An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local

Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of
Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey
Seyid Ahmet Sargın a, Ekrem Akçicek b, Selami Selvi c,n
a
Department of Elementary Education, Faculty of Science Education, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
Department of Biology Education, Necatibey Education Faculty, Balıkesir University, 10100 Balıkesir, Turkey
c
Medicinal and Aromatical Plants Program, Altınoluk Vocational School, Balıkesir University, Edremit, Balıkesir 10870, Turkey
b
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 20 July 2013
Received in revised form
6 September 2013
Accepted 12 September 2013
Available online 11 October 2013
Ethnopharmacological relevance: This paper represents the first large-scale ethnobotanical study
in the Alaşehir and its surrounding (Manisa/Turkey). There are scarcely any studies for using
plants. There is urgency in recording such data. This is the first ethnobotanical study in which
statistical calculations about plants are done by ICF (Informant Consensus Factor) method. This study
aimed to identify plants collected for medicinal purposes by the local people of Alaşehir, located in
the Aegean Region of Turkey, and to document the traditional names, preparation and uses of these
plants.
Materials and methods: Field study was carried out over a period of approximately 2 years (2010–2012)
in Alaşehir. During this period, 137 vascular plant specimens were collected. Demographic characteristics
of participants, local plant names, utilized parts and preparation methods of the plants were investigated
and recorded. In the scope of the study, medicinal plant species and related information were collected;
herbarium materials were prepared; and the specimens were entitled. Field research was conducted by
collecting ethnobotanical information during structured and semi-structured interviews with native
knowledgeable people in territory. In addition, the relative importance value of species was determined
and ICF was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study.
Results: A total of 137 medicinal plants belonging to 58 families were identified in the region. Among
them, 105 species are wild and 32 species are cultivated plant. The most dominant medicinal plant
families were Asteraceae ( 413%), Lamiaceae ( 411%), Rosaceae (47%), and Fabaceae ( 44%), again; the
most common preparations were infusion and decoction. It was found that Origanum onites L., Urtica
urens, Thymus zygioides Griseb., Matricaria chamomilla L., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Cerasus avium (L.),
Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC., Hyoscyamus niger L., Urtica pilulifera L., Anethum graveolens L., Euphorbia
rigida Bieb., Hypericum perforatum L., Paliurus spina-christi Mill., Rosa canina L., Viscum album L. subsp.
austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollman, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Elymus repens (L.) Gould and Juglans regia L.
were the most commonly used species. The traditional medicinal plants have been mostly used for the
treatment respiratory tract diseases (14.1%), gastro-intestinal diseases (10%), kidney problems (7.3%),
diabetes (7.1%), cholesterol (5%), rheumatism (4%), cancer various (4%), cardiovascular problems (3.1%)
and burn (3%).
Conclusion: Gathering, processing and consuming wild edible plants are still practiced in all the studied
Alaşehir areas. These plants, used in the treatment of many different diseases, are freely harvested in this
region at abundant amounts. Due to the increasing health service facilities in the area, herbal medicine,
seemed to be more related to health care and disease prevention than cure.
& 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Alaşehir
Ethnobotany
ICF
Medicinal plants
Turkey
UV
1. Introduction
The use of plants and their products in curing diseases is
known as herbal medicine, which is considered part of folk or
n
Corresponding author. Mobile: þ 905302212679; fax: þ 902663961509.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S.A. Sargın), [email protected]
(E. Akçicek), [email protected], [email protected] (S. Selvi).
0378-8741/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.040
traditional medicine. For many centuries, treatment with medicinal plants was the only resource available for numerous ethnic
groups, and nowadays, plants are still used in traditional medicine
to treat, alleviate or prevent many diseases (Gasparetto et al.,
2011). More than 25% of medicines used by humans are extracted
from tropical plants (Yörek et al., 2008). The use of plants to cure
diseases and relieve physical sufferings has started from the
earliest times of mankind's history (Hill, 1989). Nowadays, the
use of plants as a way of treatment is still very important for
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
861
Fig. 1. A map showing the location of Alaşehir district in Turkey.
human beings (Kültür, 2007). Many researches have been done on
plants which provide humans with extensive and fundamental
uses (Kargıoğlu et al., 2008, Ugulu, 2011).
Ethnobotany is defined as the study of the relationship
between people and plants and most commonly refers to the
study of indigenous uses of plants. In other words, it is the
marriage between cultural anthropology and botany, a study
that investigates the role of plants as medicine, nourishment,
natural resources or gateway to the God. (Diksha and Amla,
2011). In general, ethnobotany is the scientific investigations
of plants as used in indigenous culture for food, medicine,
rituals, building, household implements, musical instruments,
firewood, pesticides, clothing, shelter and other purposes
(Ugulu, 2011).
Turkey occurring in warm climate zone is distinguished
from many countries situating its environments by the plant
diversity. The number of plants distributed in Turkey is nearly
those in Europe. The plant taxa in Turkey have reached to
12.000 by recently discovered new taxa. The richness of Turkish
Flora is based on geographic, climatic, topographic and edaphic
factors. Turkey is one of the richest countries in the world in
terms of plant diversity. Turkey is also one of the richest
countries in world with respect to endemism. The number of
endemic taxa is more than 3000 and endemism ratio is 34.4%
(Erik and Tarıkahya, 2004; Avcı, 2005; Özhatay et al., 2005;
Duran et al., 2010).
Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge, pharmacopoeia and
prevalence of medicinal plants have been investigated in different
areas of Turkey by Sezik et al. (1991, 1997, 2001), Baytop (1999),
Ertuğ (2000), Tuzlacı and Tolon (2000), Tuzlacı and Aymaz (2001),
Yeşilada et al. (2001), Ertuğ (2003, 2004), Özgen et al. (2004),
Özgökçe and Özçelik (2004), Şimsek et al. (2004), Uzun et al.
(2004), Everest and Özturk (2005), Özkan and Koyuncu (2005),
Ecevit-Genç and Özhatay (2006), Cansaran et al. (2007), Akgül
(2008), Kültür (2007), Satıl et al., 2007; Kargıoğlu et al. (2008),
Koyuncu et al. (2009), Yeşil and Akalın (2009), Yapıcı et al. (2009),
Ugulu et al. (2009), Bulut and Tuzlacı (2009), Cansaran and Kaya
(2010), Deniz et al. (2010), Çakılcıoglu and Turkoglu (2010), Polat
and Satıl (2010), Tuzlacı et al. (2010), Bulut (2011), Çakılcıoğlu et al.
(2011), Güneş and Özhatay (2011), Öztürk and Ölçücü (2011),
Ugulu (2011), Polat and Satıl (2012), Selvi et al. (2012), and Demirci
and Özhatay (2012). However, the present study is comprehensive
the first to report on the extent of local ethnobotanical knowledge
of the Alaşehir (Manisa) region.
The present study deals with medicinal plants used by inhabitants of Alaşehir town in Manisa (Turkey). The aim of present
study is to evaluate the traditional uses of local native plants to
provide safe and efficient information for people who cannot
afford prescription alternatives and to encourage the preservation
of culture, tradition, conservation and sustainable utilization of
medicinal plants.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Study area
Study area was located on the west of Anatolian diagonal, in the
Aegean Geographic Region (one the seven subdivision of Turkey).
Alaşehir in antiquity and the middle ages known as Philadelphia is
a town of Manisa province. Alaşehir is bordered on the east by
Sarigol, on the west by Salihli, on the south by Ödemiş (İzmir) and
Nazilli (Aydın) on the North by Kula and is situated in the valley of
the Kuzucay, at the foot of the Bozdag (Fig. 1). It belongs to the
Mediterranean Plant Geography Region and falls within the B2
grid square according to the grid classification system developed
by Davis (1965–1985).
