وووووووو.luohqglو`پq\d

Transkript

وووووووو.luohqglو`پq\d
ìëæ0DNLQDODUçæ0KHQGLVOHULæ%LUOLéLæ'HUQHéL
ìêæ0$.ì1$/$5,æ0h+(1'ì6/(5ìæ%ì5/ìèìæ'(5*ì6ì
½À
7KUSXKVK\¾
7ˆROXNS]VO\S
,S\VSâS
cKc¾X
Y\QKX¾N¾\
ov
KcNK
LS\
cKc¾XVKX¾\
,661æ
æ0D\çVæ6D\çæ
<D\çQæ.RPLV\RQX
._\KX
5+<+k+C
7_]^KPK
=½6:+»+<
,Kc\KWKVS
5n=+
7_RS^^SX
,o5/<
7_\^KdK
,?<1+D
=OVKWS
k+63¿5+8
2KVSV
965+8
0KSU
=9C6?
½VcK]
>/5½8
/\NSXv
03<+>
1ˆVNO\OX
nk7/8
7
+USP
nD
<D]çëPDæ$GUHVL
?dKcvKâ¾
-KNNO]S
8Y$
!
9]^SW
+85+<+
>OV$
"
!"
#
Ž
0KU]$
"
!"
#
ZZZLVPDNLQDODUçRUJ
HSRVWD
S]WKUSXKVK\S*^^WKSVMYW
HSRVWD
S]WKUSXKVK\S*S]WKUSXKVK\SY\Q
*UXSHSRVWD
S]WKUSXKVK\S*cKRYYQ\Y_Z]MYW
*UXSæHSRVWDæ\HOLNæDGUHVL
S]WKUSXKVK\S]_L]M\SLO*cKRYYQ\Y_Z]MYW
7DVDUçPæYHæ%DVNç
,SdSW
1\_Z
,K]¾WO`S
=OVKXSU
-KNNO]S
"
5¾d¾VKc
+85+<+
>OV$
"
!
0KU]$
""
"
OZY]^K$
SXPY*LSdSWQ\_ZMYW^\
aaaLSdSWQ\_ZMYW^\
*UDILNæ7DVDUçP
2K]KX
/<5+8
<OdKX
>+8<3@/<
<D\çQçQæ7U
CO\OV
%DVçPæ7DULKL
7Kc¾]
,_
NO\QS
ˆcOVO\SXO
SVQSVS
U_\_W
`O
U_\_V_ÀVK\K
ˆM\O^]Sd
YVK\KU
NKâ¾^¾V¾\
CKc¾XVKXKX
cKd¾VK\NKUS
]Y\_WV_V_U
cKdK\VK\¾XK
SVKXVK\NKUS
]Y\_W
V_V_U
SVKX
`O\OX
U_\_W
`O
USÀSVO\O
KS^^S\
CKc¾XVKXKX
cKd¾VK\K
ˆM\O^
ƒNOXWOd
CKc¾XVKXWKcKX
cKd¾VK\
QO\S
SKNO
ONSVWOd
ÖNSÖZ
6
Trençer Teknolojisi
12
ì00%æ$GçQDæ6DKLEL
._\KX
5+<+k+C
6RUXPOXæ<D]çæìëOHULæ0GU
,Kc\KWKVS
5n=+
4
+DYDæ<Déæ$\çUçFçæ
Filtreler
20
Dizel Otomobillerde
<DNçWæ6LVWHPL
30
<NVHNæ$ìçQPDæ'D\DQçPOçæ%RUæææ
dHOLéLæ3URILOL
36
%DVLWæ8\JXODPDODUæLOHæææææææææ
0DNLQDQçQæê\LOHìWLULOPHVLæYHæ
(QHUMLæ7NHWLPLQLQæ$]DOWçOPDVç
46
Lastiklerin Tamir Edilmesi
52
5HQJLQHæ*|UHæ<DéçQæææææææææææ
'XUXPXQXæ'HéHUOHQGLUPHN
56
0DNLQDODUçQæ7DVDUçPçæYHæææææ
êPDOLæLOHæêOJLOLæ7HPHOæ6DéOçNæYHæ
*YHQOLNæ.XUDOODUçæ
72
6HOæYHæ.RUXQPD
76
<HQLæ.XOYDU
80
%L]æ%\GNæYHææææ
82
86
.LUOHQGLæ'Q\D
'RéXGDQæ'RéDQæ'HVWDQ
Etkinliklerimiz ve Haberler
5HNODPæìQGHNVL
$/)$7(.æ
$/3(0æ
$1$'2/8æ(/(.75ì.æ
$1$'2/8æ)/<*7æ
$1ìê0$.ænX]ƒd
5K\À¾]¾æ
$1.20$.æ
$6æ.$<1$.æ
$7$%(5.æ
%2;(5æ
%2='$èæ0h+(1'ì6/ì.æ
&(1*ì=æ0$.ì1$æ
d(6$1æ
d8.8529$æ=ì5$$7æ
(%(5æ0$.ì1$æ
(5æ0$.ì1$æ
)25'æ
*h5$/3æ9ì1dæ
+$.0$.æ
+ì'520(.æ½vSXNOUSVO\
5K\À¾]¾
+06(6$æ
ì0(5ææ/7æ
ì00%æ
.2=0$.6$1æ
1852/æ0$.ì1$æ+\UK
5KZKU
½vS
2.85æ0$.ì1$æ
20æ0h+æ+\UK
5KZKU
½vS
5K\À¾]¾
g=%(.2è/8æ
g=d(/ì./(5æ
g=.$5'ìê/ìæ
3(1$æ0$'(1æ
3(7/$6æ
3ì00$.6$1æ
306æ.$3/$0$æ
32/7$êæ
5$6ì0æ0$.ì1$æ
6$1.2æ0$.ì1$æænX
5KZKU
½vSææ
6(56$1æ
7(.)$/7æ
7(.120$.æ+\UK
5KZKU
7(06$æ*/2%$/ænX
5KZKU
½vS
5K\À¾]¾
7ì7$1æ0$.ì1$æ
:,57*(1æ
<2/æ0$.ì1$æ
Önsöz
gQV|]
'XUDQæ.$5$d$<
ì00%æ<|QHWLPæ.XUXOXæ%DëNDQç
.OâO\VS
9U_\VK\
.ˆXcKX¾X
OX
LˆcˆU
SÀ
WKUSXK]¾
P_K\¾
ƒdOVVSâSXS
^KÀ¾cKX
`O
7ˆXSR·
^O
ˆv
c¾VNK
LS\
cKZ¾VKX
%DXPDæ
#
?V_]VK
\K\K]¾
½XÀKK^
7KUSXKVK\¾
½XÀKK^
7KVdOWO]S
7KUSXKVK\¾
7KNOXMSVSU
7KUSXKVK\¾
½À
7KUSXKVK\¾
`O
½XÀKK^
+VO^VO\S
½R^S]K]
0_K\¾
#
8S]KX
^K\SRVO\S
K\K]¾XNK
cKZ¾VN¾
0_K\
LKÀVKWKNKX
ƒXMO
^ˆW
ˆVUOVO\NO
YVN_â_
QSLS
>ˆ\UScO
NO
NO
UK^¾V¾WM¾
`O
dScK\O^vS
YVK\KU
SVQS
ˆ]^
NˆdOcNO
SNS
`O
^OWZYV_
LS\
RKd¾\V¾U
`K\N¾
+XMKU
½dVKXNK
NK
ZK^VKcKX
cKXK\NKâNKX
cKc¾VKX
UˆV
L_V_^VK\¾
+`\_ZK
2K`K
]KRK]¾X¾
YV_W]_d
O^USVOWSÀ
_v_ÀVK\
cKZ¾VKW¾cY\N_
2K`K
KVKXVK\¾XNK
cYVM_VK\
]^\O]
`O
UKcQ¾cVK
LOUVScY\VK\N¾
½À^O
L_
ÀK\^VK\
KV^¾XNK
#
8S]KX
^K\SRSXNO
,K_WK
P_K\¾
Kv¾VN¾
5K^¾V¾WM¾VK\
`O
dScK\O^vSVO\
P_K\K
_VKÀWKU
SvSX
UK\K
`O
NOXSd
_VKÀ¾W¾XK
cƒXOVO\OU
^KU]S
Y^YLˆ]
^\OX
QOWS
XO
L_V_\VK\]K
LSXSZ
LS\
KX
ƒXMO
+`\_ZK·X¾X
LS\
UOX^SXO
Y\KNKX
NK
7ˆXSR·O
_VKÀWKcK
vKV¾À¾cY\VK\N¾
,_
WˆMKNOVOcS
cKÀKcKXVK\¾
SdVO\UOX
LSd
NO
L_
]¾U¾X^¾c¾
XK]¾V
KÀKMKâ¾W¾d¾
NˆÀˆXˆcY\N_U
8S]KX
]KLKR
+XUK\K
7ˆXSR
_vKâ¾XK
LSVO^SWSd
`K\N¾
K\UKNKÀVK\VK
RK`K
KVKX¾XK
QS^^SU
>ˆ\UScO
NOX
7ˆXSR·O
RK^^K
+`\_ZK
cK
QˆX
Nˆ\
cKZ¾VKWKcKX
_v_À
SZ^KVVO\SXSX
UKVN¾\¾VN¾â¾
SVU
_vKUVK
7ˆXSR·O
_v^_U
?vKU
LYÀ^_
LYÀV_â_X
XONOXS
SZ^KV
YV_\
OXNS
ÀO]SXS
N_cKXVK\¾X
NSâO\
_VKÀ¾W
K\KvVK\¾
SVO
QS^WO]S
`OcK
NƒXˆÀ^O
]¾U¾X^¾
vOUO\Sd
OXNSÀO]S
SVO
QSNSÀS
SZ^KV
O^WO]S
SNS
2K
`KNK
]ScKR
^Yd
L_V_^VK\¾X¾X
UYc_
Q\ScO
NƒXWˆÀ
RKVVO\SXS
]Oc\ONO\OU
7ˆXSR·O
_VKÀ^¾â¾W¾dNK
UK\À¾VKÀ^¾â¾W¾d
K\UKNKÀVK\K
]KLKR
_vKUVK
QOVNSâSWSdS
KXVK^WKU^K
dY\V_U
vOUScY\N_U
ì00%æ1HGLU"
½77,%
½À
WKUSXKVK\¾
UYX_]_XNK
_dWKXVKÀW¾À
WKUS
XK
WˆROXNS]VO\S
^K\KP¾NKX
##"
c¾V¾
+â_]^Y]
Kc¾XNK
U_
\_VN_
0K\UV¾
]OU^ƒ\VO\NOX
SXÀKK^
PS\WKVK\¾
WKNOX
PS\WKVK
\¾
SÀ
WKUSXK]¾
ˆ\O^SMSVO\S
SÀ
WKUSXK]¾
^OW]SVMSVO\S
`O
]O\
`S]VO\
QOVOX
Z\YPO]cYXOVVO\SX
Y\^KU
KWKvVK
^YZVKXN¾â¾
LS\
NO\XOU^S\
ì00%ªQLQæ$PDFçæ1HGLU"
,K_WK
NK
vOÀS^VS
ˆVUOVO\SX
SWKVK^VK\¾
cOXS
^OUXYVYTS
WKUSXKVK\¾
SXMO
VO\UOX
cKXVK\¾XNK
ˆVUOWSdSX
SWKVK^v¾VK\¾X¾
NK
Qƒ\WOU^OX
Q_\_\VKXN¾U
oVUOWSdNOX
NYU]KX
SUS
SWKVK^v¾
PS\WK
UOXNS
cKZ¾WVK\¾
YVKX
ˆ\ˆXVO\S
XS
P_K\NK
NˆXcK
ZKdK\¾XK
]_X_cY\VK\N¾
CO^WSÀ
PS\WK
NK
UK^¾VKWKW¾À
^¾
/`O^
L_
N_\_W
ƒ`ˆXˆVOMOU
LS\
UYX_
KXMKU%
QOVOMOU
P_K\VK\K
^OU
XYVYTS]S
`O
UK^WK
NOâO\S
NKRK
cˆU]OU
ˆ\ˆXVO\VO
UK^¾VWKVK\¾
SvSX
]OU^ƒ\
PS\WKVK\¾W¾d¾X
RO\
cƒXˆcVO
^OÀ`SU
ONSVWO]S
QO\OU^SâSXS
NO
LS\
UOd
NKRK
`_\Q_VKWKU
S]^O\Sd
,_
P_K\NK
QƒdVOWVONSâSWSd
LS\
UYX_
NK
PS\WKVK\¾W¾d¾X
+`\_ZK
WK\UKVK\¾X¾
]K^¾X
KVWK
K\KÀ^¾\WKVK\¾
cKZWK]¾
SNS
7K\UKVK\¾X
]K^¾X
KV¾
X¾Z
SWKVK^VK\¾X¾X
>ˆ\UScO
NO
cKZ¾VWK]¾NK
]KXKcSWSdS
QOVSÀ^S\WOXSX
LS\
LKÀUK
cYV_
YVKLSVS\
½77,·XSX
KWKM¾%
vYâ_XV_â_
S^RKV
ˆ\ˆXVO\
YVKX
SÀ
WK
USXKVK\¾X¾X
^KX¾XWK]¾X¾
_V_]KV
]O\`O^SWSd
YVKX
L_
ˆ\O^SW
WKUSXKVK\¾X¾X
ScS
SÀVO^SVWO]SXS
`O
OUYXYWSU
ƒWˆ\VO\SXSX
`O\SWVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
]ˆ\Nˆ\ˆVWO]SXS
]KâVKWKU^¾\
,SVSXOX
WK\UKVK\¾X
>ˆ\UScO
WˆWO]]SVVSUVO\SXNO
Qƒ\O`VS
K\UKNKÀVK
\¾W¾d
NK
Y\KNKcN¾VK\
=Kâ
YV]_XVK\
ROZ]SXSX
]¾MKU
SVQSVO\ScVO
Y\KNK
NK
UK\À¾VKÀ^¾U
0_K\¾X
^KWKW¾X¾
QOdWOU
SvSX
ˆv
QˆXˆX
cO^WONSâSXS
NO
]ƒcVOWOVScSW
+WKM¾W¾d%
`O\SWVSVSâS
]KâVKcKMKU
LSVQS
UKcXKUVK\¾XK
OX
U¾]K
]ˆ\ONO
_VKÀWKU
L_
UKcXKUVK\K
SR^ScKv
N_cKMKU
XS^OVSUVS
SX]KX
ZY^KX]ScOVSXSX
Qˆv
LS\VSâSXS
YV_À^_\WKU^¾\
,_
LSVQSVO\SX
^OUXSU
KV^
UKN\YVK\K
_VKÀ^¾\¾VWK]¾cVK
NK
OX
cKcQ¾X
ÀOUSVNO
ZKcVKÀ¾W¾X¾
]KâVKWKU^¾\
nXˆWˆdNOUS
Kc
#
RKdS\KX
^K\SRVO\SXNO
"
?V_]VK\K\K]¾
½À
7KUSXKVK\¾
cKZ¾
/VKWKXVK\¾
`O
½XÀKK^
>OUXYVYTSVO\S
0_K\¾
+8597+5
½]
^KXL_V·
NK
cKZ¾VKMKU
=OU^ƒ\ˆWˆd
SvSX
L_
P_K\
NK
ˆVUOWSdNO
ƒXOW
VS
LS\
P_K\
YVWK
ƒdOVVSâSXO
]KRSZ
½77,
YVK\KU
P_K\NK
UOXNSWSdO
KS^
LS\
]^KXN
SVO
YVKMKâ¾d
½77,%
ocOVO\SXO
RO\
c¾V
NˆdOXVS
]OWSXO\VO\
`O\WOU
]_\O^ScVO
ˆcOVO\SXSX
LSVQS
NˆdOcSXSX
cˆU]OV^SVWO]SXS
]KâVK
WKU^KN¾\
,_
]OWSXO\VO\
KcX¾
dKWKXNK
]OU^ƒ\NOUS
SX]KX
VK\¾X
LS\
K\KcK
QOVO\OU
^KX¾ÀWKVK\¾X¾
]KâVKWKU^KN¾\
US
L_
NK
QOVSÀSWS
S`WOVOXNS\WOU^ONS\
½VO^SÀSWSX
`O
UKcXKâK
_VKÀ¾W¾X
OVOU^\YXSU
Y\^KWNK
vYU
UYVKcVKÀ^¾
â¾X¾
LSVScY\_d
+XMKU
P_K\VK\K
SVQSXSX
NO
RSv
KdKVWKN¾â¾X¾
Qƒ\ˆcY\_d½R
^S]K]
P_K\VK\¾XK
UK^¾VWKX¾X
`O
dScK\O^
O^WOXSX
ROW
PS\WKVK\¾X
ROW
NO
vKV¾ÀKXVK\¾X
`SdcYXVK\¾X¾X
QOVSÀWO]SXNO
LˆcˆU
PKcNK
]KâVKcKMKâ¾
UK
X¾]¾XNKc¾d
½77,·XSX
SX^O\XO^
Y\^KW¾XNKUS
Q\_Z
WKSVSXNO
ˆcO
VO\
SR^ScKvVK\¾X¾
Q\_LK
N_c_\WKU
]_\O^ScVO
cK\N¾WVKÀWK
c¾
]ˆ\Nˆ\WOU^ONS\
,+?7+
P_K\¾XK
UK^¾VKX
`O
+8597+5
P_K\¾XK
NK
UK^¾VKMKU
YVKX
WˆWO]]SVVO\O
PS\WKVK\K
`O
dScK\O^vS
K\UKNKÀVK\¾W¾dK
½77,
YVK\KU
LK
ÀK\¾VK\
NSVO\Sd
.O\XOâSX
RO\
ˆv
KcNK
cKc¾XVKN¾â¾
½77,
NO\QS]S
SVQS
VS
U_\_WVK\
ÀS\UO^VO\
`O
LS\OcVO\O
ˆM\O^]Sd
YVK\KU
QƒXNO
\SVWOU^ONS\
=KcQ¾VK\¾W¾dVK
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
Trençer
Teknolojisi
5KXKV
2KP\ScK^¾
cƒX^OWVO\S
OVO
KVN¾â¾W¾dNK
L_XVK\¾
QOXOV
YVK\KU
KXK
LƒVˆWNO
]¾X¾PVKXN¾\KLSVS\Sd
1.
:K^VK^WK
UKdWK
cˆUVOWO
SVO
cKZ¾VKX
RKP\ScK^
2. /U]UK`K^ƒ\
`O
U¾\¾M¾
U_VVKX¾VK\KU
cKZ¾VKX
RKP\ScK^
3.
>\OXvO\
U_VVKXK\KU
]O\^
UKcK
dOWSXVO\NO
NO\SX
`O
]ˆ\OUVS
UKd¾
SVO
cKZ¾VKX
RKP\ScK^
/X
QOVSÀWSÀ
cƒX^OW
YVKX
^\OXvO\VO\S
vOÀS^VS
ÀOUSVVO\NO
]¾X¾PVKXN¾\WKU
WˆWUˆXNˆ\
KWK
RKP\ScK^
cKZ¾VKMKU
dOWSXO
Qƒ\O
]¾X¾P^K
^KX¾WVKX¾\VK\%
6
1.
>YZ\KU
^\OXvO\S
c_W_ÀKU
dOWSXVO\NO
RKP\ScK^
SvSX
cKZWKU
ƒ\^ˆ
RKP\ScK^¾
cKZWKU
KWKvV¾
U_VVKX¾V¾\
2.
+â¾\
RSdWO^
^SZS
]O\^
UKcK
dOWSXVO\NO
NO\SX
`O
]ˆ\OUVS
RKP\ScK^
SvSX
Ž
.D\Dæ]LQFLULæRO\
^ˆ\Vˆ
dOWSX
UYÀ_V_XNK
NO\SX
UKXKV
RKP\ScK^¾
cKZWKU
SvSX
U_VVKX¾V¾\
>\OXvO\VO\NO
PK\UV¾
^SZ
UKd¾M¾
OUSZWKX
U_VVKX¾VWKU^KN¾\
‡ææ .D\DæWHVWHUHVL
vYU
]O\^
dOWSX
UYÀ_VVK\¾XNK
XS]ZO^OX
NK\
`O
NO\SXVSâSX
vYU
PKdVK
YVWKN¾â¾
Y\^KWVK\NK
U_VVKX¾V¾\VK\
Ž
.HSoH
]O\^
²
Y\^K
]O\^
dOWSX
UYÀ_VVK\¾XNK
NO\SXVSâSX
PKdVK
YVWKN¾â¾
Y\^KWVK\NK
U_VVKX¾V¾\
Ž
.D\Dæ WDPEXUX
vYU
QOXSÀ
KWK
vYU
NO\SX
YVWKcKX
UKXKV
RKP\ScK^¾
,_
UKd¾M¾
OUSZWKXVK\
QOXOVNO
PK\UV¾
_cQ_VKWK
KVKX¾XNK
U_VVKX¾V¾\VK\
,_XVK\%
Ž
.DEORæG|ìHPHæPSLO\
YZ^SU
UKLVY
RK^VK\¾
`O
Qˆv
RK^VK\¾
SvSX
U_VVKX¾VKX
^O]^O\O
`O
UKcK
dSXMS\S
^\OXvO\VO\
Ž
%RUXæG|ìHPH
ZO^\YV
LY\_
RK^VK\¾
Qˆv
RK^VK\¾
`O
]_
UKXKVSdK]cYX
SXÀKK^VK\¾XNK
U_VVKX¾VKX
UKcK
dSXMS\S
`O
UOZvO
^\OXvO\VO\
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
§.D\Dæ7UHQoHUL¨æìOHæ§3DWODWma + Kazma/Yükleme” KarëçODëWçUPDVçæ
.D\Dæ WUHQoHULæ ND]çVçæ ^OU
QOvSÀ^O
RO\RKXQS
LS\
dOWSXNO
UO]SX^S]Sd
UKd¾
`O
cO^O\S
UKNK\
RKP\ScK^
SVO
vYU
NˆdQˆX
UKXKV
UKd¾]¾
cKZWKU
SvSX
WSXSW_W
dKWKX
U_VVKX¾\UOX
KcXS
dKWKXNK
^\OXvO\
RKP\ScK^¾
QO\S
NYVN_\_W
`O
cK^KUVKWK
WKVdOWO]S
YV_\
3DWODWPDææ.D]PDæ<NOHPHæND]çVçQGDæLVH;
ZK^VK^WK
]YX_M_
UKd¾
cKZ¾VKMKU
dOWSXNO
`O
O^\KP^KUS
cKZ¾VK\NK
vK^VKUVK\
YV_À_Z
QOXOV
cKZ¾cK
dK\K\
`O\S\
.ˆdOX]Sd
UKXKV
UKd¾]¾
cKZ¾V¾\
NYVKc¾]¾cVK
PKdVK
RKP\ScK^
QO\OU^S\NSâS
SvSX
`O\SW]Sd
cK`KÀ^¾\
1O\S
NYVN_\_W
`O
cK^KUVKWK
SvSX
Kc\¾MK
N¾À
WKVdOWO
QO\OU^S\NSâS
SvSX
ZKRKV¾
LS\
_cQ_VKWKN¾\
5KXKV¾X
vƒUWO
\S]US
vYU
PKdVKN¾\
Ž
+DIUL\DW
QOXSÀ
UKXKV
UKcK
UKd¾]¾
^KÀ
YMKâ¾
RKP\ScK^¾
^K\¾W]KV
UKd¾VK\
`O
K]UO\S
_cQ_VKWKVK\NK
U_VVKX¾VKX
UKcK
^KWL_\_
^\OXvO\VO\NS\
>\OXvO\VO\
vO`\O]OV
PKU^ƒ\VO\O
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
QO\vOU^OX
]¾\K
N¾À¾
dY\
_cQ_VKWKVK\
SvSX
ˆ\O^SVWSÀ
Kâ¾\
RSdWO^
^SZS
WKUSXKVK\N¾\
2O\
^ˆ\Vˆ
OâSWNO
K\KdSNO
`O
RO\
^ˆ\
UKcKNK
vKV¾ÀKMKU
ÀOUSVNO
NSdKcX
ONSVWSÀVO\NS\
>ˆW
RSN\YVSU
cKU¾^
cKâVKWK
]Yâ_^WK
]S]^OWVO\S
L_
QO\OUVSVSUVO\
QƒdƒXˆXNO
L_V_XN_\_VK\KU
ˆ\O^SVWSÀ^S\
.D\Dæ WUHQoHULæ LOHæ (NVNDYDW|Uæ æ
NçUçFç
]S]^OWSXS
UK\À¾VKÀ^¾\N¾â¾W¾dNK
KNO^
^\OXvO\
Y\^K]O\^
UKcK
dOWSXNO
/U]UK`K^ƒ\
U¾\¾M¾·cK
]O\^
UKcK
dOWSXNO
!
