Mekanik Protez Kalp Kapaklı Bir Hastada Spontan Prepatellar Bursa

Mekanik Protez Kalp Kapaklı Bir Hastada Spontan Prepatellar Bursa

Mekanik Protez Kalp Kapaklı Bir Hastada Spontan Prepatellar Bursa Hematomu
Spontaneous Prepatellar Bursa Hematoma In A Patient With Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valve
Asistant Macit Kalçık İSTANBUL KARTAL KOŞUYOLU YÜKSEK İHTİSAS EĞİTİM VE ARAŞTIRMA HASTANESİ
TURKEY
Asistant Lütfi Öcal İSTANBUL KARTAL KOŞUYOLU YÜKSEK İHTİSAS EĞİTİM VE ARAŞTIRMA HASTANESİ
TURKEY
MD Mustafa Ozan Gürsoy İSTANBUL KARTAL KOŞUYOLU YÜKSEK İHTİSAS EĞİTİM VE ARAŞTIRMA
HASTANESİ TURKEY
MD Mahmut Yesin İSTANBUL KARTAL KOŞUYOLU YÜKSEK İHTİSAS EĞİTİM VE ARAŞTIRMA HASTANESİ
TURKEY
Prof Mustafa Yıldız İSTANBUL ÜNİ.KARDİYOLOJİ ENSTİTÜSÜ TURKEY
MD Mehmet Özkan İSTANBUL ÜNİ.KARDİYOLOJİ ENSTİTÜSÜ TURKEY
Makale Özeti
Prepatellar bursa hematomu genellikle dizin ön yüzüne gelen direk bir tarvma sonucu normal bursa içine gelişen
kanama sonucu oluşur. Spontan prepatellar bursa hematomu çok nadir gözlenen bir durumdur. Prepatellar bursit ve
septik bursit patellar bursa şişliklerinin diğer önde gelen nedenleridir. Kanama antikoagülan tedavi altındaki protez
mitral kapaklı hastalarda tedaviyi kısıtlayabilen majör bir komplikasyondur. Burada; warfarin sodyum tedavisi altındaki
protez mitral kapaklı bir hastada spontan prepatellar bursa hematomu sunulmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Varfarin;prepatellar bursa hematomu;mitral kapak;protez kalp kapağı
Manuscript Abstract
Prepatellar bursa hematoma is usually caused by direct trauma to the anterior aspect of the knee, resulting in bleeding
into a normal bursa. Spontaneous prepatellar bursa hematoma is an unusual entity. Prepatellar bursitis and septic
bursitis are the other common causes of a sweelling patellar bursa. Bleeding has been recognised as the major
complication which limits treatment in patients with prosthetic mitral valve using anticoagulant treatment. Here, we
present a case of spontaneous prepatellar bursa hematoma in a patient with prosthetic heart valve under warfarin
sodyum therapy.
Keywords: Warfarin;Prepatellar Bursa Hematoma;mitral valve;prosthetic heart valve
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Title: Spontaneous Prepatellar Bursa Hematoma in a Patient with Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valve
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Başlık : Mekanik Protez Kalp Kapaklı Bir Hastada Spontan Prepatellar Bursa Hematomu
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Abstract:
Prepatellar bursa hematoma is usually caused by direct trauma to the anterior aspect of the knee,
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resulting in bleeding into a normal bursa. Spontaneous prepatellar bursa hematoma is an unusual entity.
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Prepatellar bursitis and septic bursitis are the other common causes of a sweelling patellar bursa. Bleeding has
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been recognised as the major complication which limits treatment in patients with prosthetic mitral valve using
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anticoagulant treatment. Here, we present a case of spontaneous prepatellar bursa hematoma in a patient with
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prosthetic heart valve under warfarin sodyum therapy.
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Key Words: Warfarin, Prepatellar Bursa Hematoma; mitral valve; prosthetic heart valve .
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Özet:
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Prepatellar bursa hematomu genellikle dizin ön yüzüne gelen direk bir tarvma sonucu normal bursa
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içine gelişen kanama sonucu oluşur. Spontan prepatellar bursa hematomu çok nadir gözlenen bir durumdur.
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Prepatellar bursit ve septik bursit patellar bursa şişliklerinin diğer önde gelen nedenleridir. Kanama
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antikoagülan tedavi altındaki protez mitral kapaklı hastalarda tedaviyi kısıtlayabilen majör bir
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komplikasyondur. Burada; warfarin sodyum tedavisi altındaki protez mitral kapaklı bir hastada spontan
prepatellar bursa hematomu sunulmaktadır.
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Anahter Kelimeler: Varfarin; prepatellar bursa hematomu; mitral kapak; protez kalp kapağı.
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Introduction:
Fluid-filled structures between the skin and tendon or tendon and bone are defined as bursae which
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play an essential role in reducing friction between adjacent moving structures(1). Only large joints such as the
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shoulder, knee, hip, and elbow have bursae around them. Bursitis is the definition of the inflammation of this
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fluid-filled structures. Trauma, infection, overuse, and hemorrhage are the most common causes of bursitis.
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Direct trauma to the anterior aspect of the knee is the most common etiology of prepatellar bursa hematoma,
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causing bleeding into a normal bursa(2). Spontaneous prepatellar bursa hematoma is an unusual entity. Here,
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we present a case of spontaneous prepatellar bursa hematoma in a patient with prosthetic heart valve under
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warfarin sodyum therapy.