2.2. Interviews with local people
In the total of 152 people, 105 women and 147 men were
interviewed. Although approximately 3–5% of general public in the
research area, are knowledgeable regarding medicinal plants, we
have been obtained valuable information from almost 75–80% of
the interviewed (152) people regarding them. A questionnaire was
administered to the local people, through face-to-face interviews
(Appendix A). Mean age of the respondents was 49 years (in 26–86
years range). Interviews were made on the busy hours of the
common areas (bazaars, herbal markets, pharmacies, tea houses)
visited by the citizens of Alaşehir County, town and its villages. The
respondents of the questionnaire are Turkish citizens. As we think
that young people (25 age and lower) are not suitable for an
862
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
ethnobotanical study, the questionnaire was only administered to
people over 25 who know about medicinal plants. The people who
had knowledge of plants were visited at least for four times; one of
these visits is particularly paid to their houses and farms. During
the interviews, demographic characteristics of the study participants were recorded and given Table 1. In addition to, families,
local names, utilized parts and preparation methods of the plants,
UV (Use value) of plant species used for medicinal treatment of
local peoples were recorded and presented in Table 2. The people
who participated in the study were requested to indicate the wild
plants they used.
2.3. Plant materials
Field study was carried out over a period of approximately two
years (2010–2012). During this period, a total of 137 vascular plant
specimens (including 112 naturally grows) were collected from the
locality. The plants were pressed in the field and prepared for
identification. Plants were identified with the help of the literature
(Baytop, 1999; Davis, 1965–1985; Davis et al., 1988; Tanker and
Tanker, 1990; Zeybek and Zeybek, 1994). Later, identified plants
were compared with the specimens in Ege University Herbarium
(EGE) and Ankara University Herbarium (ANK) in Turkey. The
names of plant families were listed in alphabetic order and given
in Table 2. Scientific names of plant species were identified
according to the International Plant Name Index (IPNI: http://
www.ipni.org) and the Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org/).
We examined whether the plants used in had literature records or
Table 1
Classification of the informants according to their demographic features.
Demographic features
Number of people
Gender of informants
Female
105
Male
147
Age of informants
Less than 30
11
Between 31 and 40
61
Between 41 and 50
79
Between 51 and 59
43
Over 60
58
Level of education
Illiterate
5
Elemantary school
188
Secondary school
32
High school
13
University
14
Marital status
Unmarried
52
Married
175
Divorced
Widowed
25
Employment status
Employed
26
Pensioned
41
Farmer
89
Not working or unemployed
96
Residence
County (City center)
20
Town and district
60
Village
172
Duration of redidence in the surveyed area
Less than 10 years
26
More than 10 years
226
Ethnic group
Balkan immigrant
14
Romans (Gypsies)
6
Yürük
232
Percent (%)
58.3
41.7
4.37
24.2
31.3
17.1
23.01
2.0
74.6
12.7
5.2
5.5
20.6
69.4
0.0
10.0
not. Primarily the domestic studies and then foreign studies were
analyzed.
The plant species lists were tabulated by cross-referencing
folk names and voucher specimens from previous data-bases by
Bourbonnais-Spears et al. (2005) and Treyvaud-Amiguet et al.
(2005, 2006).
2.4. Surveys at schools
540 students in 23 local schools of the region were surveyed on
“remedy herbs” used in the Alaşehir. First, various local useful
plants, were introduced with slides and then questionnaires on
medicinal plants were given to the students. In the field of
research, a survey was made in town centers, and in the village
schools on pharmaceutic plants. During the survey, the students
were asked which pharmaceutical local plants their parents
and Grand parents use and which parts of the plants, for which
purpose, and how they use them (Appendix B). A total of 382
forms were returned by students, with information on medicinals.
After the forms were evaluated, some of the families were visited
and detailed information was obtained. These presentations and
written surveys with students not only provide valuable information and the possibility for the quantification of most commonly
used herbs, but also provide a bridge between school children and
their families (Ertuğ et al., 2003).
2.5. Calculations
Informant consensus factor (ICF) (Trotter and Logan, 1986) was
calculated according to the following formula: ICF¼Nur Nt/Nur 1,
where Nur refers to the number of use citations in each category and
Nt to the number of the speciesused. This method is to check
homogeneity of the information. In otherwords, the medicinal plants
that are presumed to be effective in treating a certain disease have
higher ICF values (Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2007). Informant
consensus factor was abbreviated as “FIC” in the previous articles
(Akerreta et al., 2007; Camejo-Rodrigues et al., 2003a, 2003b;
Cheikhyoussef et al., 2011; Kisagau et al., 2007; Okello et al., 2010;
Polat and Satıl, 2012; Rokaya et al., 2010; Upadhyay et al., 2011;
Cakılcıoglu and Turkoglu, 2010). The use value (UV) (Trotter and
Logan, 1986), a quantitative method that demonstrates the relative
importance of species known locally, was also calculated according to
the following formula: UV¼U/N, where UV refers to the use value of
a species; U to the number of citations per species; and N to the
number of informants.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Demographic characteristics of study participants
7.9
23.8
68.3
Demographic characteristics of the respondents were determined and recorded through face-to-face interviews. In addition
to, these demographic characters are given Table 1. In the study
area, 3 different ethnic group were determinated. These ethnic
group were Balkan immigrant (5.5%), Romans (2.4%) and majority
Yürük (92.1%). The 382 forms returned by the elemantary school
studens were not evaluated as the questionnaires of the resource
people, though we reached to some parents and grandparents
through these forms.
10.3
89.7
3.2. Medicinal plants and associated knowledge
5.5
2.4
92.1
The plant used for medicinal purposes in the region are
presented in Table 2 and arranged in alphabetical order of their
family and botanical names, with the relevant information. As a
10.3
16.3
35.3
38.1
Table 2
List of the medicinal plants used by local people in Alaşehir.
No
Plant species
Family
Vernacular name(s)
Plant
part
useda
Preparationb Use
Administration,
dosage,
duration of the
treatment
UV
(Use
value)
1
Alcea biennis Winterl
Malvaceae
Gülhatmi, gülfatma, fatmagülü, üvendere,
peygamber otu.
Flb,
Flo
In, Ma
Bronchitis
0.09
2
Allium
ampeloprasum L.nn
Liliaceae
Pırasa, pıransa
Sc, Bl
Dec, Raw
Blurred vision, diabetes
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
2–3 weeks
Drink one glass
3 times a day for
4–8 weeks
3
Allium cepa L.
Liliaceae
Taze soğan
4
Allium sativum L.nn
Liliaceae
Sarımsak, sarımsak
5
Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Amaranthaceae
Bambıl, banpıl, pambıl, panbıl, pambul otu
Sc, Bl, Dec, Pa, Raw
See
Lea,
Pa, Raw
Bl, Flo
Lea
In
6
Amygdalus
communis L.nn
Rosaceae
Badem
Fru
Raw, cream
7
Anethum graveolens L.nn
Apiaceae
Dereotu
See,
Lea
In, Raw
8
Apium graveolens L.nn
Apiaceae
Kereviz
Who
In, Dec, Raw
9
Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.
Subsp. pubens (Babington)
Arenes
Armeniaca
vulgaris L.nn
Asteraceae
Bıtrak, bıtırak, pıtırak, pıtrak.
Aer
In
Rosaceae
Kayısı
Fru
Raw, Dec
11
Artemisia
absinthium L.
Asteraceae
Karhan, garhan, karhan otu, garhan otu, karahan,
karahan kökü, pamucuk, acı pelin
Lea
Dec
12
Asparagus acutifolius L.
Liliaceae
Kediyen, kedi kuyruğu, tilki kuyruğu, kuşkonmaz,
tesbihdalı
Who
In, Oin
13
Asphodelus aestivus Brot.
Liliaceae
Kiriş otu
Aer,
Tb
Dec
14
Avena barbata Pott ex Link
subsp. barbata
Poaceae
Yulaf
Aer
Dec
15
Calendula
arvensis L.nn
Asteraceae
Göbekli nergis
Aer
16
Capparis spinosa L. var. spinosa Capparaceae
Gebre, gebere, kapari, kedi tırnağı
17
Brassicaceae
Çoban çantası
18
Capsella bursa - pastoris (L.)
Medik.
Castanea sativa Mill.
Roo,
Fru,
See
Aer
In, Ms,
medical oil,
lo
Dec, Raw,
spice
Fagaceae
Kestane
Fru
Raw, Dec
19
Celtis australis L.
Ulmaceae
Çıtlık, çitlembik, menengeç?