/U]UK`K^ƒ\
U¾\¾M¾·cK
`O
vYU
]O\^
UKcK
dOWSXNO
ˆdO\SXNO
/U]UK`K^ƒ\
U¾\¾M¾·cK
NOXU
RKP\ScK^
cKZKLSVWOU^ONS\
6SXOO\
>\OXvO\
UKd¾VK\NK
]KNOMO
UKXKV
LYc_^_
UKNK\
UKd¾
`O
RKP\ScK^
cKZ¾V¾\UOX
OU]UK`K^ƒ\Vˆ
UKd¾VK\NK
QO\OU-
]Sd
cO\O
NKRK
PKdVK
UKd¾
`O
RKP\ScK^
cKZWKU
QO\OUS\
>\OXvO\
^K\KP¾XNKX
v¾UK\¾VKX
RKP\ScK^
QO\S
NYVQ_
WKVdOWO]S
YVK\KU
]O\SVOLSVS\
`OcK
U_W
cK^KUVK\¾
`O
LY\_VK\¾X
RK^VK\¾X
`O
UKLVYVK\¾X
ƒ\^ˆVWO]SXNO
U_VVKX¾V¾\UOX
OU]UK`K^ƒ\
UKd¾VK\¾XNK
L_
WKVdOWOVO\SX
N¾ÀK\¾NKX
]KâVKXWK]¾
QO\OUWOU^O^S\
,S\
LKÀUK
ˆ]^ˆX
ƒdOVVSU
YVK\KU
^\OXvO\
]KNOMO
LS\
ÀO\S^^O
vKV¾ÀK\KU
^\KPSâS
OXQOVVOWOdUOX
U¾\¾M¾
^KÀ¾cKX
UˆvˆU
LS\
OU]UK`K^ƒ\
LSVO
^\KPSâS
OXQOVVO\
5K\KcYV_
ˆ]^ˆ
vKV¾ÀWKVK\¾XNK
UKXKV
KvWK
SÀVOWSXNO
>\OXvO\
5KXKV
+v¾M¾
K]PKV^¾X
UO]SVWO]S
SÀSXS
NO
cKZK\
`O
WˆWUˆX
YVKLSVOMOU
OX
NK\
`O
Nˆd
K]PKV^
UO]SWSXS
QO\vOUVOÀ^S\S\
>\OXvO\VO\
5KXKV
+v¾M¾
NSUOc
cƒXNO
UKXKV
Kv^¾UVK\¾
SvSX
´@µ
^SZSXNOUS
OU]UK`K^ƒ\
UKXKV
UKd¾]¾XK
Qƒ\O
NKRK
Kd
QO\S
NYVQ_
WKVdOWO]S
QO\OU^S\S\
.YVKc¾]¾cVK
ROXNOU
\O]^O\K]cYX_
vKV¾ÀWKVK\¾
OU]UK`K^ƒ\O
Qƒ\O
NKRK
UYVKc
`O
NKRK
RO]KZV¾N¾\
+c\¾MK
QO\S
NYVQ_
WKVdOWO]SXSX
NKRK
]¾U¾
NYVN_\_VKLSVWO]S
WˆWUˆX
YV_\
LƒcVOMO
O\YdcYX
`O
vƒUWO
\S]US
KdKV^¾V¾\
,S\
>\OXvO\SX
SÀVO^WO
QSNO\VO\S
Y\^K
]O\^
]O\^
`O
MYU
]O\^
UKcK
UYÀ_VVK\¾XK
Qƒ\O
LOVS\VOXS\
>\OXvO\
UYX`OcY\
LKX^
K^KvWKX¾
SVO
v¾UK\^^¾â¾
RKP\ScK^¾
UKWcYXK
NS\OU^
YVK\KU
cˆUVO\UOX
UYX`OcY\
LKX^¾X
_dO\SXO
^KU¾VKX
ƒdOV
OVOU
]S]^OWS
SVO
kO`\OMS
`O
^OWSd
UKd¾
cKZWKU
WO^\O
cˆU]OUVSU^O
Y-·NO
`OcK
Y-·NO
vKV¾ÀWKU
!
WO^\O
NO\SXVSU^O
]O\^
WK]SP
UKcKNK
UKXKV
KvWKU
^\OXvO\VO\
SvSX
vYU
XY\WKV
_cQ_VKWKVK\N¾\
kYU
cˆU]OU
ZO\PY\WKX]^K
cˆU]OU
RKP\ScK^
ˆ\O^SWSXS
Kd
]Kc¾NK
^\OXvO\
SVO
]KâVKWKVK\¾
XONOXScVO
Ž
+d
LKU¾W
QSNO\S
Ž
.ˆÀˆU
WYLSVSdK]cYX
QSNO\S
Ž
+d
OVOWKX
WK]\KP¾
SVO
vYU
MSNNS
K`KX^KT
]KâVK\VKr
7
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
v¾UKX
RKP\ScK^
S]^OXOX
SXMOVSU^O
Kc\¾À^¾\¾VK\KU
UKV¾X
`O
SXMO
YVK\KU
UKXKV
LYc_XMK
cO\VOÀ^S\SVOLSVS\
+DIUL\DWWDæ oçNDQæ NDOçQæ PDO]HPHæ
GROJXæ PDO]HPHVLæ RODUDNæ NXOODQçOçUæLQFHæPDO]HPHæGHæ|UWæPDO]HPHVLæRODUDNæNXOODQçOçUæ75(1d(5æ'2/*8æ 0$/=(0(6ê1êæ 9(æ g57hæ 0$/=(0(6ê1êæ.(1'ê6êæh5(7ê5
Kaya Trençerindeki
(QægQHPOLæ.RPSRQHQWOHU
7DKULNæ VLVWHPL
1OVOXOU]OV
^KR\SU
]S]^OWSXO
]KRSZ
LS\
^\OXvO\NO
WY^Y\
NO`\SXO
N_cK\V¾
LS\
U_WKXNK
]S]^OWSXO
]KRSZ
RSN\Y]^K^SU
NO`\O
L_V_X_\UOX
LS\
UKcK
^\OXvO\SXNO
KU¾VV¾
^KR\SU
NOXOX
M\OOZ
MYX^\YV
]S]^OWS
L_V_XWKV¾N¾\
,_
]S]^OWNO
WY^Y\
]KLS^
NO`S\NO
^_^_V_\UOX
UKd¾
dSXMS\SXSX
NƒXˆÀ
R¾d¾X¾
`O
U_``O^SXS
LOVS\VOcOX
RSN\Y]^K^SU
NO`\O
ZKVO^VO-
8
\SX
vOUSW
QˆMˆcVO
NYâ\_
Y\KX^¾V¾N¾\
CKXS
UKd¾
cKZKX
dSXMS\
RSN\YVSU
]S]^OWNOX
RO\
dKWKX
WKU]SW_W
QˆMˆ
KV¾\
+c\¾MK
L_
]S]^OWO
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
WOUKXSU
LS\
\ONˆU^ƒ\
NSÀVS
U_^_]_
SVO
KXS
dY\VKXWKVK\
SvSX
KXV¾U
OU]^\K
UYZK\^WK
QˆMˆ
OVNO
ONSVS\
<ONˆU^ƒ\
`S^O]
U_^_]_
R¾d¾
NˆÀˆ\ˆZ
^Y\U_
WKU]SW_WK
v¾UK\^K\KU
UKd¾M¾
WSVSXNO
YV_ÀKX
KXV¾U
^Y\U
dS\`OVO\SXS
]O\LO]^
L¾\KU¾\
,ƒcVOMO
KXV¾U
OU]^\K
UO]WO
`O
UYZK\WK
QˆMˆ
OVNO
ONSVS\
Ž
1ˆvVˆ
WY^Y\
6WDELOL]DW|UOHU
9^YWK^SU
`SL\K]cYX
OWSMS
]^KLSVSdK^ƒ\VO\
UKd¾M¾
K^KÀWKXVK\¾X
ˆdO\SXNO
YVKX
^S^\OÀSWVO\S
`O
ÀYUVK\¾
KVK\KU
WKUSXKX¾X
]ˆ\OUVS
SVO\VOWO]SXS
]KâVK\
Ž
5YX`Ocƒ\
LKXN
]S]^OWS
.D]çæ GLìOHUL
5Kd¾
cˆdOcSXS
UKZ]KcKX
NSÀ
]S]^OWSXNO
OX
cˆU]OU
UKd¾
`O\SWVSVSâS
SvSX
ƒXOWVS
YVKX
^OU\K\
O^WOcOX
Kv¾VK\
WSXSW_W
NSÀ
UKcL¾
`O
]O\^
UKcKNK
cˆU]OU
UYZK\WK
QˆMˆNˆ\
5Kd¾
NSÀVO\SXSX
UYX_W
`O
Kv¾VK\¾
UKd¾
cˆdOcSXSX
ˆXˆ
UKZ]KcKMKU
ÀOUSVNO
YVWKV¾N¾\
¿OUVOX
´MRO`\YX
^SZµ
O
LOXdOcOX
L_
cKZ¾NK
RO\
NSÀ
]¾\K]¾
Kv¾]¾
UYX_W_
LS\LS\SXNOX
PK\UV¾
YVWKUVK
LS\VSU^O
UKd¾
cˆdOcSXS
UKZ]KWKU^KN¾\
ndO^VO
LS\
UKcK
^\OXvO\SXNO
YVWK]¾
QO\OUOX
ƒdOVVSUVO\
À_XVK\N¾\$
Ž
7Y^Y\
NO`\SXO
N_cK\V¾
RSN\Y]^K^SU
^KR\SU
]S]^OWS
Ž
+â¾\
RSdWO^
UKd¾
SvSX
_cQ_X
UKd¾
^KR\SU
]S]^OWS
Ž
5Kd¾
cˆdOcSXS
WKU]SW_W
UKZVKcKX
UKcK
UKd¾]¾XK
_cQ_X
NSÀ
]S]^OWS
Ž
@SL\K]cYX
OWSMS
NOXQO
]^KLSVSdK^ƒ\VO\S
Ž
+c\¾À^¾\¾M¾
OVOU
]S]^OWS
2UNXQæ$OWXéæg=781$
Jeoloji Yüksek Müh.
Karun Genel Müdürü
ZZZNDUXQFRPWU
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
½À
`O
SXÀKK^
WKUSXKVK\¾XNK
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`KX¾X
U_VVKX¾W¾
QOvWSÀ^O
cKcQ¾XV¾U
UKdKXW¾À^¾
2SN\YVSU
_cQ_VKWKVK\¾X¾X
K\^¾À¾
O]US]S
UKNK\
YVWK]K
NK
LKd¾
_cQ_VKWKVK\NK
`KdQOvSVWOdVSâS
NO`KW
O^WOU^ONS\
,K]¾XvV¾
RK`K
ˆ\O^SWSXNO
ƒXMOVO\S
ZS]^YXV_
UYWZ\O]ƒ\VO\SX
U_VVKX¾W¾
^O\MSR
ONSV]O
NO
NOLS
`O
LK]¾Xv
NOâO\VO\SXSX
K\^¾À¾XNKX
NYVKc¾
`SNKV¾
`O
ZKVO^VS
UYWZ\O]ƒ\VO\SX
U_VVKX¾W¾XK
cƒXOVSXWSÀ^S\
ndOVVSUVO
`SNKV¾
UYWZ\O]ƒ\VO\
QO^S\NSâS
U_VVKX¾W
UYVKcV¾â¾XNKX
NYVKc¾
WKNOXMSVSU
`O
^ˆXOV
_cQ_VKWKVK\¾XNK
^O\MSR
ONSVS\
RKVO
QOVWSÀ^S\
HK`K
²
cKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\OVO\SX
NO^Kc¾XK
QS\WONOX
ƒXMO
LS\
`SNKV¾
RK`K
UYWZ\O]ƒ\ˆXˆX
vKV¾ÀWK]¾X¾
SXMOVOWOU^O
PKcNK
`K\N¾\
.¾ÀK\¾NKX
OWSVOX
RK`K
PSV^\OVO\NOX
QOv^SU^OX
]YX\K
`SNK
ˆXS^O]SXO
QOVS\
`O
]¾U¾À^¾\¾V¾\
@SNK
OVOWKXVK\¾X¾X
LS\LS\SXO
]ˆ\^ˆXWO]S
SVO
YV_ÀKX
`O
NO
]¾U¾À^¾\¾VKX
RK`KX¾X
ˆ\O^^SâS
¾]¾X¾X
KV¾XWK]¾XNK
RSN\YVSU
cKâ¾XNKX
PKcNKVKX¾V¾\
2SN\YVSU
cKâ¾
WOUKXSU
]ˆ\^ˆXWOXSX
KdKV^¾VWK]¾X¾
`O
NO
U¾]WOX
`SNK
LYc_XMK
RK`K
RK\OUO^S
O]XK]¾XNK
`SNKVK\
SVO
Qƒ`NO
K\K-
]¾XNK
]¾dN¾\WKdV¾U
^O]S\S
NO
]KâVK\
=Yâ_^WK
`O
cKâVKWKc¾
^OWSX
ONOX
RSN\YVSU
cKâ
`SNK
RKdXO]SXSX
UK\^O\
U¾]W¾XNK
NOZYVKX¾\
2SN\YVSU
cKâ¾
RK`K
UYWZ\O]ƒ\ˆXˆX
LOVS\VOXWSÀ
LS\
]¾MKUV¾U
K\KV¾â¾XNK
vKV¾ÀWK]¾X¾
]KâVK\
@SNKNKX
LK]¾VKX
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`K
`O
cKâ
UK\¾À¾W¾
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\WK
PSV^\O]SXSX
L_V_XN_â_
RKdXOcO
QSNO\
,_\KNK
MOL\S
cƒXVOXNS\WO
`O
PSV^\O
ƒdOVVSâSXNOX
NYVKc¾
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\OXSX
N¾À
cˆdOcSXNO
cKâ¾X
LˆcˆU
LS\
U¾]W¾
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`KNKX
Kc\¾À¾\
`O
RKdXOXSX
NSLSXO
vƒUO\
,K]¾XvV¾
RK`K
SVO
^KÀ¾XKX
LS\
U¾]¾W
cKâ
S]O
PSV^\OXSX
SvO\S]SXNO
^KLKXK
Kc\¾À¾\
`O
]S]^OW
LK]¾XM¾XNKX
NYVKc¾
SXMO
LS\
RK^^KX
`SNKcK
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WO
cKâ¾
YVK\KU
NƒXO\
CKâNKX
K\¾XN¾\¾VW¾À
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`K
S]O
U_VVKX¾W
cO\SXO
QSNO\
2K`K
²
cKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
RKdXO]SXSX
KV^¾XK
vƒUOX
cKâ
L_\KNKX
cKâ
]¾MKUV¾â¾XK
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
cK
NYâ\_NKX
`OcK
cKâ
]Yâ_^_M_]_
ˆdO\SXNOX
RSN\YVSU
PSV^\OcO
Y\KNKX
NK
`SNK
ˆXS^O]SXO
NƒXO\
kKV¾ÀWK
LKÀVKXQ¾M¾XNK
]Yâ_U
YVKX
RSN\YVSU
cKâ
]Yâ_^_M_]_XK
QS\WONOX
NYâ\_NKX
`SNK
UK\^O\SXO
NƒXO\
RSN\YVSU
cKâ
ScSMO
¾]¾XN¾U^KX
]YX\K
S]O
RK^
ˆ]^ˆXNOUS
^O\WY]^K^
KX
NYVKc¾
cKâ
]Yâ_^_M_]_XK
cƒXVOXNS\SVS\
@SNKV¾
`OcK
ZKVO^VS
RK`K
UYWZ\O]ƒ\VO\SX
]¾RRK^VS
vKV¾ÀWK]¾
SvSX
ƒXOWVS
R_]_]VK\NKX
LS\SNO
PSV^\O
LKU¾WVK\¾X¾X
NˆdOXVS
`O
_]_VˆXO
_cQ_X
cKZ¾VWK]¾N¾\
,K]¾XvV¾
RK`K
ˆ\O^OX
L_
UYWZ\O]ƒ\VO\NO
LKU¾W¾
SVQSVOXNS\OX
ˆv
vOÀS^
PSV^\OVOWO
`K\N¾\
12
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
YV_Z
PSV^\O
WKVdOWO]SXNOUS
LK]¾Xv
UKcL¾
Δ:
!
²
LK\
N¾\
2K`K
²
cKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\OVO\SXSX
vKV¾ÀWK
ƒW\ˆ
XY\WKV
ÀK\^VK\NK
SVK
]KK^
K\K]¾XNK
NOâSÀS\
,K]¾XvV¾
RK`K
UYWZ\O]ƒ\VO\SXNO
U_VVKX¾VKX
RK`K
²
cKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\OVO\
S]O
^K]K\¾W
O]K]VK\¾XK
Qƒ\O
SUScO
Kc\¾V¾\
Ž
/VOWKX
^SZS
Ž
+^YW
^SZS
,_
PSV^\OVO\
Ž
2K`K
PSV^\O]S
Ž
2SN\YVSU
cKâ
PSV^\O]S
Ž
2K`K
²
cKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\OVO\SNS\
2K`K
PSV^\O]S
]¾U¾À^¾\¾VKMKU
N¾À
RK`KX¾X
^Yd
`O
US\VO\NOX
K\¾XN¾\¾VWK]¾X¾
]KâVK\
/XNˆ]^\ScOV
_cQ_VKWKVK\NK
ZKXOV
^OU
UKNOWOVS
PSV^\OVOWO
`O
SÀ
WKUSXKVK\¾XNK
S]O
SUS
UKNOWOVS
Kâ¾\
RSdWO^
^SZS
PSV^\OVO\
U_VVKX¾V¾\
2SN\YVSU
PSV^\O]S
S]O
UYWZ\O]ƒ\NO
U_VVKX¾VKX
RSN\YVSU
cKâ¾XNKUS
ZK\vKM¾UVK\¾X
PSV^\OVOXWO]SXNO
U_VVKX¾V¾\
`O
RSN\YVSU
cKâ¾X¾X
`SNK
OVKWKX¾XK
NƒXNˆ\ˆVˆ\UOX
PSV^\ONOX
QOvS\SVO\OU
^OWSdVOXWO]S
]KâVKX¾\
2SN\YVSU
cKâ¾X¾X
US\VOXWO]SXO
LKRS]
UYX_]_
YVKMKU
ZK\vKM¾UVK\
WOUKXSU
]ˆ\^ˆXOX
`SNK
OVOWKXVK\¾
Qƒ`NO
\_VWKXVK\
`KVPVO\
`OcK
]Yâ_^_M_NKX
UYZKX
ZK\vKM¾UVK\
`OcK
OWWO
RK`K]¾
SVO
QOVOMOU
^YdVK\N¾\
.SâO\
cKXNKX
cKâ¾X
^O\WKV
LYd_XWK]¾XNKX
YV_ÀKX
UK\LYX
`]NS\
2K`K
²
CKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\OVO\
S]O
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`KNKX
RSN\YVSU
cKâ¾X¾X
Kc\¾À^¾\¾VWK]¾X¾
]KâVK\
,_
Kc\¾À^¾\¾VKX
cKâ
`SNK
Qƒ`NO]SXNOUS
cKâ
UK\^O\SXO
NƒXNˆ\ˆVˆ\
,K]¾XvV¾
RK`K
S]O
U_VVKX¾WK
]O`U
ONSVS\
=¾RRK^VS
vKV¾ÀKX
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\OVOWO]SXNOX
]YX\K
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`KNK
UKVKX
cKâ
WSU^K\¾
ZZW·S
QOvWOWOVSNS\
kKV¾ÀWK
]¾MKUV¾UVK\¾
"
Y-
K\K]¾XNK
Eleman tipi:
,_
^SZ
PSV^\OVO\
LS\
LK]¾XvV¾
RKdXO
SvSXO
cO\VOÀ^S\SVWSÀVO\NS\
@SNK
Q\_L_XNKX
QOVOX
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`K
cKâ
UK\¾À¾W¾
RKdXOcO
QS\NSâSXNO
RK`K
²
cKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\OVOWO
WKVdOWO]SXNOX
ƒXMO
RSN\YVSU
cKâ¾
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`KNKX
]K\WKV
RK`K
RK\OUO^S
SVK
Kc\¾À¾\
+c\¾ÀWK
PSV^\O
WKVdOWO]SXSX
N¾À
cˆdOcSXNO
NO
NO-Eleman tip
-Atom tipi
`KW
ONO\
2SN\YVSU
cKâ¾X¾X
Kc\¾ÀKWKcKX
U¾]W¾
PSV^\O
WKVdOWO]S
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`K
SVO
QOvO\UOX
PSV^\O
WKVdOWO]SXSX
MKW
OVcKP
²
WSM\YQVK]]
ƒdOVVSâSXNOX
NYVKc¾
cKâ
NKWVKM¾UVK\¾
RK`KNK
Kc\¾VK\KU
LS\LS\S
SVO
LS\VOÀO\OU
NKRK
S\S
NKWVKVK\¾
YV_À^_\_\
`O
L_XVK\NK
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
Sv
U¾]W¾XNK
RKdXOXSX
KV^¾XK
NYâ\_
SXO\
,_
U¾]¾WNK
LS\SUOX
cKâ
WO`M_^
LK]¾Xv
^O]S\S
SVO
`SNK
cKâVKWK
cKâ¾
YVK\KU
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WO
RK^^¾XNKX
`SNK
Q\_L_XK
QOVS\
2K`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\OVO\
NO\SXVSâSXO
]ˆdWO
Z\OX]SLSXO
Qƒ\O
vKV¾À¾\VK\
/VOWKX
^SZS
PSV^\OVO\
]K\WK
`OcK
ZSVOVS
^SZ
cKZ¾V¾\VK\
,_
PSV^\OVO\SX
WKVdOWO]SXSX
Δ:
!
²
LK\
NOâO\SXO
]KRSZ
YVWKVK\¾
LOUVOXS\
2K`K
UKZK]S^OVO\S
]K\WK
^SZVO\SXNO
W
NKUSUK
ZSVOVS
^SZVO\NO
S]O
W
NKUSUK
N¾\
1OXOVNO
cˆU]OU
UKZK]S^OVS
UYWZ\O]ƒ\VO\NO
U_VVKX¾V¾\
13
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
ONSVWO]S
QO\OUS\
2K`K
OWSÀ
PSV^\O]SXNOUS
US\VO^SMSVO\SX
U¾]K
NO`\O
LcZK]]
UKvKUVK\¾X
QO^S\NSâS
^YdVK\
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\OcS
^¾UK\
=Y\_X_X
UKcXKâ¾
]_
S]O$
=S]^OWSX
vYU
]Yâ_U
vKV¾ÀWK]¾
`OcK
UYWZ\O]ƒ\NOX
v¾UKX
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`K
^O]S]K^¾X¾X
Uƒ^ˆ
NƒÀOXWO]SNS\
=_
US\VSVSâSXSX
Qƒ]^O\QO]S
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
ˆdO\SXNO
ZK]
Qƒ\ˆVWO]SNS\
2K`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
]YX\K]¾XNK
cKâ
PKdVKV¾â¾
Qƒ\ˆVˆcY\]K
L_X_X
W_R^OWOV
XONOXVO\S
YVK\KU
KÀKâ¾NKUS
R_]_]VK\
Qƒ]^O\SVOLSVS\
Atom tipi:
5YVKc
WYX^KT
`O
UYWZ\O]ƒ\
vKV¾À¾\UOX
NOâSÀ^S\SVWO
ƒdOVVSUVO\SXNOX
NYVKc¾
]YX
]OXOVO\NO
\KâLO^
Qƒ\WOU^O
`O
XS]ZO^OX
UˆvˆU
UKZK]S^OVS
UYWZ\O]ƒ\VO\NO
U_VVKX¾VWKU^KN¾\
7O^KV
LS\
vKXKâ¾X
SvSXO
cO\VOÀ^S\SVWSÀ
ZSVOVS
OVKWKXNKX
YV_À_\
+c\¾
LS\
PSV^\O
RKdXO]SXO
SR^ScKv
cYU^_\
,S\
LKâVKX^¾
^KLVK]¾XK
NSU
cO\VOÀ^S\SVWSÀ
PSV^\OcO
QS\OX
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`K
²
cKâ
UK\¾À¾W¾
NO\SXVOWO]SXO
]ˆdWO
cKZKX
UK^WKXV¾
PSV^\ONOX
QOvO\UOX
cKâ
OVOWKX
PSV^\ONO
KXVK^¾VKX
Kc\¾ÀWK
Z\OX]SLS
SVO
cKâNKX
Kc\¾À^¾\¾V¾\
!
