 tarihinden itibaren geçerli liste

28.07.2008 tarihinden itibaren geçerli liste A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A.İ.PAZARL AMA A...

Detaylı