Thomas MARKSTEINER

Limyra Kaz› Çal›flmalar› 2005
Excavations at Limyra in 2005
Thomas MARKSTEINER
Limyra Bat› fiehri projesinin son çal›flma kampanyas›
A¤ustos ve Eylül aylar›nda gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Kaz› çal›flmalar› Klasik sur duvar›n›n arka taraf›nda kalan alanda
yo¤unlaflm›flt›r. Bu çal›flmalara paralel olarak kaz›lardan
ele geçen depolardaki seramik malzemenin, küçük buluntular›n, hayvan kemiklerinin yay›na yönelik çal›flmalar›na devam edilmifltir.
The last campaign in the West City of Limyra was conducted during August and September, 2005. The excavations focused on the area behind the Classical period
fortifications. In parallel to these excavations, preparation for publications of the ceramics, small finds and
animal bones uncovered during the course of the excavations continued.
Önceki kaz› kampanyalar›nda, araflt›rma alan› içinde
üst üste yer alan 13 katman ortaya ç›kart›lm›flt›r. Bunlar›n herbirinde yap›laflmaya ait kal›nt›lar belirlenmifltir.
Katman I’den V’e kadar Hellenistik Dönem’e; VI’dan
VII’e kadar ‹.Ö. 4. yy.’a; IX dan XI’e kadar ‹.Ö. 5. yy.’a;
XII ‹.Ö. 6. yy.’a ve XIII ise olas›l›kla ‹.Ö. 7. yy.’a tarihlenmektedir. 2005 y›l›nda çal›flma alan›n›n merkezinde
(SO9W1, SO9O1) bir önceki y›l aç›lan erken dönem
tabakalar›, bunlar›n alt›nda yer alan stratigrafinin ve görünen yap› kal›nt›lar›n›n dökümünü yapmak üzere kald›r›lm›fllard›r. Yine ayn› amaçla kaz› alan›n›n bat› k›sm›ndaki kaz›larda daha derine inilmifltir (SO 31) (Plan
SO9O-SO31’de aç›lan tabakalar). Klasik sur duvar›n›n
kuzeyinde yer alan ve SO35O olarak adland›r›lan kaz›
alan› SO9O ve SO35’de tespit edilen antik yamaç yap›laflmas›n› genifl ve kapsaml› bir alanda incelemek amac›
ile do¤uya do¤ru 4 m. uzat›lm›flt›r.
In the previous campaigns, 13 building strata overlying
each other were identified. Strata I-V are dated to the
Hellenistic period; strata VI-VII were dated to the 4th
century BC; strata IX-XI were dated to the 5th century
BC; stratum XII was dated to the 6th century BC and
finally stratum XIII was dated to possibly the 7th century
BC. In the centre of the work area of 2005 (SO9W1,
SO9O1), the early period strata exposed the year before
were removed in order to clarify the stratigraphy and
remains of structures lying beneath. Excavations in the
western part of the work area were extended deeper for
this same purpose (SO31) (layers unearthed in Plan
SO9O - SO31). The excavation area SO35O, located to
the north of the Classical fortifications, was extended
4 m. towards the east in order to expose more of the
ancient settlement on the terraces identified in SO9O
and SO35, for a more extensive study.