LK\
vKV¾ÀWK
LK]¾XM¾XNK
²
W
NKUSUK
RK`K
UKZK]S^OVO\S
Δ:
²
LK\
N¾\
2K`K
SVO
LS\VSU^O
]ˆ\ˆUVOXOX
cKâ
S]O
WQ
W
ZZW
WO\^OLO]SXNONS\
Ž
2K`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\ONOX
ƒXMO
LK]¾XvV¾
RK`KNKX
Kc\¾À^¾\¾VKX
cKâ
WSU^K\¾
Ž
5YWZ\O]ƒ\
OWSÀ
RK`K
PSV^\O]SXMO
^_^_VKWKcKX
US\
WSU^K\¾
Ž
kO`\O
ÀK\^VK\¾
Ž
5_VVKX¾VKX
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
^SZS
2K`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\ONO
LK]¾Xv
NˆÀWO]S
`OcK
Δ:
NOâO\S
cˆU]OVScY\]K
L_X_X
]OLOLS
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
US\VO\NOX
`OcK
]_NKX
NYVKc¾
^¾UKV¾N¾\
2K`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
US\NOX
^¾UKXW¾À
S]O
RK`K
UYWZ\O]ƒ\ˆXˆX
OWSÀ
RK`K
PSV^\O]SXSX
UYX^\YV
Ž
2K`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\ONOX
`SNK
Q_\_L_XK
QOVOX
PSV^\O
]YX\K]¾
LK]¾XvV¾
cKâVKWK
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WO
cKâ¾
NƒXˆÀ
RK^^¾
^¾UKV¾
Ž
0SV^\O
]YX\K]¾
LK]¾XvV¾
cKâVKWK
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WO
cKâ¾
NƒXˆÀ
RK^^¾
_cQ_X
NOâSVNS\
,Y\_X_X
_M_
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
^KLKX¾XK
_VKÀWKWKU^K
`OcK
VSU
LS\
Kv¾
SVO
UO]SVWOWSÀ^S\
Ž
@SNK
Q_\_L_
cKâ
RKdXO]SXNO
cKâ
PKdVKV¾V¾â¾
`K\
Ž
2K`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
SVO
UYWZ\O]ƒ\
]Yâ_^WK
cKâ¾
LS\LS\S
SVO
_c_W]_dN_\
Ž
2K`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
cKZ¾À^¾\WK
WKVdOWO]SXNO
Kc\¾VWK
Ž
2K`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾]¾XNK
RK]K\¾X
]OLOLS
_cQ_X
^YZ\KUVKWK
cKZ¾VWKWK]¾
`OcK
U_VVKX¾W¾XNK
KÀ¾\¾
LK]¾Xv
NKVQKVKXWK]¾
.D\QDNoD
+DYDææ<Déæ$\çUçFçææ
)LOWUHOHUGHæ$Uç]DFçOçN
Ž
7SU\YZY\
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
L\YÀˆ\ˆ
2K`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\OVO\NO
]O\`S]
ƒW\ˆ
²
]KK^
YVWK]¾XK
UK\À¾V¾U
Z\K^SU^O
LKdOX
L_
]KK^VO\O
_VKÀ¾VKWKNKX
PSV^\OVO\
U_VVKX¾W
ƒWˆ\VO\SXS
NYVN_\_\
,_XK
XONOX
YVKX
vOÀS^VS
_X]_\VK\
`K\N¾\
Ž
7KXX2_WWOV
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
Ž
@SNK
Q_\_L_
^KXdSWS
Ž
5YWZ\O]ƒ\NO
U_VVKX¾VKX
cKâVKc¾M¾
]Yâ_^_M_
KU¾ÀUKX
14
Ž
6OaS]
0Yb
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
WKUKVO]S
Ž
+^VK]
-YZMY
RK`KcKâ
Kc¾\¾M¾
PSV^\O
Ž
-YWZKS\
ƒ\QˆX
Kâ¾
0XVWDIDæ6ì/3$è$5
0DNLQDæ<Næ0K
ì00%æ<|Qæ.UOæ%ëNæ9HN
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
%$ê/,.æ%DëOçN
'L]HOæ2WRPRELOOHUGHæ<DNçWæ6LVWHPL
æ<DNçWæ6LVWHPL
CKU¾^
]S]^OWSXSX
Qƒ\O`S
cO^O\VS
LS\
RK`K
`O
cKU¾^
UK\¾À¾W¾X¾
WY^Y\K
]KâVKWKU^¾\
2K`KcKU¾^
UK\¾À¾W¾
WY^Y\_X
ˆdO\SXNOUS
cˆUˆ
UK\À¾VKWKU
SvSX
LOVVS
LS\
Y\KXNK
YVWKV¾N¾\
.SdOV
WY^Y\_X
cKU¾^
]S]^OWSXNO
LO]VOWO
ZYWZK]¾
cKU¾^¾
cKU¾^
NOZY]_XNKX
OWO\
CKU¾^
ƒXMO
PSV^\ONOXNKRK
]YX\K
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾XK
QƒXNO\SVWONOX
ƒXMO
]_
Kc\¾M¾]¾XNKX
QOvO\
CKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
Q\_L_
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
\OQˆVK^ƒ\
dKWKXVKc¾M¾
`O
LO]VOWO
ZYWZK]¾XNKX
YV_À_\
½US
vOÀS^
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
`K\N¾\$
NS]^\SLˆ^ƒ\
^SZ
`O
]¾\K
^SZ
7Y^Y\
vKV¾À¾\UOX
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
NSdOV
cKU¾^¾X¾
]¾U¾À^¾\K\KU
LO]VOWO
RK^^¾
ˆdO\SXNOX
K^OÀVOWO
]¾\K]¾XK
_cQ_X
YVK\KU
]SVSXNS\VO\O
cKU¾^¾
Zˆ]Uˆ\^OX
OXTOU^ƒ\
WOWOVO\SXO
QƒXNO\SVS\
20
6çUDæWLSLæ\DNçWæSRPSDVç
æ0RWRUæ<DNçWç
7Y^Y\
cKU¾^¾
RcN\YTOX
`O
UK\LYXNKX
YV_À_\
5K\¾À¾W
WO`M_^
YU]STOXVO
cKX¾Z
SvSXNOUS
¾]¾
OXO\TS]SXS
WOUKXSU
OXO\TScO
vO`S\WOU^ONS\
=¾`¾
cKU¾^VK\
Sv^OX
cKXWK-
V¾
WY^Y\VK\
SvSX
SNOKVNS\
vˆXUˆ
OUYXYWSU
YVK\KU
ˆ\O^SVNSUVO\S
QSLS
cˆU]OU
¾]¾
NOâO\VO\SXO
]KRSZ^S\VO\
UYVKcMK
XKUVONSVSZ
]KUVKXKLSVS\VO\
/X
cKcQ¾X
ƒ\XOUVO\S
LOXdSX
QKdcKâ¾`O
NSdOV
cKU¾^¾N¾\
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
dSX
S]^K]cYX_
^KXUVK\¾XNK
YV_ÀKX
ZK]^KX
UKcXKUVKX¾\
=_
S]O
cKU¾^
^KXUVK\¾XNK
cYâ_XVKÀKX
L_RK\NKX
YV_À_\
'LVWULEW|UæWLSæ\DNçWæSRPSDVç
æ<DNçWæ)LOWUHVLæYHæææææææææææææææææææææææææææææ
6Xæ$\UçFçVç
CKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
`O
OXTOU^ƒ\
WOWOVO\S
WW
vKV¾ÀWK
RK]]K]ScO^SXNO
SWKV
ONSVWSÀVO\
/XTOU]ScYX
]S]^OWVO\SXNO
LS\vYU
TO^VO\
`O
UˆvˆU
UKXKVVK\
L_-
V_XN_â_
SvSX
^OWSd
cKU¾^
K\KM¾X¾d
SvSX
vYU
ƒXOWVSNS\
>OWSdVSâSX
QK\KX^SVOXWO]S
SvSX
cKU¾^
RK^^¾
ˆdO\SXO
cKU¾^
PSV^\O]S
UYX_VW_À^_\
CKU¾^
PSV^\O]S
LOXdSX
NOZY]_
SVO
UK\Lˆ\K^ƒ\
K\K]¾XNK
L_V_XWKV¾N¾\
5S\VS
ZK\vKVK\
KUK\cKU¾^
^KXUO\VO\SXNO
LOX-
=_
Kc¾\¾M¾]¾
]_
SVO
NSdOV
cKU¾^¾X¾X
PK\UV¾
cYâ_XV_UVK\K
]KRSZ
YVWK]¾XNKX
PKcNKVKXK\KU
SUS]SXS
LS\LS\SXNOX
Kc\¾À^¾\¾\
=_
Kc¾\¾M¾]¾
SvSXNOUS
]_
]O`ScO]S
`O
ÀKWKXN¾\K
SvSXNOUS
W¾UXK^¾]
v_L_U
KXKR^K\¾
UKZK^¾\
+cX¾
KXNK
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
ZKXOVSXNO
NO
LS\
SUKd
VKWLK]¾
cKXK\
PSV^\OXSX
KV^¾XNK
L_V_XKX
^KRVScO
W_]V_â_
Kv¾VK\KU
OV
ZYWZK]¾X¾X
NK
vKV¾À^¾\¾VWK]¾
SVO
]_
]S]^OWNOX
N¾ÀK\¾
K^¾V¾\
,Y]MR
PS\WK]¾
^K\KP¾XNKX
c¾VN¾d
ZYWZKVK\
SvSX
ˆ\O^SVOX
ƒdOV
K\K
PSV^\OVO\
WO`M_^^_\
5_^_^SZS
PSV^\OVO\
]¾\K
^SZS
ZYWZK
`O
^OU
OVOWKXV¾
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WO
ZYWZK
]S]^OWVO\S
SvSX
U_VVKX¾V¾\VK\
1O\OU]SXSWVO\SXO
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
vYU
QOXSÀ
PSV^\O
UKâ¾N¾
cˆdOc
KVKX
LƒVQOVS
]ZS\KV
PSV^\OVO\
`OcK
vYU
WSU^K\NKUS
US\VOXWOXSX
UKVN¾\¾VWK]¾
QO\OU^SâS
cO\VO\NO
cˆU]OU
PSV^\OVOWO
Y\KX¾XK
]KRSZ
\KNcKV
PSV^\O
OVKWKX¾
U_VVKX¾VKLSVS\
/VOU^\SUVS
OX^OQ\O
PSV^\OVO\
U¾À¾X
ZK\KPSX
K\^¾UVK\¾XNKX
NYVKc¾
WOcNKXK
QOVOX
^¾UKXWKcK
OXQOV
YV_\VK\
ææ6Xæ$\UçFçVçæYHæêDPDQGçUD
=_c_X
cYâ_XV_â_
NSdOV
cKU¾^¾X¾X
cYâ_XV_â_XNKX
PKdVK
YVN_â_
SvSX
NSLO
vƒUO\
¿KWKXN¾\KX¾X
cYâ_XV_â_
S]O
]_NKX
Kd
KXMKU
NSdOV
cKU¾^¾XNKX
NKRK
PKdVKN¾\
,_
cˆdNOXÀKWKXN¾\K
NSdOV
cKU¾^¾X¾X
KV^¾XNKUS
]_c_X
]O`ScO]SXS
^O]ZS^
ONOX
KXKR^K\K
_VKÀ^¾â¾
dKWKX
ÀKWKXN¾\K
SvSXNOUS
W¾UXK^¾]
KXKR^K\¾X
NO`\OcS
^KWKWVKWK]¾XK
XONOX
YVK\KU
LS\
SUKd
`O\SVWO]SXS
]KâVK\
=_c_X
KdKWS
]O`ScOcO
_VKÀ^¾â¾XNK
LS\
_cK\¾
VKWLK]¾X¾
cKUKX
LS\
OVOU^\SU
]OX]ƒ\ˆ
QOVSÀ^S\SVWSÀ^S\
21
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
‡ædDOçëPDVç
.ˆÀˆU
¾]¾VK\NK
NSdOV
cKU¾^¾
SvSXNO
L_V_XKX
ZK\KPSX
UK^¾VKÀK\KU
PSV^\OcS
^¾UK\
,_
YVKc
QS\SÀ
v¾U¾À
XYU^KVK\¾
K\K]¾XNK
LS\
LK]¾Xv
PK\U¾XK
XONOX
YV_\
,_
PK\U
WW
2Qc¾
U:KKÀK\]K
`KU_W
KXKR^K\¾
UKZKXKMKU
`O
¾]¾^¾M¾
OVOWKXK
OVOU^\SU
KU¾W¾
QSNOMOU^S\
:K\KPSX
O\ScOMOU
`O
PSV^\O
^¾UKXWKcKMKU^¾\
,K]¾Xv
PK\U¾
WW2QX¾X
U:K
KV^¾XK
NˆÀO\]O
`KU_W
KXKR^K\¾
Kv¾VKMKU
`O
¾]¾^¾M¾
NO`\ONOX
v¾UKMKU^¾\
æ%HVOHPHæ3RPSDVç
CKU¾^
LO]VOWO
ZYWZK]¾X¾X
KWKM¾
NSdOV
cKU¾^¾X¾X
cKU¾^
NOZY]_XNKX
vOUSVO\OU
PSV^\ONOX
QOvSZ
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾XK
LK]¾VWK]¾N¾\
CKU¾^
LO]VOWO
ZYWZK]¾
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾X¾X
cKX¾XK
cO\VOÀ^S\SVWSÀ
^OU
cƒXVˆ
LS\
ZYWZKN¾\
`O
QO\OUVS
^KR\SâS
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾X¾X
OU]KX^\SâSXNOX
KV¾\
7Y^Y\_
vKV¾À^¾\WKNKX
ƒXMO
cKU¾^
RK^^¾X¾X
RK`K]¾
KV¾XWK]¾
QO\OUScY\]K
LS\
OV
ZYWZK]¾
NK
]S]^OWO
SVK`O
ONSVWSÀ^S\
æ<DNçWæ,VçWçFçVç
.SdOV
cKU¾^¾
SvSXNO
vƒdˆVWˆÀ
N_\_WNK
L_V_XKX
`KU]
]¾P¾\¾X
KV^¾XNKUS
vO`\O
]¾MKUV¾UVK\¾XNK
U¾]WOX
UK^¾VKÀK\KU
cKU¾^
PSV^\O]SXS
^¾UKcKLSVS\
,_XNKX
UY\_XWKU
SvSX
cKU¾^
]S]^OWSXO
LS\
cKU¾^
¾]¾^¾M¾]¾
SVK`O
ONSVWSÀ^S\
CKU¾^
¾]¾^¾M¾]¾
LS\
¾]¾^WK
OVOWKX¾
SVO
LS\
`KU_W
KXKR^K\¾XNKX
WOcNKXK
QOVWSÀ^S\
‡æ9DNXPæ$QDKWDUç
CKU¾^
PSV^\O]SXSX
ˆ]^ˆXNO
L_V_XKX
`KU_W
KXKR^K\¾
cKU¾^
PSV^\O]SXSX
QS\SÀv¾U¾À
LK]¾Xv
PK\UVK\¾X¾
RS]]ONO\
/âO\
LOVS\^SVOXNOX
NKRK
PKdVK
LS\
LK]¾Xv
NOâSÀSWS
]ƒd
UYX_]_
YV_\]K
W¾UXK^¾]
v¾U¾À
U¾]W¾XK
NYâ\_
SVO\VOcO\OU
v_L_U
KXKR^K\¾
UKZK^¾\
,_
N_\_WNK
cKU¾^
¾]¾^¾M¾
OVKWKXK
OVOU^\SU
KU¾W
QƒXNO\SVS\
`O
¾]¾^¾M¾
NO`\OcO
QS\O\
22
‡æ<DNçWæ,VçWçFçæ(OHPDQ
CKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
RO\
dKWKX
cO^O\VS
WSU^K\NK
NSdOV
cKU¾^¾
SVO
NYV_
YVWK]¾
QO\OUS\
KXMKU
^OU
LKÀ¾XK
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
cˆU]OU
WY^Y\
NO`S\VO\S
SvSX
cO^O\VS
cKU¾^¾
]KâVKcKWKd
.SdOV
cKU¾^¾
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾XK
LOVS\VS
LS\
LK]¾Xv^K
QƒXNO\SVWOVSNS\
1ƒXNO\SVWO
LK]¾XM¾
"
SVO
UQMW
K\K]¾XNK
YVWKV¾N¾\
YKU¾^
PSV^\O
W_RKPKdK]¾
SvO\S]SXO
cO\VOÀ^S\SVWSÀ
YVKX
¾]¾^¾M¾
OVKWKX
W_RKPKdKX¾X
¾]¾]¾X¾
K\^^¾\WKU
]_\O^ScVO
cKU¾^¾X
SvSXNOX
KUWK]¾X¾
]KâVK\
3]¾^¾M¾
OVKWKX
¾]¾
NOâSÀSWVO\SXO
N_cK\V¾
YVKX
]O\KWSU
LS\
WKVdOWONOX
cKZ¾VW¾À^¾\
,_
]OLOZ^OX
NYVKc¾
L_
OVKWKX¾
UOXNS]S
¾]¾
K\^¾À¾
LOVS\VS
LS\
]O`ScOcO
_VKÀ^¾â¾XNK
OVOU^\SU
NO`\O]SXS
KvK\
,_UVK]SU
^SZ
¾]¾^¾M¾
OVKWKXVK\K
XKdK\KX
NKRK
Qˆ`OXVS
vKV¾ÀWKc¾
WˆWUˆX
U¾VK\
%HVOHPHæSRPSDVçQçQæoDOçëPDVç
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
\_VK\¾
`K\N¾\
k¾U¾À
LY\_]_
QOXOVNO
NOZYX_X
ˆdO\SXNO
`OcK
cKX
^K\KP¾XNK
L_V_X_\
,Y\_X_X
_M_
NOZYX_X
KV^
cˆdOcSXNOX
MW
UKNK\
c_UK\¾NK
^K]K\VKXW¾À^¾\
LƒcVOMO
NOZYNK
YV_ÀKLSVOMOU
`OcK
]K^¾X
KV¾XKX
cKU¾^VK\¾X
^Y\^_VK\
NS\OU
]S]^OWO
QƒXNO\SVWOWSÀ
YV_\
æ$YDQVæ0HNDQL]PDVç
7Y^Y\
NO`\S
`O
cˆUˆXO
Qƒ\O
OXTOU]ScYX
dKWKXVKWK]¾X¾
UYX^\YV
ONO\
+`KX]
WOUKXSdWKVK\¾X¾X
LKd¾VK\¾
]KX^\SP_T
WO\UOdUKvU_``O^SXNOX
PKcNKVKX¾\UOX
NSâO\VO\S
LK]¾XM¾X
WY^Y\
NO`\ScVO
K\^^¾â¾
LO]VOWO
ZYWZK]¾
LK]WK
LK]¾XM¾X¾
U_VVKX¾\
æ(QMHNW|U
ææ<DNçWæ3RPSDVç
CKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
^K\KP¾XNKX
QƒXNO\SVOX
cKU¾^¾
LK]¾XvVKXN¾\K\KU
K^OÀVOWO
]¾\K]¾XK
Qƒ\O
OXTOU^ƒ\
WOWOVO\SXO
QƒXNO\S\
CKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾XNKUS
OVKWKX
QS^QOV
RK\OUO^S
cKZK\KU
cKU¾^¾X
LK]¾Xv
YNK]¾XK
KV¾XWK]¾X¾
`O
L_\KNK
cˆU]OU
LK]¾XMK
v¾UK\¾VWK]¾X¾
]KâVK\
CKU¾^
NKRK
]YX\K
WOWO
KvWK
LK]¾XM¾XK
_VKÀ^¾â¾
dKWKX
OXTOU^ƒ\
WOWO]SXNOX
Zˆ]Uˆ\ˆ\
CKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
QOXOVVSUVO
cKX¾XNK
L_V_X_\
DKWKXVKWK
NSÀVSVO\S
`OcK
^\SQO\
UKc¾À
`K]¾^K]¾cVK
U\KXU
WSVSXNOX
^KR\SU
KV¾\
½US
vOÀS^
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
`K\N¾\$
NS]^\SLˆ^ƒ\
^SZ
`O
]¾\K
^SZ
Dæ'LVWULEW|Uæ7LSæ<DNçWæ3RPSDVç
,_
^SZ
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
LK]¾XvVKXN¾\¾VW¾À
cKU¾^¾
^ˆW
]SVSXNS\VO\O
QƒXNO\WOU
SvSX
^OU
LS\
ZYWZK
OVKWKX¾
U_VVKX¾\
.S]^\SLˆ^ƒ\
^SZUˆvˆU
LK]S^
`O
RKPSP
YV_Z
NKRK
Kd
]Kc¾NK
ZK\vKcK
]KRSZ^S\
:YWZKX¾X
Sv
OVOWKXVK\¾
cKU¾^¾X
UOXNS]ScVO
cKâVKX¾\
Eæ6çUDæ7LSæ<DNçWæ3RPSDVç
,_
^SZ
ZYWZKX¾X
RO\
LS\
]SVSXNS\
SvSX
LS\O\
KNO^
ZYWZK
OVKWKX¾
L_V_X_\
.S]^\SLˆ^ƒ\
^SZ^OX
NKRK
UK\¾À¾U
LS\
cKZ¾]¾
YVWK]¾X¾
cKX¾
]¾\K
KcX¾
dKWKXNK
KcK\¾
NK
dY\N_\
:YWZKX¾X
OVKWKX
U¾]W¾
S]O
WY^Y\
cKâ¾cVK
cKâVKX¾\
24
ææ<DNçWæ%RUXODUçæ
CKU¾^
LY\_VK\¾
Lˆ^ˆX
cKU¾^
]S]^OWSXSX
ZK\vKVK\¾X¾
LS\VOÀ^S\OX
vOVSUNOX
SWKV
ONSVWSÀ^S\
CKU¾^
LY\_VK\¾
OQdYd
LY\_VK\¾
]_]^_\_M_VK\
`O
WKXSPYVNNKX
_dKU
YVWKV¾N¾\
L_
ÀOUSVNO
KÀ¾\¾
]¾MKU^KX
NYVKc¾
LYâ_VWKX¾X
ƒXˆXO
QOvSVWSÀ
YV_\
7Y^Y\K
Qƒ`NOcO
^S^\OÀSWSX
Kd
YVN_â_
LKÀUK
U¾]¾WVK\K
SVSÀ^S\SVOLSVS\VO\
LƒcVOMO
UO]USX
UOXK\VK\¾X
]OLOZ
YVKMKâ¾
KÀ¾XWKX¾X
ƒXˆXO
QOvSVWSÀ
YV_\
æ<DNçWæ'HSRVXæ
,ˆ^ˆX
WYNO\X
cKU¾^
]S]^OWVO\S
cKU¾^¾
LS\
ZYWZK
SVO
LO]VO\VO\
,ƒcVOMO
cKU¾^
NOZY]_
QOXOVNO
K\KM¾X
K\UK]¾XNK
L_V_XWKU^KN¾\
.OZYX_X
QS\SÀ
`O
v¾U¾À
LY-
/XTOU^ƒ\
WOWO]S
LS\
WOWO
Qƒ`NO]S
`O
LS\
WOWO
SâXO]SXS
SvO\S\
/XTOU^ƒ\
WOWO]S
cKU¾^¾X
NˆdQˆX
^KXOMSUVO\O
Kc\¾VWK]¾
SvSX
QO\OUOX
LK]¾Xv^K
cKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾XNKX
KVN¾â¾
cKU¾^¾
]SVSXNS\VO\
SvSXO
cˆU]OU
LK]¾Xv^K
Zˆ]Uˆ\^ˆ\
/XTOU^ƒ\
WOWO]S
LS\
^ˆ\
`KVP
^S\
`O
WW
RK]]K]ScO^SXNO
vKV¾À¾\
,_
cˆdNOX
WOWOXSX
NOâSÀ^S\SVWO]S
QO\OUOX
dKWKXVK\NK
ROW
WOWO
Qƒ`NO]SXSX
ROW
NO
SâXOXSX
LO\KLO\MO
NOâSÀ^S\SVWO]S
QO\OUS\
/XTOU^ƒ\
WOWO]S
NSdOV
cKU¾^¾
^K\KP¾XNKX
cKâVKX¾\
7OWO
^_^_M_]_
LKâVKWK
]YW_X_
SVO
K\K
ZK\vKc¾
`O
WOWOcS
LS\
K\KNK
^_^K\
+c\¾MK
WOWO
^_^_M_]_
LK]¾Xv
cKc¾X¾
KcK\VKcKX
KcK\
ÀSWSXS
NO
SR^S`K
ONO\
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
‡ædDOçëPDVç
Dæ3VNUWPHægQFHVL
CˆU]OU
LK]¾XvV¾
cKU¾^
WOWOXSX
KV^
^K\KP¾XNK
L_V_XKX
cKU¾^
RK`_d_XK
cKU¾^
UKXKV¾XNKX
QOvO\OU
_VKÀ¾\
Eæ<DNçWæ(QMHNVL\RQX
CKU¾^
RK`_d_XNKUS
cKU¾^¾X
LK]¾XM¾X¾X
K\^WK]¾
SVO
LS\VSU^O
K\^KX
U_``O^
WOWO
SâXO]SXSX
_v
cˆdOcSXO
LK]¾Xv
cKZK\KU
SâXOcS
S^O\
,_
U_``O^
cKc¾X
NS\OXMSXS
cOXNSâS
dKWKX
WOWO
SâXO]S
c_UK\¾
UKVUK\
`O
WOWO
Qƒ`NO]SXNOX
U_\^_V_\
,_cKU¾^¾X
cKXWK
YNK]¾XK
Zˆ]Uˆ\^ˆVWO]SXO
SdSX
`O\S\
Fæ3VNUWPHæ6RQX
CKU¾^
ZYWZK]¾
cKU¾^
`O\WOcS
N_\N_\N_â_
dKWKX
cKU¾^
LK]¾XM¾
NˆÀO\
`O
LK]¾Xv
cKc¾
WOWO
SâXO]SXS
LKÀVKXQ¾v
UYX_W_XK
QO^S\S\
½âXO
À_
KXNK
WOWO
Qƒ`NO]SXNOUS
cO\SXO
ScSMO
Y^_\W_À
`O
cKU¾^
UKXKV¾X¾
^¾UKW¾À^¾\NYVKc¾]¾cVK
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WO
SÀVOWS
]YXK
O\WSÀ^S\
½âXO
SVO
WOWO
Qƒ`NO]S
K\K]¾XNK
`OcK
LK]¾Xv
ZSWS
SVO
WOWO
^_^_M_]_
K\K]¾XNK
LS\
WSU^K\
cKU¾^
UKVW¾À^¾\
3VNUWPHæ|QFHVL
,_
cKU¾^
^ˆW
ZK\vKVK\¾X
cKâVKXWK]¾X¾
]KâVK\
`O
XSRKcO^
QO\S
NƒXˆÀ
LY\_]_XNKX
QO\S
NƒXO\
½âXO
`O
WOWO
Qƒ`NO]S
cKU¾^
LK]¾XM¾XK
Qƒ\O
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WOXSX