Fru
Raw, spice
Ms, Raw
Gastrointestinal diseases, renal colic, Menstrual pain
0.37
Diabetes, Cold & flu
0.32
0.09
0.31
0.30
0.32
0.03
0.37
0.05
0.24
0.08
0.03
0.11
0.32
0.11
0.34
0.08
863
Take 3–4 clove a
day for 2 weeks
Cold & flu, hypercholesterolemia
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
2–3 weeks
Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia
Take a handful a
day for 3–4
weeks
Hemorrhoids, Diuretic, hiccup, headache
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
3–4 weeks
Renal colic, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, rheumatism, sexual Drink one glass
inadequacy
3 times a day for
4 weeks
hypercholesterolemia, incontinence
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
3–4 weeks
Costiveness and intestinal spasm.
Take 2–3
handfuls a day for
2–3 days
Intestinal parasites, dyspepsia, renal colic
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
3–4 weeks
Prostatitis rheumatism, flu, Cardiotonic & vasodilator.
Take one bunch a
day for 3–4
weeks
Gastrointestinal diseases, ulcers, cancer
Drink one glass
1–2 times a day
for 4–8 weeks
Bronchitis
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
2–3 weeks
Skin cancer, Burn wound care
Drink one glass
2–3 times a day
for 8–12 weeks
Hemorrhoids, Athlete's foot
Take a handful a
day for 3–4
weeks
Burn wound care, costiveness and intestinal spasm, rheumatism Take 1/2 bunch a
day for 4 weeks
Asthma, rheumatism
Take 1–2 handful
a day for 4 weeks
Gastrointestinal diseases
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
10
nn
0.24
864
Table 2 (continued )
No
Plant species
Family
20
Centaurea cyanus L.
Asteraceae
21
Centaurium
erythraea Rafn
22
Vernacular name(s)
Plant
part
useda
Flo,
Lea
Aer
In, Dec, Ms
Gastrointestinal diseases
In, Dec,
medical oil
Gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Antiinflammatory
Cerasus avium (L.) Moenchnn
Rosaceae
Kiraz, Napolyon kirazı
23
Chelidonium majus L.
Papaveraceae
Siğil otu
Pt,
Lea,
Fru
Aer,
Lea
Raw, Dec
Diuretic, Nephralgia & kidney stones, Cardiotonic & vasodilator,
diet & debilitating
In, Ms
Wart treatment, Gastrointestinal diseases.
24
Cicer arietinum L.nn
Fabaceae
Nohut
Fru
Ma,tincture
Nephralgia & kidney stones, Ringworm treatment, Wart
treatment
25
Cichorium intybus L.
Asteraceae
Karakavuk [hindiba)
Who
Dec, lo
Hypertension & tachycardia, fatty liver disease, blood cancer.
26
Cistus creticus L.
Cistaceae
Pambulcuk, pamucak, garahan?
Lea
Fume, Dec
Costiveness and intestinal spasm, diabetes,
hypercholesterolemia, Antipyretic & diaphoretic
27
Cistus laurifolius L.
Cistaceae
Karahan, garahan, garahan otu, karahan otu,
tavşancıl, tavşanak.
Dec, Ms
Costiveness and intestinal spasm, diabetes,
hypercholesterolemia, Antipyretic & diaphoretic
28
Cnicus benedictus L.
Asteraceae
Devedikeni, şevketi bostan, şevketi bostan otu.
Roo,
Bd,
Lea
Who
29
Coriandrum
sativum L.
Apiaceae
Kişniş
Aer,
See
In, Dec, ts
Caminative
30
Crataegus
monogyna Jacq.
Rosaceae
Kızılcık
Fru,
Lea
Raw, Ms,
Dec, In
Diabetes, Cardiotonic & vasodilator, arythmia.
31
Crataegus orientalis Pallas ex
Bieb.
Rosaceae
Alıç, dikenli alıç, yemiş
Raw, Ms,
Dec, In
Diabetes, Cardiotonic & vasodilator, Nephralgia & kidney stones
32
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne
ex Poir.
Cucurbitaceae
Bal kabağı
Fru,
Lea,
See
Fru
Raw, Ms,
Dec, In
Diuretic, carminative
33
Cupressus sempervirens L.
Cupressaceae
Selvi, servi, yılbaşı ağacı
Co
Dec
Wart treatment, toothache
34
Cydonia oblonga Mill.
Rosaceae
Ayva, ayva otu.
Raw, Dec, In
Cold & flu, Bronchitis, Asthma, Diuretic, Gastrointestinal
diseases.
35
Cynara scolymus L.
Asteraceae
Enginar
Fru,
Lea,
See
Flo,
Lea
Dec
Anorexia & appetizing, 36diuretic & cholagogue, Nephralgia &
kidney stones, cancer
36
Cynoglossum creticum Mill.
Boraginaceae
Köpek dili
Lea
Ms, Dec
Wart treatment.
37
Dianthus anatolicus Boiss.n
Caryophyllaceae
Dağ karanfili
Aer
Ms
Wart treatment.
In, Dec, spice Nephralgia & kidney stones, Anorexia & appetizing, Antipyretic
& diaphoretic, Hypertension & tachycardia.
Administration,
dosage,
duration of the
treatment
Take a handful a
day for 3–4
weeks
Take 2–3 pinches
for 2–3 days
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 1–3 days
Drink one glass
3 times a day for
4–8 weeks
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
2–3 weeks
Take 1–2
handfuls a day for
4–8 weeks
Drink one glass
2–3 times a day
for 8–12 weeks
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 2–3 weeks
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 2–3 weeks
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Drink one glass
3 times a day for
2–3 days
Drink one glass
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Drink one glass
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Drink one glass
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
2–3 weeks
Drink one glass
2-3 times a day
for 1 week
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
3–4 weeks
Apply 2 times a
day for 7–10 days
UV
(Use
value)
0.08
0.17
0.36
0.05
0.20
0.02
0.13
0.17
0.15
0.02
0.15
0.23
0.16
0.03
0.17
0.11
0.01
0.01
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
Gentıanaceae
Oğlan düğümü, düğüm, oğlan çiçeği, dağ karanfili,
peygamber çiçeği
Kırmızı kantaron
Preparationb Use
38
Dioscorea communis (L.)
Caddick & Wilkin
Dioscoreaceae
Acı ot, vicirne, kabarcık, kapırcık, kapurcuk, mıcık,
bıcık.
39
Diospyros kaki L.nn
Ebenacea
Cennet elması, cennet hurması, hurma
40
Dracunculus vulgaris Schott
Araceae
41
Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. Cucurbitaceae
Yılan pancarı, yılanebesi, yılan burçağı, yılan bırçağı, Fru,
yılan burçağı otu, yılan başı, yılan darısı, yılan otu. Lea,
Roo,
See
Cırtlak otu, eşek hıyarı, acı hıyar
Fru
42
Elaeagnus angustifolia L.
43
nn
Root,
Flo,
Flb
Fru
İğde
Fru
Elymus repens (L.) Gould
Poaceae
Ayrıkotu, ayrık, çayır, çayırotu
Roo
44
Equisetum arvense L.
Equisetaceae
Kırk kilit otu
Aer
45
Erica manipuliflora Salisb.nn
Ericaceae
Püren, püren otu, süpürge otu, sükürte otu,
süpürtge otu.
Flb
46
Euphorbia rigida Bieb.
Euphorbiaceae
Sütlü, sütlü ot, sütleğen
Aer
47
Ficus carica L. subsp. carica
(All.) Schinz et Thell.
Moraceae
İncir, yemiş, yemişen
48
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.nn
Apiaceae
Arapsaçı
49
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
Fabaceae
Meyan
Bra,
Lea,
Fru
Aer,
Roo,
See
Lea,
Roo
50
Helianthus
annuus L.nn
Asteraceae
Ayçiçeği
51
Asteraceae
Helichrysum arenarium (L.)
Moench subsp. aucheri (Boiss.)
Davis et Kupicha
Heliotropium europaeum L.
Boraginaceae
52
n
Fru,
Lea,
See
Gözlübaba, gözlübaba otu, daşdüşüren, daşdüşüren Aer
ot, altın otu, kaya otu.