SO35O’deki kaz›larda 2003 y›l›nda SO35’de ortaya ç›kart›lan ve teras duvarlar› olarak yorumlanan duvarlar›n
do¤u uzant›s› belirlenmifltir. Bu duvar, Tabaka VIII’in (M3)
üzerinde yer almaktad›r ve ‹.Ö. 4. yy.’a tarihlenerek
Klasik sur duvar›n›n yap›m tabakas›na denk gelmektedir
(Res. 1, 3). Do¤u-bat› yönünde uzanan M3 duvar› ile
ba¤lant›l› olan M7 duvar› bu duvara dik olarak güneye
do¤ru devam eder ve neredeyse Klasik sur duvar›n›n iç
yüzüne kadar ulaflt›ktan sonra buradaki Bizans Dönem’i
yap›laflmas› nedeniyle kaybolur. Sur duvar›n›n arka taraf›nda yer alan ve büyük bir bölümü geçti¤imiz kaz› kampanyalar› esnas›nda belirlenmifl olan 20x7 m.’lik bofl bir
alan›n do¤u s›n›r›n› oluflturur. Buradan temeli küçük tafllarla döflenmifl ahflap bir yap›dan geçilerek tahta destekler
In the excavations in SO35O, the eastern extensions of
the walls unearthed in SO35 in 2003 and interpreted
as terrace walls were identified. This wall stands over
the stratum VIII (M3); it is thus dated to the 4th century,
making it contemporary with the Classical fortifications
(Fig. 1, 3). Wall M7 connected with the wall M3 extending in an east-west direction extends southward at a
right angle away from it and almost reaching the inner
face of the Classical fortifications, where it disappears
because of the later Byzantine period constructions at
this point. This wall forms the eastern border of an
empty area behind the fortifications, measuring 20x7 m.,
that was identified during previous campaigns. From
here, one would have passed through a timber structure
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KAZI RAPORLARI
EXCAVATION REPORTS
Res. 1 Kaz› alan›n›n
genel plan›
Fig. 1 General plan
of the excavation
area
üzerinde yer alan sur duvar›n›n gezinti yoluna ulafl›lmaktayd›. M7’nin üzerinde do¤uya do¤ru Tabaka VIII
yüksekli¤inde harç ile sa¤lamlaflt›r›lm›fl bir taban yer al›r.
Bu taban burada bir iç mekan›n bulundu¤unu göstermektedir. Daha yukardaki seviyelerde duvar M3 üzerinde
oldukça derine ulaflan geç dönemdeki hasar ve yap›laflmalar nedeni ile stratigrafileri belirlenemeyen m›c›r tafl
duvarlar infla edilmifltir. Ç›kart›lan stratigrafik s›ralamaya
göre M3’ün ‹.Ö. 4. yy.’›n sonuna kadar kullan›ld›¤›
anlafl›lmaktad›r. Tabaka V’in oluflumuyla birlikte ‹.Ö. 3.
yy.’›n bafl›nda büyük bir k›sm› sökülmüfl ve üzeri kapat›lm›flt›r. Bu tabakan›n üzerinde yer alan katman bu
alanda Hellenistik Dönem’de küçük çapta bir yap›laflman›n oldu¤unu göstermektedir. Ancak bu yap›laflman›n kal›nt›lar› son derece kötü koruna gelmifl olduklar›ndan herhangi bir yoruma izin vermemektedirler. Bizans
Dönemi’nde M3 k›smen ortaya ç›kart›lm›fl ve büyük bir
k›sm› y›k›lm›fl olan Klasik sur duvar›ndan kuzeye ve yamaçtan yukar› do¤ru giden bir merdivenin bat› duvar›
olarak kullan›lm›flt›r.
erected on a foundation of small stones and one would
then reach the banquette walkway of the fortifications,
resting upon timber supports. On top of M7 is a floor
extending to the east, reinforced by mortar, and reaching the level of stratum VIII. This floor indicates the existence of an interior room here. In the upper levels, grit
stone walls were built on M3 and their stratigraphy
could not be identified due to damage from quite deep
later period constructions. According to the recorded
stratigraphy, M3 was in use until the end of the 4th century BC but, with the formation of stratum V, most of it
was dismantled and it was then covered over in the
early 3rd century BC. The layer above this stratum indicates a small sized settlement here during the Hellenistic period but, as the remains of this settlement are very
poorly preserved, it is not possible to make any futher
comment concerning it. In the Byzantine period, wall
M3 was partially exposed and was employed to form
the western wall of a stairway leading northward up the
slope from the Classical fortifications, which were mostly by then in ruins.
Sondaj 35’in bulundu¤u alan Tabaka VIII’in oluflumu ve
M3/M7 yap›lar›n›n infla edilmesi ile daha erken döneme
ait olan Tabaka IX’un büyük bir k›sm› zarar görmüfltür.
Daha iyi korunmufl olan Tabaka X’da taban› küçük tafl
döflemeli dikdörtgen bir yap›n›n köflesi ortaya ç›kart›lm›flt›r (M11 duvar›). M3’ün alt›ndan bat›ya do¤ru uzanan
M12’nin Tabaka XI’e ait oldu¤u belirlenmifltir. Aç›lan
küçük kesit yap›n›n strüktürü hakk›nda herhangi bir bilgi vermemifltir.