LKÀVKXQ¾v
`O
]YX_X_
UYX^\YV
ONOX
LS\
vOÀS^
`KVP
QSLS
vKV¾ÀWKU^KN¾\
æìNLæ.DGHPHOLææææææææææææææææææææææææ
(QMHNW|Uæ0HPHVL
=YX
dKWKXVK\NK
NSdOV
WY^Y\VK\NK
SUS
UKNOWOVS
OXTOU^ƒ\
WOWOVO\S
U_VVKX¾VWKcK
LKÀVKXW¾À^¾\
,_
^SZ
WOWOVO\NO
Zˆ]Uˆ\^ˆVWOU
ˆdO\O
LK]¾VKX
WKdY^
WOWO
SvO\S]SXNOUS
LK]¾Xv
SUS
UKNOWONO
UKdKXN¾\¾V¾\
(QMHNVL\RQ
½US
UKNOWOVS
OXTOU^ƒ\
WOWO]SXSX
U_VVKX¾VWK]¾
SVO
NKRK
NˆÀˆU
Kv¾VWK
LK]¾XM¾
]OvWOU
WˆWUˆXNˆ\
,_
LSdO
NˆÀˆU
cˆUVO\NO
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WOXSX
NˆdQˆXVˆâˆXˆ
]KâVK\
KcX¾
dKWKXNK
NˆÀˆU
cKU¾^
WSU^K\¾
NK
NSdOV
`_\_X^_]_X_
KdKV^¾\UOX
NKRK
\KRK^
LS\
]ˆ\ˆÀ
]KâVK\
æ'L]HOæ0RWRUODUæìoLQæ6RéXNæ
dDOçëWçUPDæ<DUGçPFçODUç
.ˆÀˆU
]¾MKUV¾UVK\NK
cKU¾^
SVO^WOcO
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
¾]¾
UKc¾ZVK\¾
XONOXScVO
]¾U¾À^¾\WK
]¾MKUV¾â¾
vYâ_XV_UVK
cKU¾^¾X
UOXNSVSâSXNOX
K^OÀVOXWO]S
SvSX
cO^O\]Sd
UKV¾\
,_
XONOXVO
vKV¾À^¾\WK
cK\N¾WM¾VK\¾cVK
L_
Z\YLVOWS
vƒdWOU
QO\OUS\
,_\KNK
¾]¾^¾M¾
PVKXÀ
OVKWKXVK\¾
KVO`
LKÀVK^WK
]S]^OWVO\S
`O
U¾dN¾\WK
L_TSVO\S
K\K]¾XNK
LS\
Kc\¾W
cKZ¾VW¾À^¾\
.S\OU^
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WOVS
WY^Y\VK\
]Yâ_U
vKV¾À^¾\WK
UK\KU^O\S]^SUVO\S
Kv¾]¾XNKX
ƒX
cKXWK
YNKV¾
`O
^ˆ\LˆVKX]
YNKV¾
WY^Y\VK\K
Qƒ\O
NKRK
ScSNS\
26
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
‡æ.ç]GçUPDæEXMLOHUL
nX
cKXWK
YNKV¾
`O
^ˆ\LˆVKX]
YNKV¾
NSdOV
WY^Y\VK\NK
OX
vYU
U_VVKX¾VKX
]Yâ_U
vKV¾À^¾\WK
cK\N¾WM¾]¾
U¾dN¾\WK
L_TSVO\ScVO
UKVOW
^SZS
U¾dN¾\WK
L_TSVO\SƒX
¾]¾^WKN¾\
,_
]S]^OWNO
U¾dN¾\WK
L_TSVO\S
ƒX
cKXWK
YNK]¾
cK
NK
^ˆ\LˆVKX]
YNK]¾XK
cKX]¾^¾V¾\L_XVK\
OWSVOX
RK`Kc¾
¾]¾^¾\
`O
]YX\K
Zˆ]Uˆ\^ˆVOX
cKU¾^¾X
L_RK\VKÀ¾Z
^_^_ÀWK]¾XK
XONOX
YV_\VK\
5¾dN¾\WK
L_TS]S
cKXWK
YNK]¾X¾
WY^Y\
]¾MKUV¾â¾XK
Qƒ\O
¾]¾^¾\
3]¾^WK
dKWKX¾
LS\
U¾dN¾\WK
L_TS]S
\ƒVO]S
^K\KP¾XNKX
LOVS\VOXS\
,_
\ƒVO
WY^Y\_X
vKV¾ÀWKcK
RKd¾\
YVN_â_X_
Qƒ]^O\QO
¾À¾â¾cVK
cKX]¾^¾\
7Y^Y\_X
]Yâ_UUOX
ScS
vKV¾ÀWK]¾X¾
]KâVKWKU
SvSX
¾]¾^WK
WY^Y\
vKV¾À^¾U^KX
]Y\K
NK
NO`KW
ONO\
1OXOV
YVK\KU
U¾dN¾\WK
L_TSVO\S
LS\LS\SXO
LKâV¾
ˆv
]K\Q¾
L_V_X_\
/X
_v^K
KXS
¾]¾XWK
]K\Q¾]¾
Y\^KNK
LKVKX]
]K\Q¾]¾
K\UKNK
S]O
P\OXVOWO
]K\Q¾]¾
cO\
KVW¾À^¾\
,_TScO
KU¾W
QƒXNO\SVNSâSXNO
_v^K
cO\
KVKX
KXS
¾]¾XWK
]K\Q¾]¾
U¾]K
]ˆ\ONO
UY\
RKVSXO
QOVOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
¾]¾X¾\
,_TSXSX
¾]¾XWK]¾XK
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
LKVKX]
`O
P\OXVOWO
]K\Q¾VK\¾X¾X
NS\OXvVO\S
KXSNOX
K\^K\KU
R¾dV¾
¾]¾XWK
]K\Q¾]¾XK
QOvOX
KU¾W¾
NOXQOVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
U¾]¾^VKWKcK
LKÀVK\
>SZSXO
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
U¾dN¾\WK
L_TSVO\S
cK
]O\S
RKVSXNO^OV
U¾dN¾\WK
L_TSVO\S
cKNK
ZK\KVOV
YVK\KU
UKVOW
^SZ
LKâVKX¾\
(QMHNW|Uæ0HPHOHUL
Dæ(QMHNW|Uæ0HPHæ7LSOHUL
/XTOU^ƒ\
WOWOVO\S
QOXOV
YVK\KU
NOVSU
`O
SâXO
^SZVO\SXO
Qƒ\O
]¾X¾PVKXN¾\¾V¾\VK\
.OVSU
^SZ
WOWO
^OU
NOVSUVS
`O
vSP^
NOVSUVS
YVWKU
ˆdO\O
SUScO
Kc\¾V¾\
SâXO
^SZ
WOWO
NO
U¾]¾^VKWKV¾
`O
U¾]¾^VKWK]¾d
^SZ
YVWKU
ˆdO\O
SUScO
Kc\¾V¾\
7Y^Y\NK
U_VVKX¾VKMKU
OXTOU^ƒ\
WOWO]S
]OvSVS\UOX
cKXWK
ÀOUVS
`O
cKXWK
YNK]¾
NSUUK^O
KV¾X¾\
kYU
NOVSUVS
^SZ
WOWOVO\
QOXOVVSUVO
NS\OU^
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WOVS
WY^Y\VK\NKSâXO
^SZVS
WOWOVO\
S]O
ƒX
cKXWK
YNKV¾
WY^Y\VK\
`O
^ˆ\LˆVKX]V¾
^SZ
cKXWK
YNKV¾
WY^Y\VK\NK
U_VVKX¾V¾\VK\
,S\
vYU
^SZ
OXTOU^ƒ\
WOWO]S
U¾]¾^VKWKV¾
^SZ^S\
7OWO
SâXO]SXSX
ƒdOV
cKZ¾]¾XK
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WOXSX
LKÀ¾XNK
cKXWK
YNK]¾XK
vYU
Kd
LS\
WSU^K\
WKdY^
Zˆ]Uˆ\^ˆVˆ\
:ˆ]Uˆ\^WOXSX
]YX_XK
NYâ\_
Zˆ]Uˆ\^ˆVOX
cKU¾^¾X
WSU^K\¾
R¾dVK
K\^K\
.HQGLæçVçVçQçæNRQWUROæHGHQæWLS
/X
vYU
^O\MSR
ONSVOX
cKXWK
ÀOUVS
U¾]¾^VKWKV¾
^SZ
OXTOU^ƒ\
WOWO]S
SVO
]KâVKX¾\
+c\¾MK
L_
^SZ
WOWO
SVO
NSdOV
`_\_X^_]_
ƒXVOXS\
`O
cKU¾^
]K\PScK^¾
NˆÀˆ\ˆVˆ\
Eæ3VNUWPHæ%DVçQoææææææææ
$\DUçQçQæ*HUHéL
/XTOU^ƒ\
Kv¾VWK
LK]¾XM¾
WY^Y\K
Qƒ\O
NOâSÀS\
,_
NOâO\
Zˆ]Uˆ\^ˆVOX
cKU¾^¾X
RK`K
SVO
ScSMO
UK\¾ÀWK]¾XK
`O
WˆWUˆX
YVKX
OX
U¾]K
]ˆ\ONO
cKXKLSVWO]SXO
Qƒ\O
]OvSVS\
/âO\
Kv¾VWK
LK]¾XM¾
_cQ_X
NOâSV]O
Zˆ]Uˆ\^WO
dKWKX¾
`O
WSU^K\¾
dK\K\
`O\SMS
O^USVO\O
XONOX
YV_\
L_
]OLOZVO
Kv¾VWK
LK]¾XM¾
NYâ\_
KcK\VKXWKV¾N¾\
/XTOU^ƒ\
Kv¾VWK
LK]¾XM¾
KcK\
ÀSWSXSX
UKV¾XV¾â¾X¾X
NOâSÀ^S\SVWO]S
SVO
KcK\VKX¾\
/âO\
ÀSW
NKRK
UKV¾X
LS\
ÀSW
SVO
NOâSÀ^S\SVS\]O
Kv¾VWK
LK]¾XM¾
K\^K\
>O\]SXO
NKRK
SXMO
LS\
ÀSW
SVO
NOâSÀ^S\SVS\]O
Kv¾VWK
LK]¾XM¾
KdKV¾\
L_
ÀSWVO\
RO\
WY^Y\K
Qƒ\O
vOÀS^VS
UKV¾XV¾UVK\NK
cONOU
ZK\vK
YVK\KU
^OWSX
ONSVS\VO\
28
.ç]GçUPDæEXMLVL
7HNæGHOLNOLæWLS
.çVçWODPDOçæWLS
dRNæGHOLNOLæWLS
.çVçWODPDVç]æWLS
.çVçWODPDOçæWLSæPHPH
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
<NVHNæ$ëçQPDæ'D\DQçPOçæ
%RUædHOLéLæ3URILOL
kKV¾ÀWK
ÀK\^VK\¾
`O
Z\OX]SZVO\S
NSUUK^O
KV¾XN¾â¾XNK
/U]UK`K^ƒ\
`O
CˆUVOcSMSVO\SX
OX
vYU
KÀ¾XWKcK
WK\_d
UKVKX
NYXKX¾WVK\¾X¾X
UOZvOVO\
YVN_â_
Qƒ\ˆVOMOU^S\
:KVO^VS
cˆ\ˆcˆÀ
]S]^OWSXO
]KRSZ
WKUSXKVK\NK
ZKVO^SX
NO
KcX¾
O^US
KV^¾XNK
YVN_â_
LSVSXWOU^ONS\
.K\LO
`O
KÀ¾XWK
O^US]S
KV^¾XNKUS
L_
NYXKX¾WVK\¾
UY\_WKU
NOâSÀSW
ZO\ScY^VK\¾X¾X
WˆWUˆX
YVN_â_
UKNK\
_d_X
^_^WKU
`O
L_
]KcONO
SÀVO^WO
QSNO\VO\SXS
OX
KdK
SXNS\WOU
CˆU]OU
+À¾XWK
.KcKX¾WV¾
,Y\
kOVSâS
:\YPSVVO\S
SVO
WˆWUˆXNˆ\
1. Mekanik Özellikler
,Y\
kOVSâS
:\YPSVVO\SXSX
cˆU]OU
NK\LO
`O
KÀ¾XWK
NKcKX¾W¾
ZO\PY\WKX]¾X¾
NOâO\VOXNS\OLSVWOU
SvSX
½À
7KUSXKVK\¾XNK
KcX¾
KWKvVK
U_VVKX¾VKX
NSâO\
WKVdOWOVO\SX
WOUKXSU
ƒdOVVSUVO\SXO
NOâSXWOU
cK\K\V¾
YVKMKU^¾\
<DSçæ dHOLNOHUL
RO\
XO
UKNK\
L_
KWKvVK
ˆ\O^SVWOWSÀ
YV]KVK\
NK
ZScK]KNK
cKcQ¾X
`O
cˆU]OU
KÀ¾XWK
NKcKX¾WV¾
vOVSUVO\O
Qƒ\O
NKRK
OUYXYWSU
YVWKVK\¾
XONOXScVO
^O\MSR
ONSVWOU^ONS\
CKZ¾
kOVSâS
=^
:VKUKX¾X
+UWK
.KcKX¾W¾
kOUWO
.KcKX¾W¾
# 8WW
=O\^VSâS
,\SXOVV
]O`ScO]SXNONS\
EG
'ìNæ $ODìçPOçæ dHOLNOHU
]O\^VOÀ^S\SVOLSVWO
`O
L_X_X
]KâVKN¾â¾
YV_WV_
WOUKXSU
ƒdOVVSUVO\S
]KcO]SXNO
KÀ¾XWK
`O
NK\LO
NKcKX¾W¾
K\KXKX
cO\VO\NO
^O\MSR
ONSVS\VO\
+XMKU
USWcK]KV
UYWZYdS]cYXVK\¾XNKUS
NˆÀˆU
5K\LYX
SvO\SâS
.ˆÀˆU
+VKÀ¾WV¾
kOVSUVO\SX
UKcXKU
ƒdOVVSUVO\SXS
YV_W]_d
O^USVO\
5K\LYX
SvO\SâS
]O`ScO]SXNO
^_^_VK\KU
`O
SvO\SâSXNOUS
NSâO\
LKd¾
KVKÀ¾W
OVOWOX^VO\SXSX
Y\KXVK\¾
NOâSÀ^S\SVO\OU
.ˆÀˆU
+VKÀ¾WV¾
kOVSUVO\SX
UKcXKU
ƒdOVVSUVO\S
ScSVOÀ^S\SVOLSVS\
`O
]O\^VOÀ^S\SVOLSVWO
ƒdOVVSUVO\S
UY\_XKLSVS\
,_
ScSVOÀ^S\WOVO\SX
_cQ_VKXN¾â¾
vOVSUVO\
=+/
=YMSO^c
YP
+_-
^YWY^S`O
/XQSXOO\]
3X^O\XK^SYXKV
=^KXNK\^VK\¾XNK
CˆU]OU
.KcKX¾WV¾
.ˆÀˆU
+VKÀ¾WV¾
2=6+
YVK\KU
]¾X¾PVKXN¾\¾V¾\
WW
UKV¾XV¾âK
]KRSZ
=+/
2=6+
]¾X¾P¾
kOVSU
ZVKUKVK\¾X
+UWK
.KcKX¾W¾
"
kOUWO
.KcKX¾W¾
"
8WW
]O`ScO]SXNONS\
EG
dHOLNOHUæ '|NPOHU
SÀ
WKUSXKVK\¾
KÀ¾XWK
ZK\vKVK\¾
ˆ\O^SWSXNO
U_VVKX¾VKX
LS\
NSâO\
cƒX^OW
kOVSU
.ƒUˆWNˆ\
kOVSU
.ƒUˆW
+UWK
`O
kOUWO
.KcKX¾W¾
NOâO\VO\S
LKU¾W¾XNKX
CKZ¾
kOVSUVO\SXO
Qƒ\O
NKRK
ScS
]O`ScONONS\
KXMKU
KcX¾
cY\_W_
]O\^SU
NOâO\VO\S
SvSX
cKZWKU
WˆWUˆX
NOâSVNS\
n\XOâSX
+=>7
+#
cOXS
RrVScVO
+=>7
+ =^KXNK\N¾XNKUS
¾]¾V
SÀVOW
Qƒ\WˆÀ
]_
`O\SVWSÀ
kOVSU
.ƒUˆWˆX
]O\^VSâS
,\SXOVV
]O`ScO]SXNONS\
kOVSU
.ƒUˆWNOX
ˆ\O^SVOX
UY\_c_M_
ZK\vKVK\¾X
K`KX^KT¾
WYX^KTK
`OcK
U_VVKX¾WK
RKd¾\
RKVNO
YVWKVK\¾N¾\
+XMKU
L_
ˆ\ˆXVO\SX
RKNNOVOXWSÀ
ZVKUKVK\K
Qƒ\O
NKRK
U¾\¾VQKX
LS\
cKZ¾cK
]KRSZ
YVN_â_
LSVSXWOU^ONS\
EG
$NPDæ'D\DQçPç
dHNPHæ'D\DQçPç
8]DPDæ<]GHVL
'DUEHæ'D\DQçPç
Sertlik
<:
8WW
<7
8WW
+=
>
Š-
5@
4
2,A
7DEORæææ%ULQHOOæVHUWOLéLQGHNLæ%RUædHOLéLæ3URILOOHULQLQæ0HNDQLNæg]HOOLNOHUL
C
Si
Mn
3
S
V
Cr
Ni
B
CEV
!
#
"
7DEORææ¥ææ%ULQHOOæVHUWOLéLQGHNLæ%RUædHOLéLæ3URILOOHULQLQæ.LP\DVDOæ.RPSR]LV\RQX
$NPDæ'D\DQçPç
dHNPHæ'D\DQçPç
8]DPDæ<]GHVL
Sertlik
<:
8WW
<7
8WW
+=
2,
æ+%æ%RUædHOLéL
æ+%æ3ODND
dHOLNæ'|NPæ>@
#
6Wæ>@
#
²
TDEORæææ%ULQHOOæVHUWOLéLQGHNLæ%RUædHOLéLæ3URILOOHULQHæDLWæPHNDQLNæ|]HOOLNOHULQæD\QçæDPDoODæNXOODQçODQæ
GLéHUæUQOHUOHæNDUëçODëWçUçOPDVç
30
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
Rockwell C Brinell HB
.SVL
kg/mm²
MALZEME
kOVSU
.ƒUˆW
²
=^
"
"
!
""
#
#
#
"
#"
#
!
"
#
"
2,
:VKUK
=O\^VSU.KcKX¾W
^KLVY]_
^OY\SU
NOâO\VO\O
NKcKV¾
YVK\KU
RKd¾\VKXW¾À^¾\
0K\UV¾
WO^Y^VK\VK
ƒVvˆVOX
]O\^VSU
NOâO\VO\SXSX
NƒXˆÀˆWˆ
WK^OWK^SU]OV
YVK\KU
NOâSV
NOXOc]OV
YVK\KU
LOVS\VOXWOU^ONS\
2,
,Y\
kOVSâS
7DEORæææ)DUNOçæ6HUWOLNægOoHNOHULQHæ*|UHæ'HéHUOHU
dHOLNæ SODNDODUæ +À¾XWK
.KcKX¾W¾
]KâVKWKU
SvSX
ƒdOV
YVK\KU
ˆ\O^SVOX
kOVSU
:VKUKVK\
cKcQ¾X
YVK\KU
,\SXOVV
]O\^VSU
NOâO\VO\SXO
]KRSZ^S\
,\SXOVV
]O\^VSâSXNOUS
KÀ¾XWK
ZVKUK]¾X¾X
+UWK
.KcKX¾W¾
kOUWO
.KcKX¾W¾
8
WW%
=O\^VSâS
,\SXOVV
]O`ScO]SXNONS\
.SâO\
ˆ\ˆXVO\VO
UK\À¾VKÀ^¾\¾VN¾â¾XNK
L_
ˆ\ˆXO
KS^
WOUKXSU
ƒdOVVSUVO\SX
NSâO\VO\SXO
Qƒ\O
ˆ]^ˆXVˆâˆ
Y\^KNKN¾\
<NVHNæ $ìçQPDæ 'D\DQçPOçæ %RUæ
dHOLéLæ 3URILOOHULQLQ +UWK
.KcKX¾W¾
kOUWO
.KcKX¾W¾
8WW
.218
]O`ScO]SXNONS\
,_
Z\YPSVVO\
RKNNOVOWO
`O
¾]¾V
SÀOW
PKdVK\¾XNKX
QOvO\
`O
ˆ\O^SW
]YX_XNK
,\SXOVV
]O\^VSâSXO
_VKÀ¾\
kOUWO
`O
.K\LO
.KcKX¾W¾
vYU
cˆU]OU
YVKX
L_
ˆ\ˆXVO\SX
K]¾V
ƒXMO
v¾UKX
ƒdOVVSâS
KÀ¾XWK
NKcKX¾W¾N¾\
7KXXROSW
?cQ_VKWKV¾
,SVSWVO\
oXS`O\]S^O]S
>\SLYVYTS
]ˆ\^ˆXWO
KÀ¾XWK
`O
cKáVKWK
UYX_VK\¾X¾
SXMOVOcOX
LSVSW
`O
^OUXYVYTS
NKV¾
/X]^S^ˆ]ˆ·XˆX
cO\OV
kOVSU
ˆ\O^SMSVO\S
SvSX
cKZ^¾â¾
`O
9MKU
·NO
Kv¾UVKN¾â¾
K\KÀ^¾\WK
\KZY\_XK
Qƒ\O
cˆU]OU
KÀ¾XN¾\¾M¾V¾âK
]KRSZ
KcX¾
WKVdOWOcO
UK\À¾
EN STANDARDI
2,
]O\^VSâSXNOUS
kOVSU
ZVKUKX¾X
2,
]O\^VSâSXNOUS
ZVKUKcK
Qƒ\O
UK^
2,
]O\^VSâSXNOUS
ZVKUKcK
Qƒ\O
Y\KX¾XNK
NKRK
_d_X
ƒWˆ\Vˆ
YVN_â_
NOXOc]OV
YVK\KU
LOVS\VOXWSÀ^S\
EG
2. Geometrik Özellikler
YHæ6WDQGDUWODU
kOVSU
ZVKUKNKX
ˆ\O^SVOX
ZK\vKVK\
S]^OXOX
PY\W_
KVWKVK\¾
SvSX
LS\
NSdS
SWKVK^
cƒX^OWSXO
^KL}
^_^_V_\
n\XOâSX%
vOVSU
ZVKUKNKX
UOZvO
Kâ¾d
L¾vKâ¾
ˆ\O^WOU
7h5.æ67$1'$5',æ.$5ê,/,è,
>YVO\KX]VK\
/8
#
>=
/8
#
=¾MKU
2KNNOVOXWSÀ
WW
@OcK
.KRK
5KV¾X
kOVSU
6O`RKVK\
nVvˆ
¿OUSV
`O
5ˆ^VO
>YVO\KX]VK\¾
CˆdOc
ndOVVSUVO\S
/8
>=
/8
kOVSU
CK]]¾
7KW_VVO\=¾MKU
2KNNOVOXWSÀ
6O`RK
1OXSÀ
CK]]¾VK\
`O
:\YPSVVO\
½vSX
>O]VSW
¿K\^VK\¾,ƒVˆW
$6O`RK
`O
1OXSÀ
CK]]¾VK\
/8
3=9
>=
/8
3=9
7O^KVSU
WKVdOWOVO\
,\SXOVV
]O\^VSU
NOXOcS
,ƒVˆW
$
.OXOc
WO^YN_
/8
3=9
>=
/8
3=9
7O^KVSU
WKVdOWOVO\
,\SXOVV
]O\^VSU
NOXOcS
,ƒVˆW
$
.OXOc
MSRKdVK\¾X¾X
NYâ\_VKXWK]¾
`O
UKVSL\K]cYX_
/8
"
>=
/8
"
EG
=_
@O\SVWSÀ
`O
>OWZO\VOXWSÀ
kOVSUVO\,ƒVˆW
$
+VKÀ¾WV¾
kOVSUVO\SX
>OUXSU
>O]VSW
¿K\^VK\¾
5KVS^O
5YX^\YV
EG
>OUXSU
>O]VSW
¿K\^VK\¾
EG
>=
/8
"
=_
@O\SVWSÀ
`O
7OXO`SÀVOXWSÀ
kOVSUVO\
3]VKR
kOVSUVO\S
,ƒVˆW
$
,Y\V_
kOVSUVO\SX
>OUXSU
>O]VSW
¿K\^VK\¾
]^KXNK\N¾
cO\SXO
QOvWSÀ
`O
"
^K\SRSXNO
cˆ\ˆ\VˆâO
QS\WSÀ^S\
EG
5KVS^O
5YX^\YV
RO\
ˆ\ˆX
Q\_L_
SvSX
Kc\¾
Kc\¾
cKZ¾VWKU^K
`O
]YX_vVK\¾
UKc¾^
KV^¾XK
KV¾XWKU^KN¾\
7DEORæææ<NVHNæ$ëçQPDæ'D\DQçPOçæ%RUædHOLéLæ3URILOOHULQLQægOoPæYHæ7HVOLPæ6WDQGDUWODUç
31
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
SvSX
ZVKUK
S]^OXOX
ƒVvˆNO
UO]SVS\
LS\
UƒÀO]SXO
LYcNKX
LYcK
\KWZK
cKZ¾V¾\
.SâO\
LS\
UƒÀO]SXO
NO
WYX^KT¾
UYVKcVKÀ^¾\WKU
KWKM¾cVK
UKcXKU
Kâd¾
Kv¾V¾\
2O\
SUS
SÀVOW
NO
cˆU]OU
]¾MKUV¾U
KV^¾XNK
QO\vOUVOÀ^SâS
SvSX
ZVKUKX¾X
WOUKXSU
ƒdOVVSUVO\S
^OUXSU
^O]VSW
ÀK\^VK\¾X¾
LOVS\VOcOX
]^KXNK\^VK\¾X
KV^¾XK
NˆÀWˆÀ
YV_\
+N¾XNKX
NK
KXVKÀ¾VKMKâ¾
QSLS
CˆU]OU
+À¾XWK
.KcKX¾WV¾
,Y\
kOVSâS
:\YPSVVO\S
ZVKUK
RKVSXNO
NOâSV
U_VVKX¾W
KWKM¾XK
_cQ_X
Z\YPSVVO\
RKVSXNO
ˆ\O^SVWOU^ONS\
n\XOâSX
+â¾d
,¾vKâ¾
:\YPSVS
\KWZKV¾
`O
UKcXKU
Kâd¾
Kv¾VW¾À
YVK\KU
RKNNOVOXS\
½]^OXOX
_d_XV_âK
UO]SVS\
`O
L_
RKVScVO
U_VVKX¾WK
RKd¾\N¾\
:\YPSVSX
KÀ¾XWKcK
O^US]S
KV^¾XNK
UKVKX
cˆdOcVO\S
ˆ\O^SWNOX
v¾U^¾â¾
KXNKUS
ˆ]^ˆX
WOUKXSU
ƒdOVVSUVO\SXS
UY\_\
CˆU]OU
+À¾XWK
.KcKX¾WV¾
,Y\
kOVSâS
:\YPSVVO\SXSX
QOYWO^\SU
ƒdOVVSUVO\S
^OUXSU
^O]VSW
ÀK\^VK\¾
ˆ\O^SW
UYX^\YVVO\S
LS\
NSdS
_V_]VK\
K\K]¾
]^KXNK\^
vO\vO`O]SXNO
QO\vOUVOÀ^S\SVS\
æ%DëOçFDæ3URILOOHUæ.XOODQçPæ $ODQODUçæ YHæ $YDQWDMODUçææ
(NVNDYDW|Uæ YHæ <NOH\LFLOHUæ
ìoLQæ$éç]æ%çoDéçæ3URILOL
+â¾d
,¾vKUVK\¾
ZVKUKNKX
ˆ\O^SVWONSâS
+â¾d
,¾vKâ¾
Z\YPSVSXNO
RKNNOVOXNSâS
`O
L_
ÀOUSVNO
¾]¾V
SÀVOW
Qƒ\Nˆâˆ
SvSX
ˆ]^ˆX
QOYWO^\SU
`O
WOUKXSU
ƒdOVVSUVO\O
]KRSZ^S\
(NVNDYDW|Uæ YHæ <NOH\LFLOHUæ
ìoLQæ<DUçPæ2Næ$ëçQPDæ%çoDéçæ3URILOL
,_
Z\YPSVVO\%
.ˆd
+â¾d
,¾vKUVK\¾XK
UKcXKUVK
LKâVKXKX
+À¾XWK
,¾vKâ¾
5OZvO
cKX
]KM¾XK
UKcXKUVK
LKâVKXKX
cKX
L¾vKU%
5KdWK+NKZ^ƒ\
K\KVK\¾XK
UKcXKUVK
`OcK
M¾`K^KcVK
LKâVKXKX
]OQWOX^^O
ˆ\O^SVWOU^ONS\
%DëOçFDæ$YDQWDMODUçæ
+â¾d
,¾vKâ¾
:\YPSVSXSX
ƒX
ˆ]^
`O
^KLKX
U¾]W¾X¾
UY\_\
UOZvO
UKZK]S^O]SXS
K\^^¾\¾\
WKVdOWOcVO
^OWK]
ONOX
cˆdOcSX
NKRK
UO]USX
YVWK]¾X¾
]KâVK\
½]^OXOX
_d_XV_U^K
`O
UOZvO
cKX
]KM¾XK
_cQ_X
ÀOUSVNO
RKd¾\VKXKLSVS\
2KNNOVOXWSÀ
,Y\
kOVSâSXNOX
ˆ\O^SVNSâS
SvSX
KcX¾
QOYWO^\SNOUS
vOVSU
NƒUˆW
ˆ\ˆXVO\O
Qƒ\O
vYU
NKRK
_d_X
ƒWˆ\VˆNˆ\
7Pæìëæ0DNLQDODUçææ
ìoLQæ$ëçQPDæ%DQWODUç
+À¾XWK
LKX^VK\¾
KÀ¾XWK
NKcKX¾W¾
S]^OXOX
NSâO\
^ˆW
LƒVQOVO\NO
U_VVKX¾VKLSVS\
/U]UK`K^ƒ\
5OZvOVO\S
]¾\^
]KMVK\¾X¾
UY\_WKU
SvSX
OX
O^USVS
vƒdˆWNˆ\
,_
Z\YPSVVO\VO
^ˆW
LOUYV_
cˆUVOcSMSVO\
SvSX
NYdO\
L¾vKâ¾
ˆ\O^SVOLSVS\
5OZvO
QOXSÀVSâSXO
Qƒ\O
S]^OXOX
_d_XV_U^K
QOXSÀVSU^O
`O
KÀ¾XWK
cYâ_XV_â_XK
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
S]^OXOX
UKV¾XV¾U^K
U_VVKX¾VKLSVS\
WW·NOX
!