Siğilotu, sirken, akrep otu
Lea
Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension & tachycardia,
Respiratory tract diesases & flu, rheumatism
Raw, Ms
Diuretic, Cardiotonic & vasodilator
Dec, Ms, Raw Hemorrhoids, rheumatism, costiveness and intestinal spasm,
intestinal cancer
Fruit juice
Take 1 drop a day
for 1 week
In,
Genital & urinary tract infection, diabetes,
Drink one glass
hypercholesterolemia
2–3 times a day
for 2–3 weeks
In
Nephralgia & kidney stones, Gastrointestinal diseases
Drink one glass
2–3 times a day
for 1–2 weeks
In
Nephralgia & kidney stones, Gastrointestinal diseases,
Drink one glass
Hypertension & tachycardia
3 times a day for
4–8 weeks
Dec
Nephralgia & kidney stones, Gastrointestinal diseases, Diuretic Drink one glass
3 times a day for
4–8 weeks
Lo
Eczema, Burn wound care, Wart treatment, Itch & rash
Apply 2 times a
treatment tedavisi, Scorpion stings.
day for 7–10 days
Plaster, Ms,
Cancer, flu, wart treatment, callus treatment.
Take 1-2 handfuls
lo, Raw, pa
a day for 4–8
weeks
Raw, In, Dec, Gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatism.
Drink one teacup
Ms, ts
2–3 times a day
for 1–2 weeks
Dec, In, spice Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Bronchitis, analgesic,
Drink one teacup
Gastrointestinal diseases, smoking addiction
3 times a day for
3–4 weeks
Ms, Raw, lo
Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Bronchitis
Take 1–2 dessert
spoon for 2–3
weeks
In
Hepatitis, Nephralgia & kidney stones, Gastrointestinal diseases Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
3–4 weeks
Ms
Scorpion stings
Apply 2–3 times a
day for 2–3 days
Raw
Gastrointestinal diseases
Apply 2–3 times a
day for 2–3 days
Ms, raw
Ringworm treatment
Apply 1-2 times a
day for 4 weeks
Heracleum platytaenium Boiss.
Apiaceae
Ayı kulağı
St
54
Hippophae rhamnoides L.
subsp. caucasica Rousi
Elaeagnaceae
Tesbih ağacı, tesbih otu
55
Hordeum vulgare L.nn
Poaceae
Arpa
56
Hyoscyamus niger L.
Solanaceae
Kurtluca, kulak otu
Fru,
Lea,
See
Aer,
See
See
57
Hypericum perforatum L.
Guttiferae
58
Inula britannica L.
Asteraceae
Katran, katran otu, gatran, gatran otu, gangren otu, Aer,
kangren otu, gantıran, kantıran, kantoran, kantoron, Flb
kantoron otu, sarıkantaron.
Andız, anduz, andız otu, anduz otu, andız kökü
Roo
Dec
59
Iris germanica L.
Iridaceae
Nevruz çiçeği
Pa
Rhi
In, ms
Fume, Ms
In, medical
oil
Intestinal regulatory, diarrhea, Anorexia & appetizing
Apply 1–2 times a
day for 3–4 days
Earache, Sinusitis
Apply 2–3 times a
day for 2–3 days
Burn wound care, cancer, Gastrointestinal diseases, Antipyretic Drink one teacup
& diaphoretic
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Asthma
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Toothache
0.31
0.09
0.41
0.19
0.28
0.44
0.42
0.31
0.37
0.05
0.33
0.13
0.08
0.02
0.15
0.47
0.46
0.05
0.01
865
53
Sinusitis, rheumatism.
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
Elaeagnaceae
Raw, Boi
Apply 2 times a
day for 7–10 days
Take one bunch a 0.26
day for 3–4
weeks
Eat 3–4 fruits a
0.18
day for 4 weeks
Take 3–4 ickers a 0.09
day for 3–5
weeks
866
Table 2 (continued )
No
Plant species
Family
Vernacular name(s)
Juglans regia L.
Juglandaceae
Ceviz
61
Juncus acutus L.
Juncaceae
Kova otu, kofaotu, hasırotu, saz, hasır otu, kamış.
62
Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp.
oxycedrus L.
Cupressaceae
Ardıç
63
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina)
Standl.
Cucurbitaceae
Su gabaa, su kabaa, kaşıkçı su kabaa, kaşıkçı su
gabaa
64
Laurus nobilis L.
Lauraceae
Defne
65
Lavandula stoechas L.
Lamiaceae
Karabaş, karabaş kekiği
66
Leontice leontopetalum L.
subsp. leontopetalum
Berberidaceae
Aslan pençesi çiçegi
67
Lepidium sativum L. subsp.
sativum nn
Brassicaceae
Tere, tere otu.
68
Logfia arvensis (L.) Holvb
Asteraceae
Çayır güzeli
69
Lupinus hispanicus Boiss. et
Reuter
Lysimachia
punctata L.
Fabaceae
Acıbakla
Primulaceae
Karga otu
70
71
Malva neglecta L.
Malvaceae
Ebegömeci, ebegömeci,
72
Malva sylvestris L.
Malvaceae
Ebegömeci, ebegömeci,
gömeç, ebi gömeç otu.
73
Matricaria chamomilla L.
Asteraceae
Dişi papatya
74
Medicago polymorpha L.
Fabaceae
Bıtırak
75
Mentha aquatica L.
Lamiaceae
Suotu, su nanesi
76
Mentha x piperita L.
Lamiaceae
Nane, bahçe nanesi, nana
77
Morus rubra L.
Moraceae
Kırmızı dut
Preparationb Use
Administration,
dosage,
duration of the
treatment
Apply 2-3 times a
day
Dec, ma.
Diabetes, 60hypercholesterolemia, Cardiotonic & vasodilator,
Drink one teacup
Lea,
Fru
Hair care
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Antihemorragic, nasal bleeding
Take 3–7 drops a
Aer
Dec, fruit
juice
day for 1–2 days
Fru, Pi Dec, Oin
Gall stones, Asthma, rheumatism.
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
3–4 weeks
See
Pa
Cancer
Take 3–4 dessert
spoon for 8–12
weeks
Lea,
lo, dec, ca
Gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatism, Asthma.
Drink one teacup
See
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Flo
In
Gastrointestinal diseases
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 1–3 days
Aer
In, Ms
Headache, Ovaritis & ovarian cysts
Drink one glass
3 times a day for
40 days
Aer,
In, pa
Gastrointestinal diseases, Nephralgia & kidney stones
Take 1–2 dessert
See
spoon for 2-3
weeks
Aer
Ms
Gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes
Drink one teacup
2-3 times a day
for 2-3 weeks
Fru,
Dec
Cardiotonic & vasodilator
Take 3-4 seeds a
See
day for 1 week
Aer
Oin
Burn wound care, abscess treatment
Take 1–2 dessert
spoon for 2–3
weeks
Flo,
In, ma
Gastrointestinal diseases, Bronchitis, diabetes,
Drink one teacup
Lea
hypercholesterolemia.
3 times a day for
2–3 weeks
Drink one teacup
Aer,
In, ms, ma
Diet & debilitating, Gastrointestinal diseases, ulcer, Asthma,
2–3 times a day
Roo
diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Bronchitis, Tonsillitis and
for 2–3 weeks
throat ache, toothache, Eczema
Aer
In, lo
Gastrointestinal diseases, headache, respiratory tract diesases & Drink one teacup
flu, cancer
2–3 times a day
for 2–3 days
Aer
In
hypercholesterolemia, Incontinence.
Drink one glass
1–2 times a day
for 2 weeks
Lea
In
Asthma, rheumatism
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 2–3 weeks
Aer
In, lo, ca
Gastrointestinal diseases, Cardiotonic & vasodilator
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 2–3 weeks
Fru,
Raw, sirup, In Diabetes
Lea
UV
(Use
value)
0.38
0.01
0.24
0.01
0.13
0.25
0.09
0.29
0.06
0.01
0.02
0.39
0.19
0.48
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.11
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
60
Plant
part
useda
Myrtus communis L. subsp.
communis
Myrtaceae
Mersin
Lea,
Fru
In, Raw
Incontinence, bladder infection
79
Nasturtium officinale R. Br.
Brassicaceae
Su gêdimesi
Aer
Raw
Gastrointestinal diseases, Diuretic,
Anorexia & appetizing, Eczema
80
Nerium oleander L.