In the area of sounding 35, the formation of the stratum
VIII and the construction of walls M3 and M7 led to
much damage to stratum IX. In stratum X, which is better preserved, the corner of a rectangular structure,
whose floor is paved with small stones, was exposed
(wall M11). It was understood that M12, which extends
toward west under M3, belonged to the stratum X. The
small profile dug did not provide any concrete evidence
for the nature for this structure.
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KAZI RAPORLARI
EXCAVATION REPORTS
Res. 2 Kaz› alan›n›n
Klasik Dönem öncesi
mimari kal›nt›lar›
Fig. 2 Architectural
remains dating to the
pre-Classical period
within the excavation
area
SO9W1 ve SO9O1’de Tabaka XII ve XIII genifl çapta
incelenerek kald›r›lm›flt›r. Tabaka XII’de yap› kal›nt›s›na
rastlanmam›flt›r. Tabaka XIII’de 2000 y›l›nda bir k›sm›
ortaya ç›kart›lan büyük ifllenmemifl kalker tafllar›ndan
oluflan kal›nt›n›n Bat›’daki devam› kaz›lm›flt›r. Bu SO31’
de bulunan ve yine Tabaka XIII’e ait olan yap› grubunun
do¤u s›n›r›n› oluflturur.
In SO9W1 and SO9O1, strata XII and XIII were extensively studied and removed. No architectural remains
were found in stratum XII. In stratum XIII, the western
extension of the structure built with large unworked calcareous stones and partially uncovered in 2000 was
exposed. This forms the eastern border of the building
complex also from the stratum XIII in SO31.
SO 31’de Tabaka XIII’de küçük orthogon bir yap› bulunmufltur (Res. 2, 4). Yap›n›n küçük veya orta boydaki, ifllenmemifl m›c›r tafllardan oluflan duvarlar› Tabaka
XIII’ün dolgusuna oturtulmufltur. Bu yap›dan Do¤u’ya
do¤ru yine ayn› basit yap› özelliklerini gösteren di¤er bir
duvar devam eder. Yap›n›n içinde olas›l›kla üzerinde
ocak olan ezilmifl balç›kl› toprak bir zemin görülür. Üzerinde tafl temeller üzerine oturtulmufl kerpiç tu¤ladan
veya kerpiçten duvarlar yer al›r. Kuzeye do¤ru gidildi¤inde bu buluntuya Tabaka II’de yer alan bir kuyu için
aç›lm›fl çukurla zarar verildi¤i görülür.
In SO31, an orthogonal structure was discovered in stratum XIII (Fig. 2, 4). The walls of this structure were built
from small or medium sized stones that rest on the
deposit of stratum XIII. Another similar wall extends
eastward from this structure. Inside this structure is an
area of pressed clayey earth, possibly where the hearth
was. On it are mud brick or mud walls rising upon stone
foundations. Towards the north, this find was destroyed
by a well which was dug in stratum II.
A small trench in SO9W1 led to the identification of an
anthropogenic layer (stratum XIV) under stratum XIII.
Remains comprising large unworked blocks extend from
the west to the east, parallel to the slope. Behind this,
toward the slope, a local erosion deposit forms an almost horizontal platform. This deposit yielded a few hand
made potshards. Stratum XIV is the deepest cultural
layer in the excavated area. Under the filling, a layer of
almost 1 m. in thickness was removed and no finds
were recovered from this layer; thus, it is possible that
the virgin soil was reached.
SO9W1’de yap›lan küçük bir açma ile Tabaka XIII’ün
alt›nda bir anthropojen seviye daha tespit edilmifltir
(Tabaka XIV). Büyük, ifllenmemifl bloklardan meydana
gelen kal›nt›lar yamaca paralel olarak bat›dan do¤uya
do¤ru uzan›r. Bunun arka k›sm›nda, yamaç taraf›nda yerel k›rm›z› erozyon malzemesi neredeyse yatay bir platform oluflturur. Bu dolgu malzeme içinde az say›da el
yap›m› seramik parçalar›na rastlanm›flt›r. Tabaka XIV kaz›
alan› içindeki en derin kültür seviyesine sahiptir. Dolgunun alt›nda yaklafl›k 1 m. derinli¤inde içinde hiç bir
buluntunun yer almad›¤› toprak at›lm›fl ve olas›l›kla ana
kayaya ulafl›lm›flt›r.