WW
UKV¾XV¾âK
UKNK\
PK\UV¾
Z\YPSV
]OvOXOUVO\S
SVO
S]^OXOX
LYcNK
UO]SVWO]S
N¾À¾XNK
RSvLS\
WOUKXSU
SÀVOWO
QO\OU]SXSW
N_cWKNKX
U_VVKX¾WK
RKd¾\N¾\
32
dHOLNæ3DOHWOLæ0DNLQDODUæìoLQ
3DOHWæ3DEXoæ7çUQDNODUç
+À¾XKX
:KVO^VO\SX
]KNOMO
^¾\XKU
LƒVˆWˆXˆX
cOXSVOXWO]ScVO
LˆcˆU
^K]K\\_P
]KâVK\
?cQ_X
Z\YPSVNO
S]^OXOX
_d_XV_U^K
RKd¾\VKXKLSVS\
æìPDODWæ<|QWHPOHUL
.D\QDNæ3URVHGU
,\SXOVV
=O\^SVSâSXNOUS
,Y\
kOVSâS
:\YPSVVO\S
LˆXcO]SXNO
NˆÀˆU
Y\KXNK
KVKÀ¾W
OVOWOX^VO\SXO
`O
L_
]KcONO
NˆÀˆU
5K\LYX
/ÀVOXSU
.OâO\SXO
-/@
]KRSZ^S\
,_
ƒdOVVSâSXNOX
NYVKc¾
Lˆ^ˆX
CKZ¾
kOVSUVO\SXO
cKcQ¾X
YVK\KU
U_VVKX¾VKX
^ˆW
UKcXKU
cƒX^OWVO\ScVO
LKâVKXKLSVS\
.ˆÀˆU
5K\LYX
/ÀVOXSâS
2SN\YTOX
vK^VKUVK\¾X¾X
YV_ÀWK
\S]USXS
KdKV^KX
LS\
PKU^ƒ\Nˆ\
,_
\S]U
KÀKâ¾NKUS
ƒXVOWVO\VO
WSXSWSdO
ONSVWOVSNS\$
Ž
7KVdOWOVO\SX
UKcXKU
SÀVOWSXNOX
ƒXMO
¾]¾^¾VWK]¾
cKXS
^K`VKXWK]¾
Ž
,S\VOÀWO
cˆdOcVO\SXSX
^OWSd
LYcK]¾d
`O
U_\_
YVWK]¾
Ž
,S\VOÀWO
cˆdOcVO\SXSX
NˆdQˆX
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
RSdKVKXWK]¾
NOXQOVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
UKcXK^¾VWK]¾
Ž
.ˆÀˆU
2SN\YTOX
2.
)
W6
Q
SvO\OX
NYVQ_
WKVdOWO]S
^O\MSR
ONSVWO]S
5KcXKU
SÀVOWSXNOX
ƒXMO
cKZ¾VKMKU
ƒX
¾]¾^WK
^K`VKWK
UKcXK^¾VKX
cˆdOcVO\SX
NKRK
cK`KÀ
]Yâ_WK]¾X¾
]KâVKcK\KU
L_
LƒVQOVO\NO
YV_ÀKLSVOMOU
KÀ¾\¾
]O\^
`O
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
Örtülü Elektrot
+A=
=0+
/
""
+A=
=0+
0!+b
²
/b
7R]DOWç
+A=
=0+
/
"
+A=
=0+
"
/<
"=
²
b
MIG / MAG
FCAW Özlü Tel
+A=
=0+
0"+b
²
/b
+A=
=0+
#
/
"b>
²
b
,_XVK\¾X
N¾À¾XNK
>=
"
/8
=^KXNK\N¾XK
_cQ_X
.ˆÀˆU
+VKÀ¾WV¾
=1
`O
=1
731
7+1
5KcXKU
^OVVO\S
NO
U_VVKX¾VKLSVS\
7DEORæææ.D\QDNæWUQHæJ|UHæ|QHULOHQæ\NVHNæDODëçPOçæ$:6æ$PHULFDQæ:HOGLQJæ6RFLHW\æVçQçIçæHOHNWURWODU
U¾\¾VQKX
cKZ¾c¾
ƒXVOcOMOU^S\
,_
ˆ\ˆXVO\
SvSX
UKcXKU
NSUSÀSXNOX
!
WW
WO]KPOcO
UKNK\
RO\
SUS
WKVdOWOXSX
NO
SVO
!
Š-·cO
UKNK\
¾]¾^¾VWK]¾
`O
5KcXKU
SÀVOWS
LS^SWSXNO
UKcXKU
cˆdOcS
WˆWUˆX
YVN_â_
UKNK\
cK`KÀ
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
]Yâ_^_VWKV¾N¾\
XK
Qƒ\O
ˆ\O^SVWSÀ
NˆÀˆU
2SN\YTOX
2.
)
W6
Q
SvO\OX
+UWK
.KcKX¾W¾
8WW·NOX
NˆÀˆU
c_W_ÀKU
LKdSU
OVOU^\Y^VK\
U_VVKX¾VWKV¾N¾\
,_
ˆ\ˆXVO\SXSX
UKcXKâ¾XNK
+\U
/XO\TS]S
U4WW·NOX
PKdVK
YVWKWKV¾N¾\
â_^_VWK]¾
ƒXO\SVS\
,_
:\YPSVVO\
½À
7KUSXKVK\¾XNK
U_VVKX¾VKX
+â¾d
`O
+À¾XWK
,¾vKUVK\¾
:KVO^
:KL_v
>¾\XKUVK\¾
QSLS
ƒdOV
KWKvVK\VK
ˆ\O^SVNSâS
SvSX
]KNOMO
S]^OXOX
_d_XV_â_
OVNO
ONSVWOU
KWKM¾cVK
UO]SVWOU^ONS\
,_
XONOXVO
Z\YPSVVO\SX
ˆ]^ˆX
WOUKXSU
ƒdOVVSUVO\S
UY\_XWKU^KN¾\
$OHYæYHæ3OD]PDæìOHæ.HVPH
.D\QDNæGROJXæPDO]HPHVLæVHoLPLæ
YHæ$UNæ(QHUMLVL
,_
ˆ\ˆXVO\SXSX
UKcXKâ¾XNK
>=
/8
3=9
#
5KcXKU
`O
SVQSVS
SÀVOWVO\
0O\\S^SU
kOVSU
K\U
UKcXKU
WO^KVSXNOUS
RSN\YTOX
W_R^O`K]¾X¾X
^KcSXS
]^KXNK\N¾-
,\SXOVV
=O\^SVSâSXNOUS
,Y\
kOVSâS
:\YPSVVO\S
+VO`VO
`O
:VKdWK
SVO
UO]SVWONOX
ƒXMO
UO]SVOMOU
LƒVQOXSX
SVO
!
Š-·cO
UKNK\
¾]¾^¾VWK]¾
`O
UO]SW
SÀVOWS
LS^SWSXNO
UO]SVOX
cˆdOcVO\SX
WˆWUˆX
YVN_â_
UKNK\
cK`KÀ
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
]Y-
0HNDQLNæ.HVPHæ%NPH
,_
ˆ\ˆXVO\SX
WOUKXSU
YVK\KU
UO]SVWO]S
`O`OcK
LˆUˆVWO]S
ƒXO\SVWOd
Delme
,\SXOVV
=O\^SVSâSXNOUS
,Y\
kOVSâS
:\YPSVVO\S
ˆ\ˆXVO\S
_cQ_X
QOYWO^\ScO
]KRSZ
CˆU]OU
2¾d
kOVSâSXNOX
SWKV
ONSVWSÀ
^KU¾WVK\VK
_cQ_X
UO]WO
]¾`¾VK\¾
U_VVKX¾VK\KU
NOVSXOLSVS\
.OVWO
SÀVOWSXNOX
ƒXMO
NOVSXOMOU
UYX_WVK\¾X
SVO
!
Š-·cO
UKNK\
¾]¾^¾VWK]¾
`O
WˆWUˆX
YVN_â_
UKNK\
cK`KÀ
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
]Yâ_^_VWK]¾
NKRK
]YX\K
NOVWO
SÀVOWSXSX
LKÀVK^¾VWK]¾
ƒXO\SVS\
EG
.D\QDNoD
1.
.38
!
1OXOV
5_VVKX¾W
+WKvV¾
CKZ¾
kOVSUVO\S
=^KXNK\N¾
2.
9LO\Q
/%
O^
KV
## 7KMRSXO\c]
2KXNLYYU
^R
ONS^SYX
ON
3XN_]^\SKV
:\O]]
3XM
]
3.
6cYX]
ASVVSKW
-
KXN
:VS]QK
1K\c
4
ON]
=^KXNK\N
2KXNLYYU
YP
:O^\YVO_W
8K^_\KV
1K]
/XQSXOO\SXQ
/V]O`SO\
4.
>Rc]]OX5\_ZZ
=^OOV
+1
1ˆ^OX
_XN
/SQOX]MRKP^OX
!
]
5.
CƒX^O\
,K\KX
=A/.9B
CˆU]OU
+À¾XWK
.KcKX¾WV¾
,Y\
kOVSUVO\S
>OUXSU
ndOVVSUVO\
?cQ_VKWKVK\
"
]
Baran YÖNTER
<ROæ0DNLQDæ/WG
34
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
Basit Uygulamalar
ææææLOHæ0DNLQDQçQæææææææ
ææææææææì\LOHëWLULOPHVLæYH
Enerji Tüketiminin
Günümüz teknolojisinde üretim
KVKXVK\¾XNKUS
\OUKLO^%
PS\WKVK\¾X
UK\V¾V¾UVK\¾X¾
UY\_cKLSVWO]S
SvSX
vOÀS^VS
K\Kc¾ÀVK\
SvO\S]SXO
]ˆ\ˆUVOWOU^ONS\
0S\WKVK\¾X
cKZ^¾UVK\¾
SÀ^OX
UK\
Y\KXVK\¾X¾
K\^^¾\KLSVWOVO\S
SvSX
QOXOV
QSNO\VO\SXS
KdKV^WKU
OX
ƒXOWVS
RONOPVO\S
YVW_À^_\
ndOVVSUVO
NO
U\SdVO\
]YX\K]¾XNK
LS\
^KU¾W
QO\vOUVO\
NKRK
vK\Z¾M¾
LSvSWNO
Y\^KcK
v¾UWKU^KN¾\
,_
QO\vOUVO\
PS\WKVK\
SvSXNOUS
WK]\KPVK\¾X
KdKV^¾VWK]¾
OUYXYWSU
U_VVKX¾W
SX]KXNKX
dKWKXNKX
`O
cKZ¾VKX
SÀVO\NOX
^K]K\\_P
ÀOUVSXNO
UOXNSVO\SXS
Qƒ]^O\S\VO\
<OUKLO^
Y\^KW¾X¾X
dY\V_UVK\¾
XONOXScVO
UK\V¾V¾U
Y\KX¾
QˆX
QOv^SUvO
NˆÀWOU^ONS\
7KUSXK
ˆ\O^SMSVO\S
NO
L_
cˆdNOX
vKV¾ÀWKVK\¾XK
WO`M_^
R¾dVK\¾
K\^-
36
$]DOWçOPDVç
^¾\KX
OUYXYWSU
K`KX^KT
]KâVKcKX
`O
`OcK
OXO\TSNOX
^K]K\\_P
cKZKX
OVOWKX
`OcK
]S]^OWVO\
ˆdO\SXO
+\1O
vKV¾ÀWKVK\¾XK
cƒXOVWSÀVO\NS\
7KVScO^
KXKVSdVO\SXNO
dKWKX
`O
cKU¾^
OX
ƒXOWVS
QSNO\
UKVOWVO\SXS
YV_À^_\WKU^KN¾\
,ˆ^ˆX
S]^K^S]US
vKV¾ÀWKVK\
À_X_
Qƒ]^O\WSÀ^S\
US
7KUSXK
KV¾WVK\¾XNK
OX
ƒXOWVS
U\S^O\
LS\SW
]ˆ\ONO
cKZ¾VKX
SÀSX
WKVScO^
KXKVSdSNS\
½USXMSV
LS\SXMS
NO\OMO
ƒXOWVS
YVWK]¾
QO\OUS\UOX
>ˆ\UScO·NO
SUSXMS
ZVKXNK
UKVKX
ƒXOWVS
R_]_]
S]O
WKUSXK
vKV¾ÀWK
Qˆ`OXVSâSNS\
1ˆ`OXVSU
dKWKX
`O
OXO\TS
`O\SWVSVSâSXS
K\^^¾\KX
KcX¾
O]XKNK
LK]S^
cKZ¾VKNKUS
OVOWKXVK\¾X
ˆ\O^SWS
ROZSWSdSX
SVQS]SXS
vOUWOU^ONS\
½À
WKUSXKVK\¾
SvSXNO
ƒdOVVSUVO
OU]UK`K^ƒ\VO\
WKUSXK
ZK\UVK\¾X¾X
LˆcˆU
`O
ƒXOWVS
U¾]W¾X¾
YV_À^_\_\
1ˆXˆWˆdNO
OU]UK`K^ƒ\
R¾dVK\¾
RO\
cOXS
WYNOVNO
NKRK
NK
K\^WKU^KN¾\
/U]UK`K^ƒ\
vKV¾ÀWK
R¾dVK\¾X¾X
K\^^¾\¾VWK]¾
XY\WKV
ÀK\^VK\NK
]KNOMO
ZYWZK
NOLS]SXSX
`OcK
WY^Y\
R¾dVK\¾X¾X
K\^^¾\¾VWK]¾
SVO
]KâVKXKLSVWOU^ONS\
7Y^Y\
R¾dVK\¾
ZYWZK
ˆ\O^SMSVO\SXSX
`O\NSâS
XY\WVK\K
Qƒ\O
NSdKcX
ONSVNSâS
SvSX
`O
]Yâ_U
RK`K
ÀK\^VK\¾XNK
UK`S^K]cYX
Z\YLVOWSXSX
K\^WK]¾XNKX
NYVKc¾
ZYWZKX¾X
R¾d¾
NKRK
PKdVK
cˆU]OV^SVOWOWOU^ONS\
7KUSXK
R¾dVK\¾X¾
K\^^¾\KLSVWOU
SvSX%
ZYWZK
NOLS]SXSX
Lˆcˆ^ˆVWO]SXONKRK
LˆcˆU
RY\^_W
`O
LY\_
vKZVK\¾XK
`O
NKRK
LˆcˆU
`KVP-
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
VO\O
SR^ScKv
N_c_VWKU^KN¾\
.YâKV
YVK\KU
WY^Y\
QˆMˆXˆX
K\^WK]¾
QO\OUS\
,_
NK
cKU¾^
^ˆUO^SWSXSX
K\^WK]¾
NOWOU^S\
+XMKU
SNOKV
YVKX
OX
Kd
^ˆUO^SW
SVO
OX
cˆU]OU
`O\SWVSVSâSX
]KâVKXWK]¾N¾\
C_UK\¾NK
LKR]ONSVOX
SR^ScKvVK\¾X
QSNO\SVOLSVWO]S
SvSX
^OU
LS\
LVYU
SvSXNO
LS\NOX
vYU
SÀVO`O
]KRSZ
`KVPVO\
SWKV
ONSVO\OU
ZKdK\¾X
SR^ScKM¾XK
MO`KZ
`O\OLSVWOU^ONS\
,_
`KVPVO\SX
QOXOV
YVK\KU
ƒdOVVSUVO\S
Ž
5YVKc
WYX^KT
ONSVOLSVWO
ƒdOVVSâS
Ž
<OTOXK\K^SP
vKV¾ÀKLSVWO
ƒdOVVSâS
Ž
7KUSXK
Qˆ`OXVSU
QO\OU]SXSWVO\S-
XS
UK\À¾VKcKLSVWO]S
RY\^_W
²LY\_
ZK^VKWK
O]XK]¾XNK
LYW_X
NˆÀWO]SXS
ƒXVOWO
QSLS
Ž
¿YU
LK]¾XvVK\¾XK
UK\À¾
WKUSXKc¾
UY\_cKLSVWO
Ž
2K]]K]
UYX_W
UYX^\YVˆ
]KâVKcKLSVWO
/U]UK`K^ƒ\VO\
SvSX
ˆ\O^SVOX
LYW
`O
UYV
]SVSXNS\VO\S
ˆdO\SXO
^KU¾VK\KU
vKV¾ÀKX
L_
LK]S^
OVOWKXVK\
OXO\TS
]K\PScK^¾X¾X
NˆÀWO]S
dKWKXNKX
^K]K\\_P
`O
Qˆ`OXVSU
]KâVKW¾À^¾\
,_
`KVP
LVYâ_X_X
vKV¾ÀWK
ÀOUVS
cƒX
NOXO^SW
O]XK]¾XNK
NˆÀˆU
LK]¾XvVK\NK
^KXUK
QS^WOU^O
YVKX
cKâ¾X
tekrar sisteme döndürülmesi ile enerjiXSX
QO\S
UKdKX¾W¾X¾
]KâVKW¾À^¾\
<OTOXO\K^SP
`KVP
LVYâ_%
WO`M_^
ZYWZK
`O
cƒX
NOXO^SW
`KVPVO\SXNO
NOâSÀSUVSU
cKZWKcK
QO\OU
UKVWKNKX
]SVSXNS\
SVO
RY\^_W
K\K]¾XK
^KU¾VWKU^KN¾\
,YW
`O
UYV
]SVSXNS\VO\S
WKUSXKX¾X
vKV¾ÀWK]¾
O]XK]¾XNK
cK\¾
cK\¾cK
YVKX
LS\
Y\KXNK
cˆUVˆ
`O
cˆU]ˆd
vKV¾ÀWK
UYX_W_XK
]KRSZ^S\
CKXS
UKdWK
`O
cˆUVOWO
SÀVOWSXNO
SUOX
cˆU]OU
LK]¾XvVK
L_
SÀVOWVO\
]YX_XNK
LKÀVKXQ¾v
UYX_W_XK
37
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
+RUWXPæSDWODPDæYDOILæLoæNHVLWL
A.æ6HNRQGHUæEDVçQoæD\DUæYDOIL
B. æ+RUWXPæSDWODPDæYDOILæ
C. Pilot piston grubu
vOU
`KVP
cKc¾
"
]ˆ\Qˆ
LKVKX]
ZSWS
KXK
ZS]^YX
]ˆ\Qˆ
cKc¾
#
KvWK
ZS]^YX_
LKVKX]
NOVSâS
KXK
ZS]^YX
]ˆ\Qˆ
cKc¾
KvWK
ZS]^YX_
KcK\
Z_V_
]OUYXNO\
`KVP
KcK\
`SNK]¾
]^\YU
KcK\
Z_V_
]OUYXNO\
`KVP
]ˆ\Qˆ]ˆ
]OUYXNO\
`KVP
cKc
UKZKâ¾
KXK
]ˆ\Qˆ
]OUYXNO\
`KVP
cKc¾
!
ZSVY^
UYX^\YV
]ˆ\Qˆ]ˆ
QOVS\UOX
S]O
NˆÀˆU
LK]¾Xv
SVO
vKV¾À^¾â¾
]ˆ\Ov^S\
.ˆÀˆU
LK]¾Xv
SVO
O]US
UYX_W_XK
QOVS\UOX
cƒX
NOXO^SW
`KVPS
]SVSXNS\SX
NSâO\
RK^^¾XNKX
QOVOX
cKâ¾
^KXUK
cƒXVOXNS\S\
=SVSXNS\
SVO
RY\^_W
K\K]¾XK
^KU¾VKMKU
YVKX
L_
`KVP
SVO
]SVSXNS\SX
^KXU
RK^^¾XK
QƒXNO\WOU^O
YVN_â_
cKâ¾
^KU¾VKMKU
YVKX
`KVP
ˆdO\SXNOUS
]S]^OW
^KXU
cO\SXO
]SVSXNS\SX
NSâO\
SÀ
cKZKX
LƒVˆWˆXO
QƒXNO\O\OU
cOXSNOX
UKdKX¾W
]KâVK\
,_
SÀVOW
^KU¾VKMKU
`KVP
cO\SXO
cƒX
NOXO^SW
`KVPS
SVO
NO
cKZ¾VKLSVS\
+XMKU
RY\^_W
`O
LY\_
RK^^¾
ˆdO\SXNO
LK]¾Xv
UKc¾ZVK\¾
NKRK
NK
K\^KMKU^¾\
,_
N_\_W
RY\^_WVK\¾X
SvSXNO
US
KU¾ÀUKX¾X
R¾d¾X¾X
K\^WK]¾
SVO
OVOWKXVK\¾X
ƒWˆ\VO\SXSX
U¾]KVWK]¾XK
XONOX
YV_\
38
CKXS
KU¾ÀUKX
R¾d¾X¾X
K\^WK]¾
SVO
VKWSXO\
KU¾W¾
^ˆ\LˆVKX]K
NƒXˆÀ^ˆ\WˆÀ
YV_\_d
+c\¾MK
RY\^_W
ZK^VKWK
N_\_W_XNK
OWXScO^
]KâVKXKWKd
COXSNOX
UKdKX¾VKX
cKâ
SVO
]SVSXNS\SX
R¾d¾
ZYWZK
NOLS]SXO
U¾cK]VK
KVKX
Y\KX¾
UKNK\
K\^K\
7KUSXK
R¾d¾XNK
WY^Y\
`O
ZYWZKNKX
LKâ¾W]¾d
YVK\KU
SUSXMS
LS\
R¾dVKXN¾\¾M¾
ZYWZK
O^US]S
OVNO
ONSVS\
/U]UK`K^ƒ\VO\SX
cKZ¾VK\¾
QO\OâS
LYW
]SVSXNS\VO\S
SUS
KNO^
YVKLSVWOU^ONS\VO\
=SVSXNS\VO\
ˆdO\SXNO
YV_ÀKX
U_``O^
PK\UV¾V¾â¾XNKX
NYVKc¾
WOcNKXK
QOVOX
]SVSXNS\VO\SX
PK\UV¾
RK\OUO^VO\SXS
ƒXVOWOU
SvSX
TYc]^SUVO\NOX
QOVOX
]SXcKV
RK^VK\¾X¾X
RO\
LS\
]SVSXNS\O
^KU¾VKMKU
YVKX
`KVP
LVYâ_XK
ZK\KVOV
LKâVKX^¾
cKZ¾VK\KU
LKVKX]
]Y\_X_
NK
QSNO\SVS\
CKZ¾VKX
SXMOVOWOVO\NO
OXO\TSXSX
QO\S
UKdKX¾W¾XNKX
cO
cKU¾X
LS\
^K]K\\_P
]KâVKX¾VN¾â¾
^O]ZS^
ONSVWSÀ^S\
>KU¾VKMKU
YVKX
`KVP
LVYâ_
R¾dVKXN¾\WK
SÀSXS
cKZK\UOX
RY\^_W
`O
LY\_
ZK^VKWKVK\¾XK
UK\À¾
cˆU
KV^¾XNK
SUOX
LSVO
OWXScO^S
]KâVKWKU^K
YV_Z
LYW_X
NˆÀWO]SXS
OXQOVVOWOU^ONS\VO\
:SVY^
LK]¾XvVK\¾
SVO
vKV¾ÀKX
L_
`KVPVO\NO
NSUUK^
ONSVOMOU
ƒXOWVS
XYU^K
S]O
`KVPVO\SX
ZSVY^
KvWK
Y\KXVK\¾N¾\
,_
Y\KXVK\
NˆÀˆU
YVN_â_
dKWKX
LK]¾Xv
UKc¾ZVK\¾
K\^WKU^K
LˆcˆU
YVN_â_
dKWKX
S]O
LYW
UYV
]SVSXNS\VO\SXNO
^S^\OWOVO\
YV_ÀWKU^KN¾\
,_X_X
OX
LˆcˆU
]OLOZVO\SXNOX
LS\S]S
S]O
TYc]^SU
SVO
`KVP
KvWK
Y\KXVK\¾X¾X
_cQ_X
YVWKc¾À¾N¾\
@KVPVO\SX
cˆU
KV^¾XNK
vKV¾ÀWK
RK]]K]ScO^-
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
VO\S
`O
LK]¾Xv
UKc¾ZVK\¾
vYU
ƒXOWVSNS\
+c\¾MK
_X_^_VWKWK]¾
QO\OUS\
US
cˆU]OU
LK]¾Xv
UKc¾ZVK\¾
SVO
vKV¾ÀWK
cKU¾^
^ˆUO^SWSXS
K\^^¾\KX
ƒXOWVS
LS\
PKU^ƒ\Nˆ\
=OvSVOX
`KVPVO\SX
UKVS^O]SXSX
WKUSXK
ZO\PY\WKX]¾XK
cKXS
cKU¾^
^ˆUO^SWSXO
NS\OU
O^US]S
YVN_â_
cKZ¾VKX
K\KÀ^¾\WKVK\
SVO
OVNO
ONSVOX
SVQSXv
LS\
XYU^KN¾\
,K]¾Xv
UKc¾ZVK\¾X¾X
^YZVKW¾
cKU¾^
^ˆUO^SWSXSX
VSU
LS\
NSVSWSXS
YV_À^_\WKU^KN¾\
,_
`KVPVO\NO
NSâO\
LS\
K`KX^KT
S]O
ƒdOVVSUVO\SXNOX
NYVKc¾
cˆU
^KÀ¾WK
`O
ZYdS]cYX
RK]]K]ScO^SXO
]KRSZ
YVWKVK\¾N¾\
,_
ƒdOVVSUVO\S
]KcO]SXNO
LY\_
RK^VK\¾XNKUS
LKÀK\¾VK\¾
Qƒd
K\N¾
ONSVOWOd
?d_X
]ˆ\OVS
cˆU
KV^¾XNK
LOUVOWO
SÀVOWVO\SXNO
]¾dN¾\WKdV¾U
cO^OXOUVO\SXNOX
NYVKc¾
cƒX
NOXO^SW
`KVPVO\SXNOX
NKRK
RK]]K]
UYX_WVKWK
cKZWKU-
40
^KN¾\VK\
CƒX
NOXO^SW
`KVPVO\S
]SVSXNS\SU
]ˆ\Qˆ
SVO
UYX^\YV
ONSVS\VO\
=SVSXNS\SU
cKZ¾NK
c_`KNKUS
^YVO\KX]¾
cKâ¾X
`S]UYdS^O]ScVO
SVQSVS
K\^WKU^K
`OcK
KdKVWKU^KN¾\
2Y\^_W
ZK^VKWK
`O
\OTOXK\K^SP
ƒdOVVSU^OUS
`KVP
UYXSU
Y^_\WK
cˆdOcSXNOX
NYVKc¾
]¾dN¾\WKdV¾U
NS\OXMSXO
]KRSZ^S\VO\
,_
ƒdOVVSU
L_
`KVPVO\S
RK]]K]
UYX_W
UYX^\ƒVˆ
`O
cˆU
KV^¾XNK
vKV¾ÀKLSVWO
UKLSVScO^VO\SXS
\KUSZ]Sd
U¾VWKU^KN¾\
1ˆ`OXVSU
XONOXS
SVO
]SVSXNS\O
NS\OU
LKâVKWK
dY\_XV_V_â_
YVKX
L_
`KVP
ˆdO\SXNO
¾]¾NKX
QOXVOÀWO
`O
NK\LOVO\O
UK\À¾
YV_ÀKX
ÀYUVK\K
SUSXMS
OWXScO^
`KVPS
SVO
UY\_XWK
]KâVKXW¾À^¾\
+`\_ZK
NK
U_VVKX¾VWKU^K
YVKX
2Y\^_W
ZK^VKWK
`KVPS
SVO
SVQSVS
LKd¾
ƒXOWVS
LSVQSVO\
`O
cƒXO^WOVSUVO\S
ÀƒcVO
]¾\KVKcKLSVS\Sd%
=^KXNK\^VK\$
/8
!$## 3=9
" `O
/8
#"$##
,_XVK\NKX
ƒXOWVS
YVKX
KV¾X^¾VK\
S]O
ÀƒcVONS\%
Ž
/U]UK`K^ƒ\
LYW
]SVSXNS\S
ÀKcO^
UQ
NKX
PKdVK
Kâ¾\V¾U
UKVN¾\¾cY\
S]O
W_^VKUK
RY\^_W
ZK^VKWK
`KVPS
U_VVKX¾VWK]¾
QO\OUVSNS\
Ž
=SVSXNS\
NˆÀWO
R¾d¾
RY\^_W
ZK^VKWK
O]XK]¾XNK
OX
PKdVK
SUS
UK^¾X¾
QOvScY\
S]O
Ž
=SVSXNS\
cˆU
KV^¾XNK
WW]X
NOX
PKdVK
UKv¾\¾cY\
S]O
`KVP
^KU¾VWK]¾
dY\_XV_N_\
Ž
CˆU
KV^¾XNKUS
vKV¾ÀWK
UYÀ_VVK\¾XNK
UYX^\YVNO
cK`KÀVKWK
`O
UK\K\V¾V¾U
cK`KÀV¾cY\
S]O
`KVP
^KU¾VWK]¾
dY\_XV_N_\
Ž
CˆU
KV^¾XNK
vKV¾ÀKX
]SVSXNS\O
`KVP
K\KNK
RY\^_W
`OcK
LY\_
LKâVKX^¾]¾
cKZ¾VWKNKX
^KU¾VWKV¾N¾\
=¾\KVKWK
]SVSXNS\
`KVP
RY\^_W
`OcK
LY\_
ÀOUVSXNO
YVWKV¾N¾\
C_UK\¾NK
]^KXNK\^VK\NKX
KV¾X^¾
cKZ¾VK\KU
`O\SVOX
LSVQSVO\NO
]KNOMO
ƒXOWVS
YVKX
LKd¾
U\S^SU
XYU^KVK\K
NSUUK^
vOUSVWSÀ^S\
,_
XYU^KVK\NKX
NK
KXVKÀ¾VKMKâ¾
QSLS
QƒdVOW
cKZ¾VN¾â¾
dKWKX
LS\
vYU
_cQ_VKWKX¾X
cKXV¾ÀV¾â¾
v¾ZVKU
QƒdVO
Qƒ\ˆVWOU^ONS\
,S\vYU
_cQ_VKWKX¾X
]SVSXdi\
SVO
K\KNK
RK^
LY\_]_
`O
NKRK
]YX\K
`KVP
]S]^OWSXNOX
YV_À^_\_VN_â_
`O
L_X_X
Qˆ`OXVSU
]^KXNK\^VK\¾X¾
UK\À¾VKWKN¾â¾
KXVKÀ¾VWKU^KN¾\
6XDWæ'(0ì5(5ææ(UNDQæ7$ê.,5$1
Mak. Müh.