Apocynaceae
Acı hayıt, deli hayıt, acı ağaç, patlangeç, zakkum
Flo, St In, lo, fruit
juice
Cancer
81
Ocimum basilicum L.nn
Lamiaceae
Feslihan, fesliğen, mesliğen
Lea
In, ms, ca
Diabetes, Scorpion stings
82
Olea europaea L. subsp.
europaea var. europaea cv.
“Gemlik”nn
Origanum onites L.
Oleaceae
Zeytin
Lamiaceae
Kırkbaş kekik, koca Lealı kekik, tokalı kekik, bilya
kekik, arı kekiği
Lea,
Fru,
See
Aer
Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension & tachycardia,
In, Raw, lo,
Oin, Ms, fruit Cardiotonic & vasodilator
juice, Dec
In, lo, cr
Gastrointestinal diseases, Bronchitis, Respiratory tract diesases
& flu, Hypertension & tachycardia.
83
84
Origanum
majorana L.nn
Lamiaceae
Mercanköşk, nane kekiği
Lea
In, cr
Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Asthma.
85
Paliurus spina-christi Mill.
Rhamnaceae
Çaltı, çaltı dikeni
See
Dec
Diabetes, Nephralgia & kidney stones, Diuretic
86
Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass.
Asteraceae
Çakırdikeni
Lea
In
Cancer
87
Pinus brutia Ten.
Pinaceae
Çam, kızılçam
Dec, Raw,
Oin
Diabetes, Bronchitis, Asthma, tuberculosis, cancer
88
Pinus nigra Arn. subsp.
pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe
var. şeneriana (Saatçioğlu)
Yalt.n
Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp.
terebinthus L.
Pinaceae
Fesleğen çamı, fesleğan çamı,
top çamı.
Ba,
Co,
Res,
Tr
Res,
Tr
Gum
Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Asthma, rheumatism
Anacardiaceae
Menengeç, çitlembik
Fru,
Res
Ms
Gingivatis, Asthma.
89
90
Plantago major L.
Plantaginaceae
Kırksinir otu
Aer
91
Platanus orientalis L.
Platanaceae
Çınar, çınar ağacı
Lea,
Flo
92
Polygonum cognatum Meissn.
Polygonaceae
Keçimemesi
Flo,
Roo
93
Populus alba L.nn
Salicaceae
Akkavak, beyaz kavak?
94
Portulaca oleracea L.
Portulacaceae
Semizlik, semiz otu, temizlik
Ba,
Lea
Aer
95
Prunus divaricata Ledeb.
Rosaceae
Deli erik
Fru
96
Punica granatum L.nn
Punicaceae
Nar, hicaz narı
Fru
Apply 3 times a
day for 3 weeks
Take 1/2 handful
a day for 3-4
weeks
Ms, In, Raw
Eczema, cancer
Take 1/2 bunch a
day for 4–8
weeks
Dec, In,
Antipyretic & diaphoretic, Nephralgia & kidney stones,
Drink one glass
Rheumatism and arthritis, Burn wound care, abscess treatment. 3 times a day for
4–8 weeks
In
Gastrointestinal diseases
Drink one teacup
1–2 times a day
for 1–3 days
Dec, lo,
Antihemorragic, anti-dandruff
Apply 2 times a
day for 7–10 days
Raw, Ms, Oin. Diabetes, cancer, Heatstroke, kidney stones, Anorexia &
Take 3–4
appetizing, costiveness and intestinal spasm
handfuls a day for
3-4 weeks
Raw, Dec
Cardiotonic & vasodilator, atherosclerosis, diabetes,
Take 2–3
hypercholesterolemia.
handfuls a day for
2–3 days
Raw, Dec.
Gastrointestinal diseases, Diabetes
0.11
0.14
0.02
0.28
0.26
0.56
0.26
0.44
0.04
0.21
0.20
0.03
0.22
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
78
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Drink one glass
1-2 times a day
for 2 weeks
Take one bunch a
day for 1–2
weeks
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 4–8 weeks
Drink one glass
2–3 times a day
for 2 weeks
Drink one glass
1–2 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 2–3 weeks
Drink one glass
2–3 times a day
for 2 weeks
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 3-4 weeks
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
4–8 weeks
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.28
0.22
0.26
867
868
Table 2 (continued )
No
Plant species
Family
Vernacular name(s)
Plant
part
useda
Preparationb Use
Quercus cerris L. var. cerris
Fagaceae
Çalı meşesi, uzgurt, saçlı meşe
Roo
Dec, lo
Burn wound care.
98
Quercus coccifera L.
Fagaceae
Piynar, piynar meşesi
Dec
Burn wound care, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia
Quercus ithaburensis Decne.
subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy)
Hedge et Yalt.
100 Raphanus sativus L. var. niger
(Mill) J. Kern.nn
Fagaceae
Palamut, palamut meşesi, hakiki palamut, esas
palamut.
Cu,
Fru,
Roo
Cu,
See
Dec
Respiratory tract diesases & flu
Brassicaceae
Kara turp
Lea,
Tb
In, Dec
Gastrointestinal diseases, Asthma, Bronchitis.
101 Rhus coriaria L.
Anacardiaceae
Somak otu, sumak
Ms
Gastrointestinal diseases
102 Rosa canina L.
Rosaceae
Kuşburnu, itburnu, itgülü, kozalak, kozalak ağacı.
Dec
Diabetes, Asthma, Cardiotonic & vasodilator, Respiratory tract
diesases & flu, cancer.
103 Rosa spp.
Rosaceae
Gül
Fru,
Lea
Frb,
Fru,
Lea,
See,
Flo
oil
Burn wound care.
104 Rosmarinus
officinalis L.nn
Lamiaceae
Kuşdili, biberiye
Lea
In
105 Rubus canescens DC.
Rosaceae
Orman, orman üzümü, kür, gür üzümü, böğürtlen
Bd,
Fru,
Lea,
Roo
Fru
In, Raw, Dec
Gastrointestinal diseases, anti-inflammatory, Cardiotonic &
vasodilator, atherosclerosis, rheumatism, diabetes,
hypercholesterolemia.
Gastrointestinal diseases, Diabetes
Dec
Nephralgia & kidney stones
Ca, Ms, lo
Gastrointestinal diseases, Tonsillitis and throat ache, diabetes,
Athlete's foot.
Dec, lo
Vaginal itching, Athlete's foot
99
106 Rubus ulmifolius subsp. sanctus Rosaceae
(Schreb.) Sudre
Akböğürtlen, dikenbaşı, moradikeni
107 Rumex spp.
Polygonaceae
İlibada, ilibada otu
108 Salix alba L.
Salicaceae
Aksöğüt, sorkun, sorgun
109 Salvia tomentosa Mill.nn
Lamiaceae
Yakı otu, yakı şablası, yakı şalbası, sancı otu, ellik
otu, kancık şalba
Lea
In, Ca, Ms
110 Sambucus nigra L.
Caprifolıaceae
Köpek üzümü
Fru
Ms, lo
Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Bronchitis, diarrhea, Asthma,
rheumatism, Tonsillitis and throat ache, toothache,
Gastrointestinal diseases.
Urinary tract infection, Prostatitis Nephralgia
111 Satureja cuneifolia Ten.nn
Lamiaceae
Arı kekiği
Aer
In, cr
Respiratory tract diesases & flu
112 Scandix
pecten-veneris L.
Apiaceae
Kişkiş, kişniş, zühre tarağı?
Aer
In.
Carminative
113 Scolymus
hispanicus L.
Asteraceae
Şevketi bostan, sarıtiken, diken pamuğu, kegeçen,
kegecen.