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Case Report:
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A 48-year-old man who had undergone prosthetic mitral (31 No Carbomedics) and aortic (21 No
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Carbomedics) valve surgery 2 year ago was admitted to our institution with a 3-day history of prepatellar
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swelling on the left knee which had occured suddenly without any trauma while he was under anticoagulant
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therapy with a 7,5 mg/day warfarin sodium. He did not complain of any pain, stiffness, tenderness or
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ecchymosis except for a seven by eight centimeter (7 x 8 cm) swelling over the prepatellar region of the left
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knee. X-rays showed no fractures or dislocations. The fibular head, tibial tuberosity and eminence as
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well as the femoral condyles were all intact. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed normally
functioning prosthetic valves with normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Laboratory findings were
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normal except for international normalized ratio (INR) of 7.4. The differential diagnosis included
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arthritis and cystic lesions around the knee. Subsequently he underwent magnetic resonance (MR)
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imaging which provided valuable information about the nature of the cyctic lesion. It appeared as
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hypointense lesion in T1-weighted sagittal (Figure 1a) and axial (Figure 1b) images and as
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hyperintense lesion in T2-weighted sagittal (Figure 1c) and axial (Figure 1d) images. Rest,
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application of ice and compression bandage on the affected area were suggested to the patient with
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cessation of warfarin therapy until the INR value decreased to 2.5. Afterwards, low molecular weight
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heparin was started twice a day subcutaneously. He was followed up for one week but hematoma did
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not show regression or spontaneous resolution. So, he was treated with fine-neddle aspiration under local
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anesthesia coupled with cortisone injection and a hemorrhagic aspirate was obtained which was negative for
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aerobic and anaerobic cultures. Elastic compression bandage was applied on the patellar region of the left
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knee for one week and no recurrence was observed although anticoagulant therapy was restarted.
Discussion:
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Bursae around the knee can be classified as two groups: those that are close to the patella and the
others. The prepatellar bursa, the superficial and deep infrapatellar bursae, and the suprapatellar bursa are the
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bursae which are around the patella .Whereas the pes anserine bursa, the iliotibial bursa, the tibial and fibular
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collateral ligament bursae and the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa are the other bursae around knee(3)
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Enlargement or inflammation of the patellar bursae is a common problem and prepatellar bursitis,
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septic bursitis and bursa hematoma constitute the differential diagnosis of a swelling bursa around knee.
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Clinical findings are usually helpful in the diagnosis of prepatellar bursitis. The condition generally presents as
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a fluid-filled mass anterior to the patella. The bursa can sometimes become infected and cause pain,
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tenderness, fever and elevated inflammatory hematological markers. Septic arthritis, which is usually
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associated with an effusion in the joint, should be considered in differential diagnosis. Several types of bursitis
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are named according to certain occupations; for example, housemaid's knee is used for prepatellar bursitis and
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superficial infrapatellar bursitis is also known as clergyman's knee(4). Septic bursitis is common especially in
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pediatric population with a large swelling bursa. Prepatellar bursa hematoma is caused by either a single
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instance of acute trauma to the knee, or repeated minor trauma. The trauma can lead to extravasation of blood
into the bursa, which induces an inflammatory response.
Conservative therapy may be considered for the majority of cases with bursa hematoma, but surgery
may be required for some cases. Due to established orthopedic practice, patients who have a subcutaneous
bursa hematoma that do not spontaneously resolve over a length of time and not able to be aspirated, may be
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surgically excised(5). In this case,around a 7 x 8 centimeter hematoma that did not get better or spontaneously
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resolve was appropriately treated with fine-neddle aspiration under local anesthesia and elastic compression
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bandages.
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Cystic lesions of the knee may present with pain and a palpable mass or may be detected during
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routine MR imaging of the knee. Cysts have a high water content and exhibit the signal features of fluid on
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MR imaging as hypointense on T1 weighted images, intermediate signal on proton density images and
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hyperintense on T2 weighted spin echo and STIR images (6). MR imaging permits confirmation of the cystic
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nature of these lesions and determination of the correct aetiology and diagnosis, and identification of the
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anatomical relationship to the joint and surrounding structures, as well as evaluation the presence of associated
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ligamentous or meniscal pathology. These features are essential in guiding optimal management and prevent
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unnecessary interventional procedures.
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Bleeding has been one of the major complications which limits the treatment in patients with
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prosthetic mitral valve using anticoagulant treatment, especially warfarin sodium. The risk of bleeding is
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influenced by the intensity of anticoagulation therapy, underlying disorder such as hepatic disease, comorbid
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conditions such as hypertension, and the concomitant use of acetilsalicilic acid and/or non-steroidal anti-
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inflammatory drugs. Warfarin sodium may be associated with bleeding complications in patient with
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prosthetic valves; however, to our knowledge, it is the first case of spontaneous prepatellar bursa hematoma in
a patient with prosthetic heart valve under warfarin sodyum therapy.
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Figure Legends:
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Figure 1: Photograph of right and left knees of the patient with arrows illustrating the swelling lesion over the
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prepatellar region of the left knee without any ecchymosis .
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Figure 2: Magnetic resonance T1-weighted images highlighting the prepatellar collection of blood as
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hypointense lesion in sagittal (a) and axial (b) sections and as hyperintense lesion with T2-weighted images in
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sagittal (c) and axial (d).
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Figure 3: The hemorrhagic appearence of the fluid which was aspirated from the prepatellar bursa hematoma.
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Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 1