Mak. Müh.
Demirer Teknolojit Sistemleri
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
Lastiklerin
Tamir
Edilmesi
6K]^SâSX
RK`K]¾
vOÀS^VS
XONOXVO\VO
U¾]WOX
cK
NK
^KWKWOX
LYÀKVKLSVS\
,_
N_\_WNK
K\Kv
ROWOX
N_\N_\WKV¾
ZK^VKU
N_\_WNK
VK]^SU
ˆdO\SXNO
cˆ\ˆXWOWOVS
`O
ROWOX
cONOU
VK]^SU
^KU¾VWKV¾N¾\
,_X_XVK
LS\VSU^O
SR^ScKv
YVN_â_XNK
U_VVKX¾VKLSVS\
N_\_WNK
YVN_â_XNKX
OWSX
YVWKU
SvSX
cONOU
VK]^SâSX
RK`K
LK]¾XM¾X¾
NˆdOXVS
YVK\KU
UYX^\YV
ONSVWOVSNS\
:K^VKU
VK]^SâSX
ˆdO\SXNO
cˆ\ˆWOU
VK]^SâSX
cKZ¾]¾X¾
LYdKMKâ¾XNKX
`O
VK]^SâS
U_VVKX¾VKWKd
RKVO
]YUKMKâ¾XNKX
K]VK
ZK^VKW¾À
LS\
VK]^SUVO
cYVK
NO`KW
ONSVWOWOVSNS\
CONOU
VK]^SâSXSdS
^KU^¾U^KX
]YX\K
VK]^SU
^KWS\S
UYX_]_XNK
_dWKX
LS\
VK]^SU
]O\`S]SXNO
dK\K\
Qƒ\OX
VK]^SU
SXMOVOXWOVS
^K-
46
WS\S
WˆWUˆX
S]O
^KWS\
ONSVWOVSNS\
,_\KNK
OX
ƒXOWVS
R_]_]
VK]^SâSX
_dWKX
USÀSVO\MO
SXMOVOXWO]S
]YX_M_XNK
OU]SU]Sd
LS\
SXMOVOWO
cKZ¾VN¾U^KX
]YX\K
^KWS\
ONSVSZ
ONSVOWOcOMOâSXO
UK\K\
`O\SVWO]SNS\
¿OUSVNO
WK`S
\OXU
SVO
Qƒ]^O\SVOX
]¾\^
LƒVQO]SXNOX
RK]K\
Qƒ\WˆÀ
VK]^SUVO\
]^KXNK\^
ƒdOVVSUVO
WKX^K\
cKWK
cƒX^OWS
U_VVKXK\KU
^KWS\
ONSVWOVSNS\
kYâ_
VK]^SU
ZK^VKâ¾
vS`S
NOVSâS
cK
NK
6K]^SU
R¾d
]OWLYVˆ
2
UW]KK^
`O
KV^¾
S]O
NOVSU
vKZ¾
KdKWS
WW
`O
VK]^SU
NKRK
ƒXMO
^KWS\
ONSVWOWSÀ
S]O
OâS^SWVS
LS\
USÀS
^K\KP¾XNKX
^KWS\
ONSVOLSVS\
WWNOX
QOXSÀ
NOVSUVS
VK]^SUVO\
cK
NK
cKXKU^KUS
NOVSUVO\
^KWS\
ONSVWOWOVSNS\
6SXOO\
^KLKUKNK
^_LOVO]]
VK]^SUVO\NO
YVKX
`O
RK`K
]¾dN¾\WKdV¾â¾
]KâVKcKX
^KLKUK
vK^VKWK
`O
UO]SVWO
U¾\¾VWK
`O
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
SÀK\O^VOXWOVS
CKWKX¾X
NKRK
ScS
cKZ¾ÀWK]¾
SvSX
VK]^SâSX
SvS
d¾WZK\KcVK
^OWSdVOXWO]S
QO\OUVSNS\
>KWS\NO
^OWSdVSU
vYU
ƒXOWVSNS\
CK\K
^KWS\
WKVdOWO]S
]KNOMO
^OWSd
cˆdOcO
cKZ¾À¾\
CK\K
LƒVQO]SXSX
Sv^OX
N¾À^KX
UYXSU
LS\
d¾WZK\K
^KÀ¾cVK
ScSMO
^OWSdVOXWO]S
`O
cK\K
SvSXNOUS
]O\LO]^
UKVKX
vOVSU
U_ÀKU
^OV
_vVK\¾X¾X
OVWK]
_vV_
LS\
WK^UKZVK
KV¾XWK]¾
QO\OUS\
,_
SÀVOW
ScS
cKZ¾VWKd]K
SVO\NO
vOVSU
U_ÀKU
_vVK\¾
vKV¾ÀWK
cKZK\KU
ZK]VKXKLSVS\
`O
cK\K
^KWS\
WKVdOWO]SXO
RK]K\
`O\O\OU
VK]^SâS
RSdWO^
N¾À¾
L¾\KUKLSVS\
.KRK
]YX\K
VK]^SâSX
^KWS\
ONSVOMOâS
LƒVQOcO
ƒdOV
cKZ¾À^¾\¾M¾
]ˆ\ˆVˆZ
LS\UKv
NKUSUK
U_\_WKcK
L¾\KU¾VWKV¾N¾\
KÀ¾\¾
NOPY\WK]cYX
`K\]K
^KWS\
cKZ¾VWKWKV¾
`O
VK]^SU
UO]SXVSUVO
cOXS]ScVO
NOâSÀ^S\SVWOVSNS\
6K]^SâSX
ZK^VKWK]¾
SVO
LO\KLO\
RK`K]¾
LYÀKV¾\
.YVKc¾]¾
SVO
TKX^
cO\O
LK]K\
L_
N_\_WNK
K\Kv
RK\OUO^
O^^S\SVS\
S]O
TKX^
ˆdO\SXNO
cˆ\ˆXˆ\]O
VK]^SU
U_VVKX¾VKWKd
RKVO
QOVOMOU^S\
#"VS
c¾VVK\¾X
LKÀ¾XK
UKNK\
ZK^VKcKX
VK]^SUVO\
Sv
VK]^SUVO\NOX
UO]SVOX
ZK\vKVK\¾X
]¾MKU
ˆ^ˆ
_cQ_VKWK]¾cVK
cKZ¾À^¾\¾VWK]¾cVK
YXK\¾V¾cY\N_
=YX\KUS
c¾VVK\NK
Sv
VK]^SU
ZK\vKVK\¾X¾X
cO\SXS
U_ÀSXQKW
KN¾
`O\SVOX
RKd¾\
UK_v_U
UK\¾À¾W
^KLKUKVK\NKX
UO]SVOX
ZK\vKVK\K
L¾\KU¾\UOX
NKRK
]YX\K
NK
VK]^SU
^KWS\S
SvSX
ƒdOV
YVK\KU
ˆ\O^SVOX
Y`KV
NKS\O
`OcK
NSUNƒ\^QOX
PY\WV_
cKWKVK\
U_VVKX¾VWKcK
LKÀVKXN¾
nXMOVO\S
]KNOMO
]¾MKU
YVK\KU
_cQ_VKXKLSVOX
L_
cKWKVK\
QOVSÀ^S\SVO\OU
]Yâ_U
U_VVKX¾WK
NK
_cQ_X
RKVO
QO^S\SVNS
6K]^SU
YXK\¾W¾XNKUS
L_
QOVSÀWOVO\
WKX^K\
cKWK
KN¾
`O\SVOX
`O
]Yâ_U
YVK\KU
_cQ_VKXKX
WYNO\X
cKWKVK\VK
QˆXˆWˆdNO
VK]^SU
ˆ\O^SMSVO\SXS
NO
ƒXO\NSâS
YXK-
\¾W
ÀOUVSXS
KVN¾
7KX^K\
cKWK
RKVOX
^ˆW
NˆXcKNK
VK]^SU
ˆ\O^SMSVO\S
^K\KP¾XNKX
LSXOU
K\KvVK\¾X
VK]^SU
^KWS\SXNO
ƒXO\SVOX
`O
UKL_V
ONSVOX
^OU
]S]^OW
YVK\KU
UK\À¾W¾dK
v¾UWKU^KN¾\
,_
]¾\KNK
VK]^SâSX
^KWS\S
SvSX
NOVSâSX
LˆcˆUVˆâˆ
`O
ÀOUVSXO
_cQ_X
WKX^K\
cKWKX¾X
]OvSVWO]S
QO\OUVSNS\
>KWS\
WKVdOWO]SXSX
U_VVKX¾VKMKâ¾
cO\NOUS
UK_-
>OUO\VOU
K\Kv^KX
VK]^SU
TKX^^KX
]ƒUˆVˆ\
6K]^SâSX
ZK^VKWK]¾XK
XONOX
YVKX
]OLOZ
^O]ZS^
ONSVO\OU
VK]^SU
^KWS\
ONSVOLSVOMOU
]¾X¾\VK\
SvO\S]SXNO
S]O
^KWS\
ONSVWO
KÀKWK]¾XK
QOvSVS\
:K^VKWKcK
]OLOZ
YVKX
UO]SMS
`OcK
NOVSMS
MS]SW
¿OUSVNO
Qƒ\ˆVNˆâˆ
QSLS
_cQ_X
LS\
ZOX]O
cK\N¾W¾cVK
v¾UK\^¾VWKV¾
`O
L_
LƒVQO
SÀK\O^VOXWOVSNS\
>KWS\SX
cKZ¾VKLSVWO]S
SvSX
NOVSXOX
U¾]W¾X
U_\_
YVWK]¾
QO\OUVSNS\
,_
^OWSX
ONSVNSU^OX
]YX\K
cK\KX¾X
O^\KP¾
LS\
^OV
P¾\vK
d¾WZK\K
^ƒ\Zˆ
`OcK
UO]SMS
LS\
KVO^
SVO
SZVSUVO\
`O
^OVVO\
dK\K\
`O\WONOX
^OWSdVOXS\
.OVSU
O^\KP¾XNK
YXK\¾VKWKcKMKU
LS\
Qƒ`NO
cK\K]¾X¾X
YV_Z
YVWKN¾â¾
UYX^\YV
ONSVS\
6K]^SU^OUS
NOVSU
WKX^K\
cKWKcK
_cQ_X
YVK\KU
QOXSÀVO^SVWOVS
2K]K\V¾
LƒVQOXSX
ˆdO\SXNO
cKWKX¾X
UKZVKcKMKâ¾
cO\
v_UVK
UO]SXVSUVO
LOXdO\
ƒdOVVSUVO\
^KÀ¾WK]¾
QO\OUS\
/âO\
U_VVKX¾VKX
WKVdOWO
UK_v_U
O]K]V¾
NOâSV]O
O]XOWO]S
QO\SVWO]S
`O
VK]^SU
LˆXcO]SXNO
YV_ÀKX
¾]¾cK
^OZUS
ƒdOVVSâS
PK\UV¾
YVKMKâ¾XNKX
Kc\¾VWK
cKZKLSVS\
CK\KX¾X
LˆcˆUVˆâˆXO
Qƒ\O
¿OUSV·NO
Qƒ\ˆVOX
_cQ_X
WKX^K\
cKWKVK\NKX
LS\S
]OvSVWOVSNS\
?cQ_X
WKX^K\
cKWK
]OvSVNSU^OX
]YX\K
cKWKX¾X
cKZ¾ÀUKX
U¾]W¾XNKUS
UY\_c_M_
^KLKUK
v¾UK\¾VK\KU
WKX^K\
cKWKX¾X
_v
U¾]W¾
VK]^SâSX
Sv
U¾]W¾XNKX
QOvS\SVWOVS
WKX^K\
cKWKX¾X
cˆdOcSXO
OV
NOâNS\WONOX
`O
_v
U¾]¾W
NOVSU
SvSX-
47
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
NOXScVO
vOVSU
^OVVO\SX
U¾\¾VKLSVWO]S
`O
^KLKX
UKcWK]¾
NOXSVOX
N_\_W_X
Y\^KcK
v¾UWK]¾
o]^OVSU
PS^SVSX
NOVSâS
^KW
YVK\KU
UKZK^WKWK]¾
`O
VK]^SU
LK]¾XM¾X¾
UY\_cKX
VSXOO\
^KLKUKcK
cKZ¾ÀWKWK]¾
VK]^SU
SvSXNOUS
RK`K
`O
XOWSX
U_ÀKUVK\K
QOvWO]ScVO
NO
Kc\¾VWK
`O
^KLKXNK
ÀOUSV
LYd_UV_UVK\¾
WOcNKXK
QOVScY\
+c\¾MK
PS^SVVO
cKZ¾VKX
^KWS\
]¾\K]¾XNK
VK]^SU
TKX^^KX
v¾UK\¾VWKN¾â¾
SvSX
VK]^SâSX
Sv
cˆdOcSXNO
WOcNKXK
QOVWSÀ
YVKLSVOMOU
NSâO\
c¾\^¾U
cK
NK
RK]K\VK\
Qƒ\ˆVOWONSâSXNOX
^ORVSUO
]ˆ\ˆcY\
¿OUSVNO
Qƒ\ˆVNˆâˆ
QSLS
PS^SV
cKWK
K\KdS
ÀK\^VK\¾XNK
NKRS
VK]^SâO
UYVKcMK
_cQ_VKXKLSVWOU^ONS\
NOX
QOvS\SVO\OU
^KLKX
cˆdOcSXNOX
v¾UKX
U¾]¾W
ÀOUSV
NO
Qƒ\ˆVNˆâˆ
QSLS
LS\
ZOX]O
cK\N¾W¾cVK
ScSMO
QO\SVSXMOcO
UKNK\
vOUSVWOVS
LƒcVOMO
cKWKX¾X
^KW
YVK\KU
Y^_\WK]¾
]KâVKXWKV¾N¾\
7KX^K\
cKWK
_cQ_X
LS\
ZOX]O
cK\N¾W¾
SVO
N¾ÀK
NYâ\_
vOUSVO\OU
VK]^SâSX
cKWKcK
Y^_\WK]¾
]KâVKXWKV¾N¾\
CKWKX¾X
VK]^SâSX
Sv
U¾]W¾XNK
YVKX
LƒVˆWˆ
Y\^KNKX
LKÀVKWKU
UKcN¾cVK
LS\
\_VY
cK\N¾W¾cVK
OdSVO\OU
cKZ¾À^¾\¾V¾cY\
>KWS\
SÀVOWSXNOUS
]YX
KÀKWKc]K
cKWKX¾X
N¾ÀK\¾NK
UKVKX
_M_X_X
UO]SVWO]SNS\
,ƒcVOMO
YXK\¾W¾
^KWKWVKXKX
VK]^SU
LKVKX]
KcK\¾
cKZ¾VN¾U^KX
]YX\K
Y^YWYLSVO
^KU¾VWKcK
RKd¾\
RKVO
QOVWOU^ONS\
6çUWæYHæ<DQDNæ%|OJHVLQGHNLæ
%\Næ7DPLUDWODU
,ˆcˆU
OLK^V¾
cYV
N¾À¾
RSdWO^
VK]^SUVO\S
vYU
ZKRKV¾
YVN_â_
SvSX
OX
ƒXOWVS
RK\MKWK
UKVOWVO\S
K\K]¾XNK
cO\
KVWKU^KN¾\
CYV
N¾À¾
VK]^SUVO\
YVN_UvK
cK`KÀ
`O
ndOV
vKV¾ÀWK
UYÀ_VVK\¾XNK
U_VVKX¾VN¾â¾
SvSX
^KWS\K^¾
NK
ƒdOVVSUVO\
^KÀ¾WKU^KN¾\
,_
^ˆ\
^KWS\K^VK\
¿OUSVNO
Qƒ\ˆVNˆâˆ
QSLS
ƒXMOVSUVO
Lˆ^ˆX
U¾\¾VW¾À
QO`ÀOWSÀ
UY\N
`OcK
vOVSU
^OVVO\
^¾\KÀVKXK\KU
^OWSdVOXO\OU
cO^USVS
]O\`S]VO\SX
_cQ_X
Qƒ\OMOâS
SXMO
LS\
^KWS\
UK_v_â_
SVO
NYVN_\_VWKV¾N¾\
>KWS\K^
cKZ¾VKWKcKMKU
YVKX
LƒVQO]SXSX
^YZVKW
_d_XV_â_
VK]^SU
OLKN¾XK
Qƒ\O
WW
K\K]¾XNK
NOâSÀS\
6K]^SâSX
Sv
U¾]W¾XK
¿OUSVNO
Qƒ\ˆVOX
^KWS\
WKVdOWOVO\S
_cQ_VKX¾\
,_
^ˆ\
WKVdOWOVO\
LS\vYU
\KcYX
UK^VK\NKX
YV_À^_â_
SvSX
U_VVKX¾VWK
O]XK]¾XNK
ˆdO\SXNOUS
YU
SÀK\O^SXO
NSUUK^
ONO\OU
_cQ_VKXWKV¾N¾\
=KNOMO
KMSV
N_\_WVK\NK
`O
WOML_\ScO^
RKVSXNO
U_VVKX¾VWK]¾
QO\OUOX
PS^SVVS
YXK\¾W¾X
SÀSX
_dWKX¾
LS\
VK]^SU
^KWS\MS]S
L_V_XN_â_XNK
^OWSdVO^SVSZ
cO\SXO
WKX^K\
cKWK
SVO
cOXSVOXWOVSNS\
+MSV
N_\_WVK\
N¾À¾XNK
PS^SV
SVO
VK]^SU
^KWS\K^¾
cKZ¾VWKWKV¾N¾\
½VU
P¾\]K^^K
PS^SV
cKWK
WKX^K\
cKWK
SVO
cOXSVOXWOVSNS\
$FLOæ'XUXPGDæ)LWLOæìOHæ<DSçODQæ*HoLFLæ/DVWLNæ7DPLUDWç
½v
VK]^SUVS
Y^YWYLSV
VK]^SUVO\SXSX
cO\SXS
ˆ\O^SVOX
Lˆ^ˆX
Y^YWYLSV
WYNOVVO\SXNO
^_LOVO]]
VK]^SUVO\O
L¾\KUWK]¾cVK
VK]^SU
^KWS\SXNO
PS^SVVS
YXK\¾W
cƒX^OWS
_cQ_VKXWKcK
LKÀVKN¾
/UYXYWSU
YVWK]¾
`O
vKL_U
_cQ_VKXKLSVWO]ScVO
\KâLO^
Qƒ\O\OU
cKcQ¾X
YVK\KU
U_VVKX¾VWKcK
LKÀVKXKX
PS^SVVS
YXK\¾W
cƒX^OWS
PS^SVSX
VK]^SU
ˆdO\SXNOUS
NOVSâO
cO\VOÀ^S\SVWO]S
O]K]¾XK
NKcKXWKU^KN¾\
¿OUSVNO
Qƒ\ˆVOX
^KWS\
US^VO\S
SVO
UYVKcMK
_cQ_VKXKLSVWOU^ONS\
0S^SVS
VK]^SU
ˆdO\SXNOUS
NOVSâO
QOvS\WONOX
ƒXMO
WK^UKZ
_M_
cK
NK
^Y\XK`SNK
QSLS
]S`\S
_vV_
LS\
KVO^VO
NOVSU
LƒVQO]S
QOXSÀVO^SVNSâSXNOX
OX
ƒXOWVS
RK^K
NK
L_
KÀKWKNK
cKZ¾V¾cY\
1OXSÀVO^WO
vKV¾ÀWK]¾
]¾\K]¾XNK
U_ÀKU^KUS
vOVSU
^OVVO\SX
_vVK\¾
KV¾XWKN¾â¾XNKX
NOVSU
vO`\O]SXNOUS
^Yd
`O
XOW
PS^SVVO
LS\VSU^O
VK]^SâSX
SvSXO
QS\ScY\
,_
XOWVOXWOXSX
OX
`KRSW
]YX_M_c]K
SVO\VOcOX
NƒXOWNO
^OVVO\NOUS
ZK]VKXWK
XO-
2QDUçOPDPDVçæ*HUHNHQæ
/DVWLNOHU
6K]^SUVO\SX
cKXKUVK\¾XNK
YV_ÀW_À
LKVYXVK\
cK
NK
NOVSUVO\
YXK\¾VWKWK]¾
QO\OUOX
RK]K\VK\¾X
LKÀ¾XNK
QOVWOU^ONS\
kYU
U¾]K
]ˆ\O
SvSX
LSVO
YV]K
ZK^VKW¾À
VK]^SâSX
ˆdO\SXNO
RK`K]¾d
YVK\KU
SVO\VOXWO]S
UK\UK]^KUS
UY\N
SZVSUVO\SXO
dK\K\
`O\OLSVScY\
>_LOVO]]
VK]^SUVO\NO
RK`K
]¾dN¾\WKdV¾â¾
]KâVKcKX
VSXOO\
^KLKUKNK
vK^VKWK
`OcK
UO]SVWO
UK\UK]^K
c¾\^¾VWK
`OcK
Kc\¾VWK
^YZ_U^K
UO]SVWO
U¾\¾VWK
`O
KÀ¾\¾
NOPY\WK]cYX
WOcNKXK
QOVWSÀ]O
VK]^SâSX
UO]SXVSUVO
cOXS]ScVO
NOâSÀ^S\SVWO]S
QO\OUWOU^ONS\
,_
UYX_NK
cKÀKW
Qˆ`OXVSâS
]ƒd
UYX_]_
YVN_â_
SvSX
K\Kv
]KRSLSXSX
NO
SXS]ScK^SP
U_VVKXWK]¾
QO\OUVSNS\
6K]^SâSX
NSÀ
NO\SXVSâS
WSXSW_W
NSÀ
NO\SXVSâS
YVKX
WW·XSX
KV^¾XK
NˆÀWˆÀ
S]O
UO]SXVSUVO
^KWS\
ONSVWOWOVS
cOXS]S
SVO
NOâSÀ^S\SVWOVSNS\
¿OUSVNO
Qƒ\ˆVOX
^KWS\
VSWS^VO\SXS
KÀKX
]¾\^
K\¾dKVK\¾
cKXKU
`O
^YZ_U·^K
YV_ÀKX
K\¾dKVK\
SVO
ˆdO\SXNO
cˆ\ˆXOX
VK]^SUVO\
^KWS\
ONSVWOWOVSNS\
2UKDQæ*(5('(/ì2è/8
0DNLQDæ<NVHNæ0KHQGLVL
48
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
Rengine
*|UHæ<DéçQæ
Durumunu
'HéHUOHQGLUPHN
<DéæGHéLëLPæGXUXPXQXæDQODPDNæLoLQæUHQNæWDEORVX
5HQNæWDEORVXæLOHæNç\DODPDæLPNDQçæEXOXQPX\RUVDæELUæ|QFHæDOGçéçQç]æ\DéæQXPXQHVLæYHææYH\DæWHPL]æ\DéæQXPXQHVLæLOHæNç\DVOD\çQç]
CKâ
\OXQSXS
LS\
MKW
^ˆZ
SvSXNO
¾À¾âK
^_^K\KU
Qƒ\OLSVS\]SXSd
CKâ¾X
\OXQS
cYâ_XV_â_XK
SvSXNO
]ˆ]ZKX]ScYX
YVK\KU
K]¾V¾
RKVNO
L_V_XKX
WKNNOVO\O
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
\OXU
PK\UV¾V¾UVK\¾
Qƒ]^O\S\
,_
PK\UV¾
\OXUVO\NOX
YV_ÀKX
\OXU
^KcP¾
U¾cK]VKWK
\OPO\KX]¾
YVK\KU
U_VVKX¾V¾\
5_VVKX¾VWKW¾À
cOXS
cKâ¾X
cˆU]OU
`S]UYdS^O
Y\KX¾
XONOXS
SVO
cKâ¾X
NYâKV
\OXQSXS
Qƒ\OLSVS\Sd
8KP^KXSU
LKdV¾
cˆU]OU
]ˆVPˆ\Vˆ
K\YWK^SUVO\
SvO\OX
cKâVK\¾X
\OXQS
NKRK
UYc_N_\
5_VVKX¾VKX
cKâVK\¾X
US\VOXWO]S
`O
`S]UYdS^O]SXSX
NOâSÀWO]S
\OXU
NOâSÀSWS
`O
]KcNKW
Qƒ\ˆX^ˆ]ˆXˆX
UKcLYVWK]¾
ÀOUVSXNO
Y\^KcK
v¾UK\
52
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
7Y^Y\_X
cKXWK
YNK]¾XNK
Y\^KcK
v¾UKX
cˆU]OU
¾]¾
`O
UK\LYX
vƒdOV^SVO\S
XONOXS
SVO
cKâ
UK\K\¾\
+c\¾MK
PK\UV¾
ƒdOVVSUVO\NO
cKâ
OUVOXWO]S
RKVSXNO
cKNK
NSâO\
UK^U¾VK\
XONOXS
SVO
NO
cKâ¾X
\OXQS
UYc_VKÀKLSVS\
+c\¾MK
cKâNK
L_V_XKX
NO^O\TKX
UK^U¾VK\¾X¾X
v¾UKX
U_\_W_
`O
^OWK]
O^^SâS
RK`KNKUS
K]¾V¾
ZK\vKM¾UVK\¾
^YZVKWK]¾
]YX_M_
NK
\OXU
NOâSÀSWS
`O
cKâ¾X
ZK\VKUV¾â¾X¾X
UKcLYVWK]¾
]ƒd
UYX_]_
YVKMKU^¾\
1ˆXOÀ
¾À¾XVK\¾XK
NYâ\_NKX
WK\_d
UKVKX
cKâVK\
?@
_V^\K`SYVO
¾À¾XVK\¾X¾X
XONOX
YVN_â_
PY^YUK^KVS^SU
\OKU]ScYXVK
KÀ¾\¾
\OXU
NOâSÀSWSXO
_â\K\
2NVLWOHQHQæ\DéæQDVçOæNDUDUçU"
CKâNK
\OXU
NOâSÀSWS
`O
UK\K\WKX¾X
]¾UvK
\K]^VKXKX
XONOXS
cKâ¾X
YU]S^VOXWO]SNS\
CˆU]OU
]ˆVPˆ\Vˆ
K\YWK^SUVO\
SvO\OX
cKâVK\NK
\OXU
NOâSÀSWS
NKRK
UYVKc
PK\U
ONSVS\
CˆU]OU
¾]¾VK\NK
YV_ÀKX
YU]S^VOXWOVO\VO
K\YWK^SUVO\
`O
]ˆVPˆ\
LSVOÀOXVO\S
K\K]¾XNK
cKâ
ƒdOVVSUVO\SXS
LYdWKcK
cƒXOVSU
LS\
]SXO\TS
`K\N¾\
,_NK
\OXU
NOâSÀSWSXS
Y\^KcK
v¾UK\¾\
<DéçQæUHQJLQLQæGHéLëPHVL
9VKâKX
N¾À¾
\OXU
NOâSÀSWS
vYâ_XV_UVK
cKâ¾X
LYd_VN_â_X_X
OX
ScS
Qƒ]^O\QO]SNS\
CKZ¾VKX
K\KÀ^¾\WKVK\NK
KÀ¾\¾
UYc_
\OXUVS
cKâVK\¾X
#
¶¾X¾X
S]^OXOX
ƒdOVVSUVO\SXS
UKcLO^WSÀ
YVN_â_
KXVKÀ¾VW¾À^¾\
+XMKU
LKd¾
N_\_WVK\NK
UYc_
\OXU
cKâ¾X
LYd_VN_â_X_
Qƒ]^O\WOcOLSVS\
,_X_X
Kc\¾W¾XK
`K\KLSVWOU
SvSX
NˆdOXVS
K\KV¾UVK\VK
cKâ
KXKVSdS
cKZ¾VWK]¾
QO\OU^SâS
^OM\ˆLOVO\VO
S]ZK^VKXW¾À^¾\
<DéæUHQJLQLQæNR\XODëPDVçæUHQNæGHéLëLPL
2NVLWOHQPHæ
,VçVDOæ'HéLëLPæ
.LUOLOLN
$VçOæQHGHQæ
=ˆVPˆ\
LSVOÀOXVO\SX
K]S^O
NƒXˆÀˆWˆ
2K`K
UKLK\M¾UVK\¾
cˆU]OV
cˆdOc]OV
¾]¾
5K\¾À¾U
cKâ
UY]^SU
NO^O\TKXVK\
USWcK]KVVK\
'RéUXODPDæWHVWL
0>3<
]ˆVPK^VKWK
>+8
`S]UYdS^O
0>3<
XS^\K^VKWK
]K`\_VWK
cKWK
^O]^S
/VOWOX^
KXKVSdS
0>3<
`S]UYdS^O
7HUFPHææ0æ*QG]æ$7(ê
ì00%
.D\QDNææ0DFKLQHU\æ/XEULFDWLRQ
53
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
0DNLQDODUçQæ7DVDUçPçæYHæêPDOLæLOHæ
êOJLOLæ7HPHOæ6DéOçNæYHæ*YHQOLNæ
.XUDOODUçæ
æ6D\çQçQæGHYDPç
´7KUSXKVK\¾X
_]_VˆXO
_cQ_X
ÀOUSVNO
U_\_VN_â_XNK
LKU¾W¾
cKZ¾VN¾â¾XNK
`O
UOXNSXNOX
LOUVOXOX
KWKvVK\
NYâ\_V^_]_XNK
U_VVKX¾VN¾â¾XNK
SX]KX
]KâV¾â¾XK
`O
Qˆ`OXVSâSXO
`O
N_\_W_XK
Qƒ\O
O`MSV
RKc`KXVK\K
`O
WKVVK\K
dK\K\
`O\WScY\]K
ZScK]KcK
K\d
ONSVWOVO\SXS
`O
RSdWO^O
]_X_VWKVK\¾X¾
^OWSXOX
^K]K\¾W
`O
SWKVK^
KÀKWK]¾XNK
_c_VWK]¾
QO\O-
UOX
^OWOV
OWXScO^
ÀK\^VK\¾
SVO
^KUSZ
ONSVWO]S
QO\OUOX
_cQ_XV_U
NOâO\VOXNS\WO
Z\Y]ONˆ\VO\SXS
`O
_cQ_XV_U
NOâO\VOXNS\WO]S
cKZKMKU
YXKcVKXW¾À
U_\_V_ÀVK\¾X
Qƒ\O`VOXNS\SVWO]SXNO
NSUUK^O
KV¾XKMKU
K]QK\S
U\S^O\VO\S
NˆdOXVOWOUµ
+WKM¾
SVO
=KXKcS
`O
>SMK\O^
,KUKXV¾â¾·X¾X
#
^K\SR
`O
!"