Aer,
Lea,
Roo
In, Raw, Dec
Nephralgia & kidney stones, Renal insufficiency,
hypercholesterolemia
Lea,
Roo,
See
Ba,
Lea
UV
(Use
value)
Drink one glass
1–2 times a day
for 2 weeks
Apply 2 times a
0.02
day for 7–10 days
Take 1–2 seeds a 0.05
day for 3 weeks
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 1–2 weeks
Take 1–2 dessert
spoon for 2–4
weeks
Take 2–3 pinches
for 2–3 days
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
0.03
0.32
0.17
0.48
Apply 2 times a
0.26
day for 7–10 days
Drink one teacup 0.35
3 times a day for
3–4 weeks
Drink one teacup 0.08
2 times a day for
2–3 weeks
Drink one glass
1–2 times a day
for 4–8 weeks
Take 1/2 bunch a
day for days
0.34
Drink one teacup
2 times a day for
2–3 weeks
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 1–2 weeks
Drink one cup 1–
2 times a day for
3–4 weeks
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
1–2 weeks
Drink one glass
2–3 times a day
for 3 days
Drink one glass
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
0.19
0.18
0.51
0.06
0.23
0.17
0.19
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
97
Administration,
dosage,
duration of the
treatment
114 Senecio vulgaris L.
Asteraceae
Kanarya otu
115 Sesamum indicum L.nn
Pedaliceae
n
In
Lo, Oin
Lamiaceae
Ca otu, Ca şalbası, Ca şablası
Aer
In, Ms
Lamiaceae
Balbaşı, balşalbası, balşablası
Aer
In, Ms
118 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Asteraceae
Sütlü kenger, deve dikeni
St, See Raw, In, Dec
119 Sinapis arvensis L.
Brassicaceae
Yabani hardal, delice hardal, hardal rokası
See
Dec
120 Spinacia oleracea L.nn
Amaryllidaceae
Ispanak
Lea
In, Ms
121 Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
Caryophyllaceae
Kuş otu
Aer
In, Raw
122 Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata
Lamiaceae
İnce kekik, sivri kekik, mor kekik, dağ kekiği
Aer
In, ca, cr
123 Thymus zygioides Griseb.
Lamiaceae
Yabani kekik
Aer
In, cr
124 Tilia argentea Desf.
ex DC.nn
Tiliaceae
Ihlamur, ıhlamur ağacı
In, Ma, Dec.
125 Tribulus terrestris L.
Zygophyllaceae
Çoban çökerten, demirdikeni, demir pıtrağı, demir
bıtırağı, kızılbacak, demirotu.
Ba,
Flo,
Fru
Aer
126 Urtica pilulifera L.
Urticaceae
Çakır, çakırlı, çakır otu, çakırlı ot, ısırgan, gicirgen,
devegicirgeni, eşekçakırı
127 Urtica urens L.
Urticaceae
Akıllı çakır, akıllı gicirgen
128 Verbascum spp.
Scrophulariaceae Sığırkuyruğu, tozkulak, tozluk, calba, kancık calba.
129 Vicia faba L.nn
Fabaceae
130 Viscum album L. subsp.
austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollman
Loranthaceae
131 Vitex agnus-castus L.
Verbenaceae
132 Vitis vinifera L.nn
Vitaceae
Asma, kırmızı üzüm, çekirdeksiz üzüm, çekirdekli
üzüm.
133 Xanthium spinosum L.
Asteraceae
Pıtrak, dikenli pıtrak
134 Xanthium strumarium L.
Asteraceae
Domuz pıtrağı
116 Sideritis sipylea Boiss.
117 Sideritis tmolea P. H. Davisn
Aer,
Roo,
See
Aer,
Roo,
See
Aer
Bakla
Lea,
Fru
Burç, buruç, armut burçu, ahlat burçu, çam purucu, Lea
çam puruncu, çam puruşu, çam burcu, güvelek,
puruç, puruş, ahlak, öksü otu, ökse otu.
Hayıt, ayıt, hayıt otu, hayık.
See,
Flb
Lea,
Fru,
See,
Bra
Roo,
See
Fru
Dec, In, lo
In, Dec
In, Dec
In, lo, Ms
Raw, Dec
Dec
In, Dec,
In, Oin
Bronchitis, diuretic
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 1–2 weeks
Burn wound care
Apply 2 times a
day for 7–10 days
Dyspepsia, diarrhea, Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Athlete's Drink one teacup
foot, Gall stones
2–3 times a day
for 1–2 weeks
Respiratory tract diesases & flu, diarrhea, dyspepsia,
Drink one glass
gastrointestinal diseases
2–3 times a day
for 1–2 weeks
Rheumatism, Hepatotonic, Anorexia & appetizing, diuretic
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Bronchitis, pneumonitis
Drink one cup
3 times a day for
10 days
Gastrointestinal diseases
Drink one glass
1–2 times a day
for 3 days
hypercholesterolemia
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
2–3 weeks
Drink one teacup
Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, costiveness and intestinal
2–3 times a day
spasm, headache, Respiratory tract diesases & flu,
for 2–3 weeks
atherosclerosis
Gastrointestinal diseases, Respiratory tract diesases & flu
Drink one teacup
2-3 times a day
for 1-2 weeks
Respiratory tract diesases & flu, Tonsillitis and throat ache,
Drink one teacup
Bronchitis, deafness, costiveness and intestinal spasm
1–2 times a day
for 1–3 days
Hemorrhoids, Eczema, Athlete's foot, Wart treatment, Gall
Drink one glass
stones
2 times a day for
2–3 weeks
Cancer, rheumatism, immune tonic, intestinal spasm, Analgesic, Drink one teacup
Hepatotonic, Asthma, Gastrointestinal diseases.
2–3 times a day
for 3–4 weeks
Cancer, rheumatism, toothache.
Drink one teacup
3 times a day for
4–8 weeks
Hemorrhoids, urinary tract infection
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 1–2 weeks
Athetosis, Gastrovascular disorders
Take a handful a
day for 3 days
Drink one teacup
Toothache, Tonsillitis and throat ache, Headache, Asthma,
2–3 times a day
prostatitis diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension &
for 1–2 weeks
tachycardia, Bronchitis, brain cancer.
Gastrointestinal diseases, menstrual pain, Vaginal itching,
Drink one teacup
respiratory tract diesases, diarrhea, vomiting and poisoning.
2–3 times a day
for 1–2 weeks
Burn wound care, anemia, Bronchitis, Respiratory tract diesases Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
& flu, Gastrointestinal diseases, Costiveness and intestinal
for 1–2 weeks
spasm, anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic & diaphoretic
Dec
Kidney pain, Gastrointestinal diseases
Ms
Hemorrhoids, asthma
Drink one teacup
2–3 times a day
for 1–2 weeks
0.03
0.31
0.13
0.29
0.42
0.37
0.08
0.11
0.22
0.53
0.46
0.24
0.45
0.52
0.12
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
Susam
Flb,
Flo,
See
See
0.26
0.44
0.35
0.31
0.18
0.02
869
Endemic plant (The endemic plants were numbered 38,53,92,95,126,133 and 147).
Cultivar plants.
a
Plant part(s) used: Aer, aerial parts; Ba, Bark (Stem), Bra, Branches; Bl, Bulb, Bd,Bud, Co, Cone, Cr, Cormus, Cu, Cupula, Flo, flos; Flb, flowering branches, Fru, fruits; Frb, Bark of mature fruit, Lea, Leaves; Pi, Juniper pix, Pt,
Pedicel, Res, Resin; Rhi, Rhizomes; Roo, Roots; Sc, Scapa, See, Seed; St, Stem, Tb, Tuber (Root), Tr, Pine tar, Who, Whole plant.
b
Preparations: Boi; aerial parts boiled; Cr, aerial parts crushed; Dec, Decoction; Ca, Cataplasm, Fc, the fruits are crushed; Hea; heated; In, Infusion; Lr, latex is removed; Lc, the leaves are crushed; Lo, Lo; Ma, Maceration;
Ms, Mash; Oin, Oinment; Ps; Paste; Ra, Raw (uncooked), Ts, the Sees are crushed and powdering.
nn
Gastrointestinal diseases, Respiratory tract diesases & flu
In
Aer
Nane kekiği
Lamiaceae
137 Ziziphora tenuior L.
n
0.23
0.23
Gastrointestinal diseases, Respiratory tract diesases & flu
In
Aer
Lamiaceae
136 Ziziphora taurica Bieb. subsp.
taurica Bieb.