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KAZI RAPORLARI
EXCAVATION REPORTS
Res. 3 Do¤u bölgesi, Klasik Dönem mimari kal›nt›lar›
Fig. 3 Eastern area, architectural remains from the Classical period
Res. 4 Tabaka XIII mimari kal›nt›lar›
Fig. 4 Stratum XIII architectural remains
Arkeozoolojik Çal›flmalar:
Archaeozoological Studies:
2005 y›l› arkeozoolojik araflt›rmalar›, Limyra’n›n Arkaik
ve Klasik Dönem yerleflim evrelerindeki ev hayvan› ve
yabani hayvan yetifltirimine dair oldukça yeni sonuçlar
kazand›rm›flt›r. Belirlenebilen kemik parçalar›ndan (n=
3273) yaklafl›k % 60’› keçi ve koyunlara aittir. Ev hayvan›
kemik kal›nt›lar›ndan say› olarak en fazla olan bu grup
içinde ise keçiler koyunlara göre daha fazlad›r (%85
keçi %15 koyun). Bu durum olas›l›kla antik kaynaklardan
da bilindi¤i gibi Likya’da keçi k›l›n›n tekstil ve urgan yap›m›nda kullan›lmas› gelenene¤i ile aç›klanabilir.
The archaeolozoological studies in 2005 introduced
new data regarding the breeding of domestic and the
hunting of wild animals during the Archaic and Classical period at Limyra. 60% of the identified bone fragments, 3273 pieces in total, belonged to sheep and
goats. Goats outnumbered the sheep (85% goats and
15% sheep). This may be explained, as is reported in the
ancient literature, from the fact that goat hair was
employed for textile and rope production in Lycia.
Despite the fact that cattle and pigs were also raised
(25% cattle and 15% pigs from the total of identified
bones); cattle and pigs did not play a great role in answering the protein requirements of the Limyrans.
S›¤›r ve domuz da beslendi¤i halde (belirlenebilen kemiklerin yaklafl›k %25 s›¤›r ve yaklafl›k %15’i domuz)
Limyral›lar›n et ihtiyac›n›n giderilmesinde önemli bir rol
oynamam›fllard›r.
In the earlier period strata up to the fortification level
(stratum VII), it was observed that the bones were broken into very small fragments, in order to retrieve all the
fat and protein, which further suggests that nutritional
resources were quite limited. In later periods, bonebreaking did not occur very much and the cattle were
larger, indicting that the quality of the animals that were
raised improved.
Sur duvar› seviyesi diye adland›r›lan seviyeye kadar
(Tabaka VII) olan erken dönem katmanlar›nda kemiklerin tüm ya¤ ve proteini kullanabilmek amac›yla çok küçük
parçalara k›r›lmas› o dönemlerde beslenme olanaklar›n›n
s›n›rl› oldu¤unu göstermektedir. Daha sonraki dönemlerde kullan›ma daha az özen gösterildi¤i ve s›¤›rlar›n
büyüklü¤ünden anlafl›ld›¤› üzere hayvanc›l›¤›n ilerledi¤i görülmektedir.
Through all the settlement phases, it was observed that
hunting, especially wild boars and wild goats, had an
important place within the economy. In addition, field
hares and partridges were regularly hunted. The most
interesting data from these zoological studies are that
wild goat (Capra aegagrus), that still inhabit Lycia, and
the Caucasian mountain goat (Capra ibex caucasia),
today extinct, were also hunted. The presence of the
Caucasian mountain goat in Anatolia was previously
unknown and further studies will try to answer the questions raised by these finds.
‹ncelenen tüm yerleflim evrelerinde av›n, özellikle yaban domuzu ve yaban keçisi av›n›n ekonomide önemli
bir rol oynad›¤› görülmüfltür. Ayr›ca tarla tavflan› ve keklik de düzenli olarak avlanm›flt›r. Zoolojik olarak en ilginç verilerden birisi Antik Dönem’de bugün Likya’da
halen bulunan yaban geyi¤inin (Capra aegagrus) yan›
s›ra art›k nesli tükenmifl olan Kafkas da¤ keçisinin (Capra
ibex caucasica) de avlanm›fl olmas›d›r. Bu hayvan›n Küçük Asya’daki yay›l›m› flimdiye kadar bilinememektir ve
araflt›rmalar›n devam›nda bu soruya cevap aranacakt›r.
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