]Kc¾V¾
\O]WS
QKdO^ONO
cKc¾WVKXKX
´7KUSXK
/WXScO-
æ%DNçPææ
æ0DNLQDODUçQæEDNçPç
+cK\
`O
LKU¾W
XYU^KVK\¾
^ORVSUO
LƒVQOVO\SXSX
N¾À¾XK
cO\VOÀ^S\SVWSÀ
YVWKV¾N¾\
+cK\
LKU¾W
YXK\¾W
^OWSdVSU
`O
]O\`S]
SÀVOWVO\S
WKUSXK
N_\_cY\UOX
cKZ¾VKLSVWOVSNS\
>OUXSU
XONOXVO\VO
c_UK\¾
ÀK\^VK\NKX
LS\SXS
cK
NK
NKRK
PKdVK]¾X¾
cO\SXO
QO^S\WOU
WˆWUˆX
YVKW¾cY\]K
L_
SÀVOWVO\SX
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
cKZ¾VKLSVWO]S
SvSX
^ONLS\VO\
KV¾XWKV¾N¾\
X_WK\KV¾
ZK\KQ\KPK
LKU¾VWKV¾N¾\
9^YWK^SU
WKUSXKVK\NK
`O
QO\OU^SâSXNO
NSâO\
WKUSXKVK\NK
K\¾dK
^OÀRS]
MSRKd¾
^KU¾VWK]¾
SvSX
LS\
LKâVKX^¾
^O\^SLK^¾
L_V_XWKV¾N¾\
=¾UvK
NOâSÀ^S\SVWO]S
QO\OUOX
Y^YWK^SU
WKUSXK
KU]KWVK-
56
^S
CƒXO^WOVSâSµXSX
]OU^ƒ\ˆWˆdˆ
NYâ\_NKX
SVQSVOXNS\OX
]OU^ƒ\
vKV¾ÀKXVK\¾W¾dMK
LSVSXWO]S
QO\OUOX
/U
´7KUSXKVK\¾X
^K]K\¾W¾
`O
SWKVS
SVO
SVQSVS
^OWOV
]KâV¾U
`O
Qˆ`OXVSU
U_\KVVK\¾µ
U¾]W¾X¾
]SdVO\VO
ZKcVKÀWKU
S]^ONSU
½VU
LƒVˆWˆXˆ
#
]Kc¾NK
`O\NSâSWSd
cƒXO^WOVSâSX
SUSXMS
U¾]W¾X¾
cKc¾XV¾cY\_d
ì00%æ
\¾
UYVKc
`O
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
]ƒUˆVˆZ
^KU¾VKLSVWOVSNS\
,_
KU]KWVK\K
O\SÀSW
LOVS\^SVOX
LS\
vKV¾ÀWK
cƒX^OWSXO
_cQ_X
YVK\KU
L_
Qƒ\O`VO\SX
QO\OUVS
^OUXSU
K\KvVK\VK
cKZ¾VKLSVWO]SXO
SWUrX
^KX¾WKV¾N¾\
ædDOçëPDæNRQXPODUçQDæYHæVHUYLVæQRNWDODUçQDæHULëLPææ
7KUSXKVK\
WKUSXKVK\¾X
vKV¾ÀWK]¾
KcK\VKWK]¾
`O
LKU¾W¾
O]XK]¾XNK
WˆNKRKVOXSX
QO\OUVS
YVKX
Lˆ^ˆX
KVKXVK\¾XK
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
O\SÀSWSXO
SWUrX
`O\OMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\VKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
æ(QHUMLæND\QDNODUçQçQæ\DOçWçOPDVçææ
7KUSXKVK\
Lˆ^ˆX
OXO\TS
UKcXKUVK\¾XNKX
cKV¾^¾W¾
]KâVKXKMKU
ÀOUSVNO
^OvRSd
ONSVWOVSNS\
,_
^ˆ\
cKV¾^¾M¾VK\
SdYVK^ƒ\VO\
Kv¾U
LS\
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
ÀOUSVNO
^KX¾WVKXWKV¾N¾\
COXSNOX
LKâVKX^¾
USÀSVO\
ˆdO\SXNO
LS\
^ORVSUO
YV_À^_\KMKU]K
L_XVK\
USVS^VOXOLSVS\
^K\dNK
YVWKV¾N¾\VK\
CKV¾^¾M¾VK\
YZO\K^ƒ\ˆX
O\SÀOLSVNSâS
RO\RKXQS
LS\
XYU^KNKX
OXO\TSXSX
RKVK
UO]SU
YVN_â_X_
UYX^\YV
O^WO
SWUrX¾
L_V_XWKWK]¾
N_\_W_XNK
NK
USVS^VOXOLSVWOVSNS\
,S\
OVOU^\SU
UKcXKâ¾XK
PSÀVO
^KU¾VKLSVOX
WKUSXKVK\
SvSX
YZO\K^ƒ\ˆX
O\SÀOLSVNSâS
RO\
XYU^KNK
OVOU^\SU
PSÀSXSX
Z\SdNOX
vOUSVS
YVN_â_X_
UYX^\YV
ONOLSVWO]S
UYÀ_V_cVK
PSÀSX
Z\SdNOX
vOUSVWO]S
cO^O\VSNS\
/XO\TS
UO]SVNSU^OX
]YX\K
WKUSXKVK\¾X
NO`\OVO\SXNO
XY\WKV
YVK\KU
UKVKX
`OcK
NOZYVKXKX
OXO\TS
USÀSVO\O
\S]U
YV_À^_\WKcKMKU
ÀOUSVNO
cYU
ONSVOLSVWOVSNS\
nXMOUS
P¾U\KVK\NK
LOVS\^SVOX
ÀK\^K
LS\
S]^S]XK
YVK\KU
ƒ\XOâSX
ZK\vKVK\¾
^_^WKU
LSVQScS
UY\_WKU
Sv
U¾]W¾X
KcN¾XVK^¾VWK]¾
QSLS
XONOXVO\VO
LKd¾
NO`\OVO\
OXO\TS
UKcXKâ¾XK
LKâV¾
UKVKLSVS\
,_
N_\_WNK
YZO\K^ƒ\ˆX
Qˆ`OXVSâSXS
]KâVKWKcK
cƒXOVSU
ƒdOV
ƒXVOWVO\
KV¾XWKV¾N¾\
æ2SHUDW|UQæPGDKDOHVLææ
7KUSXKVK\
YZO\K^ƒ\ˆX
WˆNKRKVO]SXO
SR^ScKv
]¾X¾\V¾
YVKMKU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
SWKV
ONSVWOVS
`O
^OvRSd
ONSVWOVSNS\
9ZO\K^ƒ\ˆX
WˆNKRKVO]S
UKv¾X¾VWKd]K
L_
WˆNKRKVOVO\
UYVKcMK
`O
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
cKZ¾VKLSVWOVSNS\
æ'DKLOLæSDUoDODUçQæWHPL]OHQPHVLææ
7KUSXKVK\
^ORVSUOVS
WKNNO
cK
NK
Z\OZK\K^
SR^S`K
O^WSÀ
NKRSVS
ZK\vKVK\
SvO\S
QS\WONOX
^OWSdVOXOLSVOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\%
LVYUKT¾X
UKVN¾\¾VWK]¾
QO\OUVS
YVN_â_XNK
L_
SÀVOW
NO
N¾ÀK\¾NKX
cKZ¾VKLSVWOVSNS\
7KUSXKX¾X
SvSXO
QS\WOU
UKv¾X¾VWKd
SO
WKUSXK
^OWSdVSU
SÀVOWS
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
LSvSWNO
cKZ¾VKLSVOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
æ%LOJLOHQGLUPHææ
æ0DNLQDæ]HULQGHNLæELOJLæYHæX\DUçODU
7KUSXKVK\
ˆdO\SXNO
cO\
KVKX
LSVQS
`O
_cK\¾VK\
^O\MSROX
RrVSRKd¾\NK
UYVKcMK
KXVKÀ¾VKLSVOX
]OWLYV
`OcK
ÀOWKVK\NKX
YV_ÀWKV¾N¾\
2O\RKXQS
LS\
cKd¾V¾
`OcK
]ƒdOV
LSVQS
`O
_cK\¾VK\
>ˆ\UvO
RKd¾\VKXWKV¾N¾\
æ%LOJLOHQGLUPHæYHæELOJLOHQGLUPHæWHUWLEDWODUçææ
7KUSXKX¾X
U_WKXNK]¾
SVO
SVQSVS
SR^ScKv
N_c_VKX
LSVQSVO\
LOVS\]SdVSâO
cO\
`O\WOcOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
`O
UYVKc
KXVKÀ¾VKX
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
]KâVKXWKV¾N¾\
,_XVK\
YZO\K^ƒ\ˆ
KÀ¾\¾
cY\KMKU
NO\OMONO
PKdVK
YVWKWKV¾N¾\
1ƒ\ˆX^ˆVˆ
OU\KXVK\
`OcK
WKUSXK
SVO
YZO\K^ƒ\
K\K]¾XNKUS
NSâO\
SX^O\KU^SP
SVO^SÀSW
K\KvVK\¾
UYVKcMK
KXVKÀ¾VKLSVWOVS
`O
U_VVKX¾W¾
UYVKc
YVWKV¾N¾\
æ8\DUçæWHUWLEDWODUçææ
7KUSXKVK\¾X
NOXO^SW]Sd
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
vKV¾À¾\UOX
WOcNKXK
QO-
VOLSVOMOU
LS\
RK^K
]YX_M_XNK
USÀSVO\SX
]KâV¾U
`O
Qˆ`OXVSâSXSX
^ORVSUOcO
QS\OLSVOMOâS
N_\_WVK\NK
WKUSXKVK\
_cK\¾
YVK\KU
_cQ_X
LS\
]O]
`OcK
¾À¾U
]SXcKVS
`O\OMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^OvRSd
ONSVWOVSNS\
7KUSXKVK\
_cK\¾
^O\^SLK^VK\¾
SVO
^OvRSd
ONSVWO]S
N_\_W_XNK
L_
^O\^SLK^VK\
LOVS\QSX
YVWKV¾
`O
UYVKcMK
KVQ¾VKXKLSVWOVSNS\
9ZO\K^ƒ\
RO\
dKWKX
L_
^ˆ\
_cK\¾
^O\^SLK^VK\¾X
vKV¾ÀWK]¾X¾
UYX^\YV
ONOMOU
SWUrXVK\K
]KRSZ
YVWKV¾N¾\
<OXUVO\
`O
Qˆ`OXVSU
]SXcKVVO\S
SVO
SVQSVS
cƒXO^WOVSUVO\SX
ÀK\^VK\¾XK
_c_VWKV¾N¾\
æ*LGHULOHPH\HQæULVNOHUOHææLOJLOLæX\DUçODUææ
CKZ¾]KV
Qˆ`OXVS
^K]K\¾W
^ONLS\VO\SXO
_cQ_VKXKX
UY\_c_M_
`O
^KWKWVKc¾M¾
UY\_WK
^ONLS\VO\SXO
\KâWOX
\S]UVO\SX
QSNO\SVOWONSâS
N_\_WVK\NK
_cK\¾
^O\^SLK^VK\¾
NKRSV
YVWKU
ˆdO\O
QO\OUVS
_cK\¾VK\
]KâVKXWKV¾N¾\
æ0DNLQDODUçQæLëDUHWOHQPHVLææ
,ˆ^ˆX
WKUSXKVK\
KÀKâ¾NKUS
K]QK\S
ƒdOVVSUVO\
Qƒd
ƒXˆXNO
^_^_VK\KU
Qƒ\ˆXˆ\
YU_X_\
`O
]SVSXOWOd
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
SÀK\O^VOXWOVSNS\$
Ž
½WKVK^v¾X¾X
`O
SVQSVS
YVN_â_XNK
cO^USVS
^OW]SVMS]SXSX
^SMK\S
_X`KX¾
`O
^KW
KN\O]S
Ž
7KUSXKX¾X
^KX¾W¾
Ž
-/
½ÀK\O^VOWO]S
/U
333
Ž
=O\S
`OcK
^SZ
^KX¾WVKWK]¾
Ž
@K\]K
]O\S
X_WK\K]¾
Ž
½WKVK^
c¾V¾
cKXS
SWKVr^
SÀVOWSXSX
^KWKWVKXN¾â¾
c¾V
7KUSXKcK
-/
SÀK\O^S
SVSÀ^S\SVS\UOX
^K\SR
ƒXO
`OcK
SVO\ScO
KV¾XKWKd
,_X_X
cKX¾
]¾\K
W_R^OWOV
ZK^VKc¾M¾
Y\^KWVK\NK
U_VVKX¾VWKU
ˆdO\O
^K]K\¾WVKXW¾À
`O
SWKV
ONSVWSÀ
WKUSXKVK\
L_XK
Qƒ\O
SÀK\O^VOXWOVSNS\
7KUSXKVK\
^SZS
`O
Qˆ`OXVS
U_VVKX¾W
SvSX
O]K]
YVKX
Lˆ^ˆX
LSVQSVO\S
NO
^KÀ¾WKV¾N¾\
,_
^SZ
LSVQSVO\
!
X_WK\KV¾
ZK\KQ\KP^K
`O\SVOX
U_\KVVK\NK
OVO
KV¾XW¾À^¾\
7KUSXK
ZK\vKVK\¾X¾X
UKVN¾\WK
OUSZWKX¾
SVO
U_VVKX¾VK\KU
SÀVOW
Qƒ\WO]S
RKVSXNO
L_XVK\¾X
Uˆ^VO]S
YU_X_\
]SVSXWOd
`O
LOVS\QSX
YVK\KU
Qƒ]^O\SVWOVSNS\
æ7DOLPDWODUææ
,ˆ^ˆX
WKUSXKVK\NK
>ˆ\UvO
RKd¾\VKXW¾À
^KVSWK^VK\
L_V_XWKV¾N¾\
7KUSXKVK\¾X
LO\KLO\SXNO
cO\
KVKX
^KVSWK^VK\
cK
¶9\STSXKV
^KVSWK^VK\·
YVWKV¾
cK
NK
Y\STSXKV
^KVSWK^VK\¾X
>ˆ\UvO
YVWKWK]¾
RKVSXNO
¶9\STSXKV
^KVSWK^VK\¾X
^O\MˆWO]S·
YVWKV¾N¾\
L_
N_\_WNK
Y\STSXKV
^KVSWK^VK\
NK
vO`S\SVO\S
SVO
LS\VSU^O
`O\SVWOVSNS\
½]^S]XK
YVK\KU
SWKVr^v¾
`OcK
cO^USVS
^OW]SVMS]S
^K\KP¾XNKX
Qƒ\O`VOXNS\SVOX
_dWKX
ZO\]YXOVSX
U_VVKX¾W¾
KWKM¾cVK
RKd¾\VKXKX
LKU¾W
^KVSWK^VK\¾
>ˆ\UvOXSX
cKX¾
]¾\K
_dWKX
ZO\]YXOVSX
KXVKcKLSVOMOâS
>YZV_V_U
NSVSXNO
`O\SVOLSVS\
57
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
>KVSWK^VK\
KÀKâ¾NK
NˆdOXVOXOX
SVUOVO\
NYâ\_V^_]_XNK
RKd¾\VKXWKV¾N¾\
æ7DOLPDWODUçQæKD]çUODQPDVçæLOHæLOJLOLæJHQHOæLONHOHUææ
D
>KVSWK^VK\
>ˆ\UvO
RKd¾\VKXWKV¾
Y\STSXKV
^KVSWK^VK\¾X
LKÀUK
LS\
NSVNO
YVWK]¾
RKVSXNO
LO\KLO\SXNO
>ˆ\UvOcO
vO`S\S]S
cO\
KVWKV¾N¾\
½WKVK^v¾
`OcK
cO^USVS
^OW]SVMS]S
^K\KP¾XNKX
NYâ\_VKXKX
NSV
`O\]ScYX_
`O\]ScYXVK\¾
ˆdO\SXNO
¶9\STSXKV
^KVSWK^VK\·
SLK\O]S
Qƒ\ˆVWOVSNS\
E
7KUSXKVK\¾X
U_VVKX¾VKMKâ¾
ˆVUOXSX
\O]WS
NSVSNSVVO\SXNO
¶9\STSXKV
^KVSWK^VK\¾X·
L_V_XWKN¾â¾
N_\_WVK\NK
SWKVr^v¾
`OcK
cO^USVS
^OW]SVMS]S
`OcK
L_
WKUSXKc¾
QO^S\OX
USÀS
^K\KP¾XNKX
]ƒd
UYX_]_
LƒVQONOUS
QOvO\VS
NSVO
vO`S\S
]KâVKXWKV¾N¾\
kO`S\S
¶9\STSXKV
^KVSWK^VK\¾X
vO`S\S]S·
SLK\O]SXS
^KÀ¾WKV¾N¾\
F
>KVSWK^VK\¾X
SvO\SâS
cKVX¾dMK
WKUSXKVK\¾X
KWKvVKXKX
U_VVKX¾WVK\¾X¾
NOâSV
KcX¾
dKWKXNK
WKU_V
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
ƒXQƒ\ˆVOLSVOX
YVK]¾
cKXV¾À
U_VVKX¾WVK\¾X¾
NK
SvO\WOVSNS\
G
:\YPO]cYXOV
YVWKcKX
YZO\K^ƒ\VO\
^K\KP¾XNKX
U_VVKX¾VWK]¾
NˆÀˆXˆVOX
WKUSXKVK\
SvSX
U_VVKX¾W
^KVSWK^VK\¾X¾X
cKd¾VWK]¾
`O
NˆdOXVOXWO]SXNO
L_
^ˆ\
YZO\K^ƒ\VO\NOX
WKU_V
YVK\KU
LOUVOXOLSVOMOU
QOXOV
OâS^SW
]O`ScOVO\S
`O
cK\Q¾NK
L_V_XKLSVWO
NˆdOcVO\S
NO
Qƒd
ƒXˆXNO
L_V_XN_\_VWKV¾N¾\
æ7DOLPDWODUçQæLoHULéLææ
2O\
LS\
U_VVKX¾M¾
OV
US^KL¾
SVQSVS
YVN_â_
ÀOUSVNO
OX
Kd¾XNKX
KÀKâ¾NKUS
LSVQSVO\S
SvO\WOVSNS\$
D
½WKVK^v¾
`O
cO^USVS
^OW]SVMS]SXSX
KN¾
`O
^KW
KN\O]S
E
=O\S
X_WK\K]¾
RK\Sv
YVWKU
ˆdO\O
WKUSXK
ˆdO\SXNO
SÀK\O^VOXWSÀ
RKVNO
WKUSXKX¾X
^KX¾W¾
!