Nane kekiği
Lamiaceae
135 Ziziphora taurica Bieb. subsp.
cleonioides (Boiss.) Davisn
Nane kekiği
Aer
In
Gastrointestinal diseases, Respiratory tract diesases & flu
Drink one glass
2 times a day for
2-3 weeks
Drink one teacup
1–2 times a day
for 1–3 days
Drink one teacup
1–2 times a day
for 1–3 days
Drink one teacup
1–2 times a day
for 1–3 days
Administration,
dosage,
duration of the
treatment
Preparationb Use
Plant
part
useda
Vernacular name(s)
Family
Plant species
No
Table 2 (continued )
0.23
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
UV
(Use
value)
870
result of study, 137 medicinal plant species belonging to 58 families
were found in the resarch area. Among them, 105 species are wild
and 32 species are cultivated plant. The most common medicinal
plant families were Asteraceae (413%), Lamiaceae (411%), Rosaceae (47%) and Fabaceae (44%) (Fig. 2). The most frequently used
medicinal plant species were Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Urtica
urens, Thymus zygioides Griseb., Origanum onites L., Matricaria
chamomilla L., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Cerasus avium (L.) Moench,
Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC., Hyoscyamus niger L., Urtica pilulifera L.,
Anethum graveolens L., Euphorbia rigida Bieb., Hypericum perforatum
L., Paliurus spina-christi Mill., Rosa canina L., Viscum album L. subsp.
austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollman, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Elymus
repens (L.) Gould and Juglans regia L. The most frequently used parts
were aerial parts (19%), leaves (18%), fruits (15%), seed (13%),
flowering branches and flos (10%) and roots (8%) (Fig. 3).
There are various methods of preparation and application for
different types of ailments and they have various preparation
forms like infusion, decoction, raw, maceration, mash, fresh
application, powdering, paste, chewing (gum), crushing, lotion,
oinment tincture. Infusion (22%) and decoction (17%) are the
methods mostly used for the preparation of the remedies
(Fig. 4). In the researches conducted, it has been determined that
Hypericum perforatum and Centaurium erythraea are often kept in
olive oil and used as solutions. Again, it has been recorded that to
scalp ring worm of Cicer arietinum and Allium cepa are used as
tincture.
During the study a total of 137 medicinal uses were obtained.
Local people are choosing to use herbal remedies mainly for the
treatment of gastro-intestinal complaints such as respiratory tract
diseases (cold, flu, bronchitis and asthma) (14.1%), gastrointestinal
diseases (10%), kidney diseases (nephritis, nephrolith, nephralgia)
(7.3%), diabetes (7.1%), cholesterol (5.0%), cancer (4.0%), rheumatism (4.0%), cardiovascular diseases (3.1%) and burn (3%) (Fig. 5).
Another form of usage for the natural medicinal plants in the
region is herbal water (thyme water). The research in the region
have revealed that a number of villages still extract the herbal
water and sell them for medicinal purposes in local markets
despite the decrease in the activity when compared with the past.
The common thyme species used for extracting juice are Origanum
onites. Thyme water is sold public market and herbalist for especially diabetes treatment.
Number of identical taxa and similarity percentages of neighboring studies are given in Table 3. The similarity percentage change
from 35% to 65%. The most similarity was with the nearest resarch
area (Gez and Şimşek, 1999). These similarities could be because of
the similarities between the habitats and flora as well as the
populations. Taxa such as, Alcea lavateriflora, Allium ampeloprasum,
Amaranthus retroflexus, Arctium minus, Bituminaria bituminosa,
Centaurea cyanus, Centaurea virgata, Cheiranthus cheiri, Cucurbita
moschata, Cynoglossum creticum, Dioscorea communis, Diospyros kaki,
Dracunculus vulgaris, Elymus repens, Helichrysum arenarium subsp.
aucheri, Hypericum triquetrifolium, Inula britannica, Lagenaria siceraria,
Logfia arvensis, Lupinus hispanicus, Lysimachia punctata, Medicago
arabica, Medicago polymorpha, Colchicum atticum, Morus rubra,
Onopordum myriacanthum, Ornithogalum orthophyllum, Picnomon
acarna, Quercus cerris var. cerris, Senecio vulgaris, Sideritis sipylea,
Sideritis tmolea, Thymbra spicata var. spicata, Urtica pilulifera and
Ziziphora spp. whose medical use has been documented, but have
not been recorded in the nearby areas, and comparisons about these
taxons are made.
It was observed that ten medicinal plant taxa were extensively
used for commercial purposes as a result of the research conducted at the Alaşehir and surrounding. Ziziphora taurica subsp
cleonioides, Z. taurica subsp. taurica, Tribulus terrestris, Tilia argentea, Thymbra spicata var. spicata, Sideritis tmolea, Sideritis sipylea,
Satureja cuneifolia, Rhus coriaria, Hypericum perforatum. Collecting
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
and trading these species that grow in vast localities in the region
have become the source of income for hundreds of local people.
Rosa canina, Salvia tomentosa, Origanum onites, Satureja cuneifolia,
Ziziphora taurica subsp. cleonioides and subsp. taurica. are among
the herbs extensively collected and consumed as medicinal tea
in the area. Besides, in study region, stem pith of milk thistle
(Silybum marianum, Sütlü kenger, deve dikeni) is commonly
consumed as raw. This plant is used in cases of liver diseases as
raw by local people.
Again, in this region, Henbane seed (Hyoscyamus niger,
kurtluca, kulak otu) are widely used as worm drop. Using of this
plant is illustrated in detail in Fig. 6.
Previous laboratory studies conducted in Turkey and other
parts of the world indicated the activity of some medicinal plants,
which were also reported by the current study: Artemisia
absinthium L. (intestinal parasites) (Youssefi et al., 2012), Capparis
spinosa L. (hemorrhoids) (Jiang et al., 2007), Cerasus avium (L.)
Moench (diuretic) (Hooman et al., 2009). Cydonia oblonga Mill.
(gastrointestinal) (Minaiyan et al., 2012), Ecballium elaterium (L.)
A. Rich. (sinusitis and rheumatism) (Ekici et al., 1998; Sezik and
Yesilada, 2004), Hypericum perforatum L. (gastrointestinal) (Woelk
et al., 1994), Inula britannica L. (Asthma) (Khan et al., 2010), Juglans
regia L. (diabetes) (Sarahroodi, 2009), Matricaria chamomilla L. (flu,
cancer) (Srivastata et al., 2010), Morus rubra L. (diabetes) (Sharma
et al., 2010), Platanus orientalis L. (analgesic, nephralgia, rheumatism) (Hajhasnemi et al., 2011). Rhus coriaria L. (gastrointestinal)
(Kossah et al., 2009), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (hypercholesterolemia), (Ibarra et al., 2011), Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (diabetes)
(Mosaddegh et al., 2004).
871
Fig. 3. Distribution percentage of plant organs used as traditional medicine. Lea,
leaves; Aer, aerial parts; See, Seed; Flo, flos; Fru, fruits; Roo, Roots; Flb, flowering
branches, Who, Whole plant; Ba, Bark (Stem), Bl, Bulb. Others consist of Branches,
Bud, Cone, Cormus,Cupula, Bark of mature fruit, Juniper pix, Pedicel, Resin,
Rhizomes, Scapa,Stem, Tuber (Root) and Pine tar.
3.3. Data analysis
People under 30 years of age in the study area were found to be
less knowledgeable on the use of medicinal plants as compared to
over 50 ones due to the higher level exposure of the former ones
to modernization. Similar results were reported in the studies
conducted in Turkey. According to the results of the questionnaire
of students (Appendix B), the most used taxa are Origanum onites,
Thymus zygioides, Urtica urens, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Cerasus
avium, Hypericum perforatum, and Rosa canina.
According to the calculation made on the basis of the use value
UV (Trotter and Logan, 1986), Origanum onites L. (0.56), Thymus
zygioides Griseb. (0.53), Urtica urens L. (0.52), Salvia tomentosa Mill.
(0.51), Rosa canina L. (0.48), Matricaria chamomilla L. (0.48), Hyoscyamus niger L. (0.47), Hypericum perforatum L. (0.46), Tilia argentea
Desf. ex DC. (0.46), Urtica pilulifera L. (0.45), Viscum album L. subsp.
austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollman (0.44), Paliurus spina-christi Mill.
(0.44), Euphorbia rigida Bieb. (0.44) and Silybum marianum (L.)
Gaertn. (0.42) were reported to be of the highest use value (Table 2).
Fig. 2. Distribution percentage according to taxa of families.
Fig. 4. Percentage forms of herbal preparations. In, Infusion; Dec, Decoction; Ra,
Raw (uncooked), Ms, Mash; Ma, Maceration; Ca, Cataplasm; Cr, aerial parts crushed
(as spice); Ps; Paste; oth, others uses (aerial parts boiled; the fruits are crushed;
heated; the leaves are crushed; Lotion, Tincture, Oinment; chewing (gum), Sees are
crushed and powdering).
The reported ailments were grouped into 8 categories based on
the information gathered from the interviews. Table 4 indicates ICF
values of the category of ailment. Gastrointestinal diseases had the
highest ICF score 0.72. Asphodelus aestivus Brot., Centaurium erythraea
Rafn., Elymus repens (L.) Gould., Equisetum arvense L., Erica manipuliflora Salisb., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Hypericum
perforatum L. and Laurus nobilis L. were reported to be among the
plant remedies indicated for these diseases. Kidney diseases was
recorded to have the second highest ICF value 0.66, Respiratory tract
diseases recorded by its all images like the third group ICF was 0.62,
while the fourth level of ICF values 0.51 was recorded for Diabetes
category. Cardiovascular diseases, were ranked as the fifth ailment
with ICF value of 0.42. An ICF value of 0.36 was recorded for the
Rheumatism. The last citations of this ranking were reported for
plants used to treat Cholesterol and Cancer gastro-intestinal disorders with ICF value of 0.36, 0.21.
There is just 1 study conducted by people from west of Anatolia
(Turkey), in which the ICF value is calculated. When the articles in
872
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
Fig. 5. Disease conditions versus the number of plant species used to treat them.
(in graphic, the most frequently used plant for various diseases are shown).
Table 3
Similarity percentages of neighboring studies.
Studies
Number of
Total medicinal Similarity
identical taxa taxa
percentage (%)
Deniz et al. (2010)
Polat and Satıl (2012)
Ugulu (2011)
Bulut and Tuzlacı (2008–2009)
Uysal et al. (2010)
Satıl et al. (2008)
Gez and Şimşek (1999)
Çelik et al. (1999)
Yücel and Tülükoğlu (2000)
Satıl et al. (2006)
25
61
23
55
23
27
13
29
4
81
70
118
37
90
44
46
20
52
8
130
35.7
51.7
62.2
61.1
52.3
58.7
65
55.8
50
62.3
which the informant consensus factor (ICF) is calculated are examined,
it is seen that, for example in the study from west of Turkey by Polat
and Satıl, the category blood pressure diseases had the highest ICF
score (0.87), followed by Anorexia 0.84 ICF, hemorroids have 0.80 ICF,
healing cut and wounds diseases have 0.74 ICF (Polat and Satıl, 2012).
When we looked a study from east of Turkey by Cakilcioglu and
Turkoglu, the category hemorrhoids have the highest 0.82 ICF,
followed by diabetes 0.56 ICF, gastroinestinal diseases have 0.48 ICF,
respiratory and throat diseases have 0.28 ICF (Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010). In the another study from east of Turkey by Cakilcioglu
et al., the category rheumatism have the highest 0.58 ICF followed by
the cardivascular disorders 0.51 ICF and hemorrhoids have 0.48 ICF,
diabetes have 0.40, respiratory and throat diseases have 0.36 ICF and
gastroinestinal diseases have 0.31 ICF (Cakilcioglu et al., 2011). When
we looked other studies done by calculating ICF value; Akerreta et al.,
the ICF value was found to be 0.65 (Akerreta et al., 2007). It was stated
that this value was high; however, it is lower than the values obtained
in the studies conducted in various areas of the Iberian Peninsula: 0.85
and 0.91 for a Portuguese and a Catalan region respectively (Bonet and
Valles, 2003; CamejoRodrigues et al., 2003). It is seen that the ICF
values are high. In other words, the ICF value is close to 1. The
medicinal plants that are presumed to be effective in treating a certain
disease have higher ICF values (Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2007).
AlQura'n examined the diseases in 10 categories. In these categories,
the highest ICF value was reported to be 0.55 while the lowest ICF
value was reported to be 0.25 (Al-Qura'n, 2009).
4. Conclusion
137 medicinal plant species belonging to 58 families were found
in the resarch area. Among them, 105 species are wild and 32
species are cultivated plants. These plants are used in the treatment
of many diseases. By drying and making infusion or decoction of
these plants, local people use them during the whole year. Middleage population (30–50 ages) is in majority in our field of study. But,
elder people (over 60) have more information about herbs compared to the younger ones. Also, women know more about herbs
than men.
The most frequently used medicinal plants species were Origanum
onites, Urtica urens, Thymus zygioides, Matricaria chamomilla, Salvia
tomentosa, Tilia argentea and Urtica pilulifera. The most frequently used
parts were aerial parts (19%), leaves (18%), fruit (15%), seed (13%), flos
and flowering branches (10%) and roots (8%) (Fig. 3).
Many plants are used for the treatment of gastrointestinal
and respiratory tract diseases, wounds healing, diabetes, hemorrhoid etc. There was some consistency in the use of local names
between Alaşehir and other regions of Turkey. However, it was
also found that several different species were referred to by the
same local names in different regions. Relative importance
value of plant species and ICF for plants was calculated. While
ICF value was calculated over 0.5 for some illnesses, it was
calculated somewhere between 0.2 and 0.5 for some other
illnesses.
Few plants of this locality possess potential of better economic
exploitation. Some of them are Amygdalus communis L, Castanea sativa
Mill., Cerasus avium (L.) Moench, Cicer arietinum L., Diospyros kaki L.,
Satureja cuneifolia Ten., Sesamum indicum L and Vitis vinifera L.
In the study area six endemic medicinal plants have been
recorded. As presented in Table 2 (marked with asteriks); Dianthus
caryophyllus, Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana var. şeneriana, Heracleum
platytaenium, Ziziphora taurica subsp. cleonioides, Sideritis sipylea
and Sideritis tmolea are endemic and medicinal plants growing in
Alaşehir. Sideritis sipylea, Sideritis tmolea and Ziziphora taurica
subsp. cleonioides are sold as herbal tea in herbal markets, bazaar
and public market.
Appendix A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Name and surname of the participant.
Age and sex of the participant.
Telephone and address of the participant.
Educational level of the participant.
Date of interview.
Place of residence of the participant.
Duration of residence of the participant.
What is the local name of the plant used?
For which diseases do you use the plant?
Which parts of the plant do you use? (root, stem, flower,
leaves, fruit, etc.)
How do you prepare the plant for use?
How and when do you use the plant?
Approximately what dose do you use?
How long does the convalescence period take?
Did any complication occur from the plants you used?
Appendix B.
1. Which pharmaceutical local plants their parents and grand
parents use?
2. Which parts of the pharmaceutical plants they use?
3. Which purpose they use? (for which diseases.)
4. How they use them?
S.A. Sargın et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 860–874
873
Fig. 6. Used as worm drop of Henbane seed (Hyoscyamus niger). (A) To obtain the ember, firewood is fired (usually oak branch and pine cone) in the stove. (B) Henbane seeds
are removed from fruit capsule. (C) A number of embers are put on the spade and the seeds are strewed on the embers. (D) After the seeds are strewed, a broad stewpot is
closed on the seeds. (E) Potable water is put into a bowl, and then the bowl is put on a broad tray (containing water) and the spade (contains henbane seed and ember).
(F) The patient is covered with a blanket and the face of the patient is allowed contact with the smoke. After a certain time, worms are showed that decrease into the
bowl water.
Table 4
ICF values of category of ailments.
No.
Ailments
Use citations
All use citations (%)
ICF
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Respiratory tract diseases
Gastrointestinal diseases
Kidney diseases
Diabetes
Cholesterol
Cancer
Rheumatism
Cardiovascular
64
45
33
32
23
19
18
14
25.8
18.1
13.3
12.9
9.2
7.6
7.2
5.6
0.62
0.72
0.66
0.51
0.36
0.21
0.36
0.42
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