X_WK\KV¾
ZK\KQ\KP
F
+>
?cQ_XV_U
,OcKX¾
`OcK
+>
?cQ_XV_U
,OcKX¾
SvO\SâSXS
Qƒ]^O\OX
WKUSXKX¾X
ƒdOVVSUVO\SXS
`O\OX
`O
]O\S
X_WK\K]¾
`O
SWdKX¾X
L_V_XWK]¾X¾X
QO\OUVS
YVWKN¾â¾
LS\
LOVQO
G
7KUSXKX¾X
QOXOV
^K\SPS
H
7KUSXKX¾X
U_VVKX¾W
LKU¾W
`O
YXK\¾W¾
`O
NYâ\_
vKV¾À¾Z
vKV¾ÀWKN¾â¾X¾X
UYX^\YVˆ
SvSX
QO\OUVS
vSdSWVO\
ÀOWKVK\
^K\SPVO\
`O
Kv¾UVKWKVK\
I
9ZO\K^ƒ\VO\SX
L_V_XKMKUVK\¾
W_R^OWOV
SÀ
S]^K]cYXVK\¾X¾X
^K\SPS
N
7KUSXKX¾X
RSdWO^O
]_X_VWKVK\¾
`O
U_VVKX¾VWKVK\¾
SVO
SVQSVS
^KVSWK^VK\
`O
QO\OUVS
S]O
YZO\K^ƒ\VO\SX
OâS^SWS
SVO
SVQSVS
^KVSWK^VK\
O
CKZ¾]KV
YVK\KU
Qˆ`OXVS
^K]K\¾W
^ONLS\VO\S
UY\_WK
`O
_cQ_VKXKX
^KWKWVKc¾M¾
UY\_c_M_
^ONLS\VO\O
\KâWOX
QSNO\SVOWOcOX
\S]UVO\
RKUU¾XNK
LSVQSVOXNS\WO
P
?cQ_X
YVKX
N_\_WVK\NK
USÀS]OV
UY\_c_M_
OUSZWKX
NK
NKRSV
YVWKU
ˆdO\O
U_VVKX¾M¾
^K\KP¾XNKX
KV¾XWK]¾
QO\OUOX
UY\_c_M_
^ONLS\VO\
RKUU¾XNK
^KVSWK^VK\
Q7KUSXKcK
^KU¾VKLSVOMOU
^KU¾WVK\¾X
^OWOV
UK\KU^O\S]^SUVO\S
R
7KUSXKX¾X
U_VVKX¾W
XKUVScO
WYX^KT
RSdWO^
N¾À¾
SUOX
]ƒUWO
^O]^
O^WO
`O
ƒXQƒ\ˆVOLSVS\
K\¾dKVK\
]¾\K]¾XNK
UK\K\V¾V¾U
ÀK\^¾X¾
UK\À¾VKN¾â¾
UYÀ_VVK\
S
>KÀ¾WK
OVVOvVOWO
`O
NOZYVKWK
SÀVOWVO\SXSX
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
cKZ¾VWK]¾X¾
^OWSXOX
WKUSXKX¾X
`O
`K\]K
Kc\¾
YVK\KU
^KÀ¾XWK]¾
QO\OUOX
ZK\vKVK\¾X¾X
Uˆ^VO]SXS
`O\OX
^KVSWK^VK\
T
5KdK
`OcK
K\¾dK
N_\_W_XNK
SdVOXOMOU
vKV¾À^¾\WK
cƒX^OWS%
LVYUKT
YV_À_W_
W_R^OWOV
S]O
OUSZWKX¾X
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
LVYUKTNKX
U_\^K\¾VWK]¾
SvSX
SdVOXOMOU
vKV¾À^¾\WK
cƒX^OWS
U
5_VVKX¾M¾
^K\KP¾XNKX
cKZ¾VKMKU
YVKX
KcK\VKWK
`O
LKU¾W
vKV¾ÀWKVK\¾X¾X
`O
_c_VWK]¾
QO\OUOX
UY\_c_M_
LKU¾W
^ONLS\VO\SXSX
^K\SPS
V
+cK\VKWK
`O
LKU¾W
vKV¾ÀWKVK\¾X¾X
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
cKZ¾VWK]¾
KWKM¾cVK
^K]K\VKXW¾À
L_
SÀVOWVO\
]¾\K]¾XNK
KV¾XKMKU
UY\_c_M_
^ONLS\VO\S
SvO\OX
^KVSWK^VK\
W
9ZO\K^ƒ\ˆX
]KâV¾U
`O
Qˆ`OXVSâSXS
O^USVONSâS
N_\_WVK\NK
U_VVKX¾VKMKU
cONOU
ZK\vKVK\¾X
ƒdOVVSUVO\S
X
2K`K
SVO
^KÀ¾XKX
Qˆ\ˆV^ˆ
OWS]cYXVK\¾
SVO
SVQSVS
KÀKâ¾NKUS
LSVQSVO\$
Ž
!
N,
+·
c¾
KÀ¾cY\]K
SÀ
S]^K]cYXVK\¾XNKUS
+Kâ¾\V¾UV¾
OWS]cYX
]O]
LK]¾Xv
]O`ScO]S%
L_
NˆdOcSX
!
N,
+·
c¾
KÀWKWK]¾
RKVSXNO
LOVS\^SVWOVSNS\
Ž
:K·¾
KÀ¾cY\]K
SÀ
S]^K]cYXVK\¾XNKUS
-Kâ¾\V¾UV¾
KXV¾U
^OZO
]O]
LK]¾Xv
NOâO\S
š:K·K
Qƒ\O
N,
Ž
½À
S]^K]cYXVK\¾XNKUS
+Kâ¾\V¾UV¾
OWS]cYX
]O]
LK]¾Xv
]O`ScO]S
"
N
,
+·
c¾
KÀ¾cY\]K
WKUSXKX¾X
cKcN¾â¾
+Kâ¾\V¾UV¾
]O]
Qˆv
]O`ScO]S
K
7KUSXKX¾X
NOXOcSWVO\VO
Y\^KcK
v¾UWK]¾
W_R^OWOV
YVN_â_
^O]ZS^
ONSVOX
cKXV¾À
U_VVKX¾W
ÀOUSVVO\S
SVO
SVQSVS
_cK\¾VK\
,_
NOâO\VO\
]ƒd
UYX_]_
WKUSXKNK
ƒVvˆVOX
PSSVS
NOâO\
YVWKV¾
`OcK
ˆ\O^SVOMOU
WKUSXKc¾
^OW]SV
ONOX
^OUXSU
YVK\KU
U¾cK]VKXKLSVS\
WKUSXKNKX
KV¾XKX
ƒVvˆWVO\O
Qƒ\O
YV_À^_\_VKX
NOâO\VO\
YVWKV¾N¾\
L
kSdSWVO\
ÀOWKVK\
`O
LKâVKX^¾
K\KvVK\¾
NKRSV
WYX^KT
^KUWK
`O
LKâVKWK
^KVSWK^VK\¾
SVO
WKUSXKX¾X
WYX^O
ONSVOMOâS
^O]S]K^
`OcK
ÀK]SXSX
^KX¾WVKWK]¾
kYU
LˆcˆU
WKUSXKVK\NK
+Kâ¾\V¾UV¾
]O]
Qˆv
]O`ScO]S
cO\SXO
WKUSXK
O^\KP¾XNK
LOVS\VS
UYX_WVK\NKUS
+Kâ¾\V¾UV¾
OWS]cYX
]O]
LK]¾Xv
]O`ScOVO\S
Qƒ]^O\SVOLSVS\
J
7KUSXKX¾X
U_VVKX¾W
KWKM¾X¾X
^K\SPS
58
M
1ˆ\ˆV^ˆ
`OcK
^S^\OÀSWVO\SX
KdKV^¾VWK]¾XK
cƒXOVSU
U_\_V_W
`O
WYX^KT
SVO
SVQSVS
^KVSWK^VK\
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
?c_WVKÀ^¾\¾VW¾À
]^KXNK\NVK\¾X
_cQ_VKXWKN¾â¾
N_\_WVK\NK
]O]
]O`ScOVO\S
WKUSXK
SvSX
OX
_cQ_X
cƒX^OW
U_VVKX¾VK\KU
ƒVvˆVWOVSNS\
=O]
OWS]cYX
NOâO\VO\S
Qƒ]^O\SVNSâSXNO
L_
NOâO\VO\O
KS^
LOVS\]SdVSUVO\
NO
LOVS\^SVWOVSNS\
nVvWOVO\
]¾\K]¾XNK
WKUSXKX¾X
vKV¾ÀWK
UYÀ_VVK\¾
SVO
U_VVKX¾VKX
ƒVvWO
cƒX^OWS
NO
Kv¾UVKXWKV¾N¾\
kKV¾ÀWK
S]^K]cYXVK\¾X¾X
^KX¾WVKXWKW¾À
YVN_â_
cK
NK
^KX¾WVKXKWKN¾â¾
N_\_WVK\NK
+Kâ¾\V¾UV¾
]O]
LK]¾Xv
NOâO\VO\S
WKUSXK
cˆdOcSXNOX
WO^\O
WO]KPONO
`O
dOWSXNOX
`OcK
O\SÀSW
ZVK^PY\W_XNKX
WO^\O
cˆU]OUVSU^O
ƒVvˆVWOVSNS\
+dKWS
]O]
LK]¾XM¾X¾X
UYX_W_
`O
NOâO\S
LOVS\^SVWOVSNS\
^K\SRVS
`O
#
]Kc¾V¾
<O]WS
1KdO^O·NO
cKc¾WVKXKX
+v¾U
+VKXNK
5_VVKX¾VKX
>OvRSdK^
>K\KP¾XNKX
9V_À^_\_VKX
kO`\ONOUS
1ˆ\ˆV^ˆ
/WS]cYX_
SVO
½VQSVS
CƒXO^WOVSU^O
+>
]O]
LK]¾Xv
]O`ScOVO\SXSX
`OcK
Qˆv
]O`ScOVO\SXSX
ƒVvˆWˆ
SvSX
LKÀUK
ÀK\^VK\¾X
ƒXQƒ\ˆVWO]S
N_\_W_XNK
L_
ZK\KQ\KP¾X
!
SVQSVS
RˆUˆWVO\S
cO\SXO
KX¾VKX
cƒXO^WOVSU
_cQ_VKXWKV¾N¾\
Y
7KUSXKX¾X
USÀSVO\O
ƒdOVVSUVO
NO
`ˆM_NK
cO\VOÀ^S\SVOX
KU^SP
cK
NK
KU^SPYVWKcKX
MSRKdVK\
^KÀ¾cKX
USÀSVO\O
dK\K\
`O\OLSVOMOU
ScYXSdOYVWKcKX
¾À¾WK
cKcWK]¾
W_R^OWOV
S]O
YZO\K^ƒ\
`O
WK\_d
UKVKX
USÀSVO\
SvSX
cKc¾VKX
¾À¾WK
SVO
SVQSVS
LSVQSVO\
æ6DWçëæGRNPDQODUçææ
7KUSXKVK\¾
^KX¾WVKcKX
]K^¾À
NYUˆWKXVK\¾
]KâV¾U
`O
Qˆ`OXVSU
R_]_]VK\¾
LKU¾W¾XNKX
^KVSWK^VK\K
KcU¾\¾
YVWKWKV¾N¾\
7KUSXKX¾X
ZO\PY\WKX]
UK\KU^O\S]^SUVO\SXS
^KX¾WVKcKX
]K^¾À
NYUˆWKXVK\¾
^KVSWK^VK\NK
cO\
KVKXVK\VK
KcX¾
OWS]cYX
LSVQSVO\SXS
SvO\WOVSNS\
æ%HOLUOLæPDNLQDNDWHJRULOHULæLoLQæLODYHæ
WHPHOæVDéOçNæYHæJYHQOLNæJHUHNOHULææ
1¾NK
WKUSXKVK\¾
UYdWO^SU
`O
OMdKM¾V¾U
ˆ\ˆXVO\SXO
cƒXOVSU
WKUSXKVK\
OVNO
^_^_VKX
`OcK
OV
SVO
cƒXVOXNS\SVOX
WKUSXKVK\
^KÀ¾XKLSVS\
^O]ZS^
`OcK
NSâO\
NK\LOVS
WKUSXKVK\
KRÀKZ
`OcK
LOXdO\S
PSdSU]OV
ƒdOVVSUVO\O
]KRSZ
WKVdOWOVO\S
SÀVOWO
WKUSXKVK\¾
L_
LƒVˆWNO
1OXOV
½VUOVO\
7KNNO
^KX¾WVKXKX
Lˆ^ˆX
^OWOV
]KâV¾U
`O
Qˆ`OXVSU
Q\OUVO\SXS
UK\À¾VKWKV¾N¾\
æ(OGHæWDëçQDELOHQæYHYH\DæHOæLOHæ
\|QOHQGLULOHQæPDNLQDODUææ
æ*HQHO
/VNO
^KÀ¾XKLSVOX
`O`OcK
OV
SVO
cƒXVOXNS\SVOX
WKUSXKVK\
$
Ž
7KUSXKX¾X
^SZSXO
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
WKUSXKX¾X
RONOPVOXOX
vKV¾ÀWK
UYÀ_VVK\¾XNK
NOXQO]SXS
]KâVKcKMKU
ÀOUSVNO
NˆdOXVOXWSÀ
cO^O\VS
LˆcˆUVˆU^O
LS\
^KÀ¾c¾M¾
cˆdOc
SVO
cO^O\VS
]Kc¾NK
^_^KWKâK
`O
_cQ_X
LˆcˆUVˆU^O
NO]^OUVO\O
]KRSZ
YVWKV¾
Ž
>OUXSU
YVK\KU
WˆWUˆX
YVWKcKX
N_\_WVK\
`OcK
Wˆ]^KUSV
LS\
U_WKXNK
^O\^SLK^¾X¾X
L_V_XWK]¾
N_\_WVK\¾
RK\Sv
YVWKU
ˆdO\O
^_^KWKUVK\
^KWKWOX
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
L¾\KU¾VKWKN¾â¾
N_\_WVK\NK
YZO\K^ƒ\ˆX
^_^KWKUVK\¾
L¾\KUWKU]¾d¾X
vKV¾À^¾\KLSVOMOâS
ÀOUSVNO
NˆdOXVOXWSÀ
OV
SVO
U_WKXNKV¾
vKV¾À^¾\WK
`O
N_\N_\WK
U_WKXNK
^O\^SLK^VK\¾
SVO
^OvRSd
ONSVWOVS
Ž
9ZO\K^ƒ\
^_^KWKUVK\¾
L¾\KU^¾U^KX
]YX\K
RSvLS\
ÀOUSVNO
cKXV¾ÀV¾UVK
vKV¾ÀWKcK
LKÀVKWK
`O`OcK
vKV¾ÀWKcK
NO`KW
O^WO
\S]US
^KÀ¾WKWKV¾N¾\
,_
ÀK\^
^OUXSU
YVK\KU
cKZ¾VKLSVS\
NOâSV]O
OÀNOâO\
^ONLS\VO\
KV¾XWKV¾N¾\
Ž
1O\OUVS
N_\_WVK\NK
^ORVSUO
LƒVQO]SXSX
`O
SÀVOXOX
WKVdOWO
SVO
^KU¾W¾X
RK\OUO^SXSX
QƒdVOXWO]SXO
SdSX
`O\WOVSNS\
>KÀ¾XKLSVS\
WKUSXKVK\¾X
^_^KWKUVK\¾
vKV¾À^¾\WK
`O
N_\N_\WKc¾
NYâ\_NKX
cKZKLSVOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
æ7DOLPDWODUææ
>KVSWK^VK\
OVNO
^KÀ¾XKLSVOX
`O`OcK
OV
SVO
cƒXVOXNS\SVOLSVOX
WKUSXKVK\¾X
SVO^^SâS
^S^\OÀSWVO\VO
SVQSVS
YVK\KU
KÀKâ¾NKUS
LSVQSVO\S
`O\WOVSNS\$
Ž
W]
cS
KÀK\]K
OVUYV
]S]^OWSXSX
WK\_d
UKVN¾â¾
^YZVKW
^S^\OÀSW
NOâO\S
W]
cS
KÀWKWK]¾
N_\_W_XNK
L_
N_\_W
LOVS\^SVWOVS
Ž
nVvWO
LOVS\]SdVSâS
,_
NOâO\VO\
]ƒd
UYX_]_
WKUSXK
SvSX
PSSVOX
ƒVvˆVOX
NOâO\VO\
YVWKV¾
`OcK
ˆ\O^SVOMOU
WKUSXKc¾
^OW]SV
ONOX
^OUXSU
YVK\KU
U¾cK]VKXKLSVS\
WKUSXKVK\
SvSX
cKZ¾VKX
ƒVvˆWVO\O
Qƒ\O
YV_À^_\_VKX
NOâO\VO\
YVWKV¾N¾\
?c_WVKÀ^¾\¾VW¾À
]^KXNK\NVK\
_cQ_VKXW¾cY\]K
^S^\OÀSW
NOâO\VO\S
WKUSXKVK\
SvSX
OX
_cQ_X
ƒVvWO
cƒX^OWS
U_VVKX¾VK\KU
ƒVvˆVWOVSNS\
nVvˆWVO\
]¾\K]¾XNK
WKUSXKVK\¾X
vKV¾ÀWK
UYÀ_VVK\¾
SVO
U_VVKX¾VKX
ƒVvˆW
cƒX^OWVO\S
`OcK
_cQ_VKXKX
_c_WVKÀ^¾\¾VW¾À
]^KXNK\NVK\¾X
K^¾PVK\¾
LOVS\^SVWOVSNS\
æ7DëçQDELOLUæWHVSLWæPDNLQDODUçææYHæGLéHUæ
GDUEHOLæPDNLQDODUææ
æ*HQHO
>KÀ¾XKLSVS\
^O]ZS^
WKUSXKVK\¾
`O
NSâO\
NK\LOVS
WKUSXKVK\
KÀKâ¾NKUS
R_]_]VK\
NSUUK^
KV¾XK\KU
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\$
Ž
/XO\TS
NK\LOcO
WK\_d
OVOWKXK
^O\^SLK^^KX
Kc\¾VWKcKX
LS\
K\K
KU]KW
`K]¾^K]¾cVK
SVO^SVWOVS
Ž
,S\
RK\OUO^O
QOvS\SMS
^O\^SLK^
WKUSXK
O]K]
WKVdOWO
ˆdO\SXO
cO^O\VS
LS\
LK]U¾
SVO
NYâ\_
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
UYX_WVKXN¾\¾VWKN¾UvK
NK\LOcS
ƒXVOWOVS
Ž
½]^OW
N¾À¾
^O^SUVOWO
ƒXVOXWOVS%
QO\OU^SâSXNO
LS\
NK\LOcS
^O^SUVOWOU
SvSX
RK\OUO^O
QOvS\SMS
^O\^SLK^
SVO
U_WKXNK
^O\^SLK^¾
ˆdO\SXNO
LS\
NSdS
SÀVOW
cKZ¾VWK]¾
QO\OUWOVS
59
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
Ž
¿YU
N_\_W_XNK
`O
^KÀ¾WK
]¾\K]¾XNK
cKXV¾ÀV¾UVK
^O^SUVOWO
ƒXVOXWOVS
Ž
CˆUVOWO
`O
LYÀKV^WK
SÀVOWVO\S
UYVKc
`O
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
cKZ¾VWKV¾N¾\
1O\OU^SâSXNO
^O\^SLK^K
^KVKÀ
WKRPKdK]¾WKRPKdKVK\¾
^KU¾VKLSVWOVS
`O
WKUSXKX¾X
SWKVr^v¾]¾
^K\KP¾XNKX
_cQ_X
WKRPKdK
WKRPKdKVK\
]KâVKXWKV¾N¾\
æ7DOLPDWODUææ
>KVSWK^VK\
KÀKâ¾NKUS
R_]_]VK\VK
SVQSVS
QO\OUVS
LSVQSVO\S
`O\WOVSNS\$
Ž
7KUSXK
SVO
LS\VSU^O
U_VVKX¾VKLSVOMOU
KU]O]_K\VK\
`O
NOâSÀ^S\SVOLSVS\
^OvRSdK^
7KUSXK
SVO
LS\VSU^O
U_VVKX¾VKMKU
_cQ_X
^O]ZS^
OVOWKXVK\¾
`O
NSâO\
NK\LOVS
OVOWKXVK\
?cQ_X
YVN_â_XNK
U_VVKX¾VKMKU
_cQ_X
UK\^_ÀVK\
æ0DNLQDODUçQæKDUHNHWOLOLéLææQHGHQL\OHæ
PH\GDQDææJHOHELOHFHNæWHKOLNHOHULææ
|QOHPHNæDPDFç\ODææJHUHNOLæLODYHæWHPHOæ
VDéOçNæYHæJYHQOLNæNXUDOODUç
2K\OUO^VS
YVWKVK\¾
XONOXScVO
^ORVSUO
K\d
ONOX
WKUSXKVK\
L_
LƒVˆWNO
1OXOV
½VUOVO\
7KNNO
^KX¾WVKXKX
Lˆ^ˆX
^OWOV
]KâV¾U
`O
Qˆ`OXVSU
U_\KVVK\¾X¾
UK\À¾VKWKV¾N¾\
æ*HQHOææ
æ7DULIOHU
D2K\OUO^VS
YVWK]¾
XONOXScVO
^ORVSUO
K\d
ONOX
WKUSXO%
Ž
kKV¾À¾\UOX
RK\OUO^
O^WOcS
`OcK
]KLS^
SÀ
S]^K]cYXVK\¾
K\K]¾XNK
]ˆ\OUVS
`OcK
cK\¾
]ˆ\OUVS
RK\OUO^
QO\OU^S\OX
WKUSXKc¾
`OcK
Ž
2K\OUO^
O^^S\SVWONOX
vKV¾À^¾\¾VKX
KXMKU
LS\
cO\NOX
LKÀUK
LS\
cO\O
NKRK
UYVKc
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
RK\OUO^
O^^S\SVOLSVOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^OvRSd
ONSVOLSVOX
WKUSXKc¾
SPKNO
ONO\
E
=ˆ\ˆMˆ
7KUSXKX¾X
RK\OUO^SXNOX
]Y\_WV_
YVKX
YZO\K^ƒ\
=ˆ\ˆMˆ
WKUSXK
SVO
^KÀ¾XKLSVS\
`OcK
WKUSXKcK
OÀVSU
ONO\OU
cKcK
QSNOLSVS\
`OcK
WKUSXKcK
_dKU^KX
U_WKXNK
ONO\OU
cƒXVOXNS\OLSVS\
ædDOçëPDæNRQXPODUçææ
æ6UëæNRQXPX
=ˆ\ˆÀ
UYX_W_XNKX
Qƒ\ˆVOLSVS\VSU
]ˆ\ˆMˆXˆX
WKUSXKc¾
`O
^KU¾WVK\¾X¾
ƒXQƒ\ˆVOX
U_VVKX¾W
UYÀ_VVK\¾
SvO\S]SXNO
UOXNS]S
`O
WK\_d
UKVKLSVOMOU
USÀSVO\
SvSX
^KW
LS\
Qˆ`OXVSU
SvO\S]SXNO
vKV¾À^¾\KLSVOMOâS
ÀOUSVNO
YVWKV¾N¾\
1O\OUVS
N_\_WVK\NK
NYâ\_NKX
Qƒ\ˆÀˆX
cO^O\VS
YVWKWK]¾
XONOXScVO
Y\^KcK
v¾UK
LSVOMOU
^ORVSUOVO\S
QSNO\WOU
KWKM¾cVK
_cQ_X
^O\^SLK^
]KâVKXWKV¾N¾\
odO\SXNO
]ˆ\ˆMˆXˆX
^KÀ¾XN¾â¾
WKUSXKVK\
]ˆ\ˆÀ
UYX_W_XNKX
^OUO\VOUVO\O
`O
ZKVO^VO\O
cKXV¾ÀV¾UVK
^OWK]
XONOXScVO
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
SvSX
LS\
^ORVSUO
YV_À^_\WKcKMKU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
60
7KUSXKX¾X
ˆ]^ˆXO
LSXWSÀ
]ˆ\ˆMˆXˆX
]ˆ\ˆÀ
UYX_W_
LS\
\S]US
K\^^¾\WKWK]¾
`O
cO^O\VS
cO\
L_V_XWK]¾
UYÀ_V_
SVO
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
UKLSXS
^KU¾VKLSVOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
5KLSXNO
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
SvSX
SR^ScKv
N_c_VKX
^KVSWK^VK\¾X
UYXKMKâ¾
LS\
cO\
L_V_XWKV¾N¾\
æ.ROWXNODUææ
9ZO\K^ƒ\
`OcK
^KÀ¾XKX
NSâO\
ZO\]YXOVSX
ƒdOVVSUVO
NO
X_WK\KV¾
ZK\KQ\KP^K
`OcK
X_WK\KV¾
ZK\KQ\KP^K
LOVS\^SVOX
LS\
UY\_c_M_
cKZ¾
SVO
^OvRSd
ONSVWSÀ
WKUSXKVK\
SvSX
WKUSXKX¾X
c_`K\VKXWK]¾
`OcK
NO`\SVWO]S
XONOXScVO
WKUSXK
ZK\vKVK\¾
SVO
dOWSX
K\K]¾XNK
OdSVWO
\S]USXSX
YVN_â_
N_\_WVK\NK
L_
WKUSXKVK\¾X
Y^_\KUVK\¾
L_
ZO\]YXOVS
SÀVOWVO\
SvSX
QO\OUVS
RK\OUO^VO\SXS
cK
NK
Y^_\KUVK\¾X
]ˆ]ZKX]ScYXVK\¾X¾X
Qƒ`NOcO
Qƒ\O
XONOX
YVKMKâ¾
Qƒ\OMOVS
RK\OUO^VO\SXS
OXQOVVOWOcOMOU
^K\dNK
cO\VO\SXNO
^_^KMKU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`OcK
LS\
LKâVKWK
NˆdOXOâS
SVO
^OvRSd
ONSVWOVSNS\VO\
<S]US
K\^¾\WKVK\¾
N_\_W_XNK
L_
^ˆ\
LKâVKWK
]S]^OWVO\S
^KU¾VWKWKV¾N¾\
æ'LéHUæNLëLOHUæLoLQæNRQXPODUææ
5_VVKX¾W
UYÀ_VVK\¾
]ˆ\ˆMˆNOX
LKÀUK
USÀSVO\SX
dKWKX
dKWKX
`OcK
NˆdOXVS
YVK\KU
WKUSXK
SVO
^KÀ¾XWKVK\¾X¾
cK
NK
WKUSXK
ˆdO\SXNO
vKV¾ÀWKVK\¾X¾
QO\OU^S\ScY\]K
L_XVK\¾X
^ORVSUO]Sd
YVK\KU
^KÀ¾XWKVK\¾X¾
`OcK
WKUSXK
ˆdO\SXNO
vKV¾ÀWKVK\¾X¾
]KâVKcKMKU
_cQ_X
UYX_WVK\
^OWSX
ONSVWOVSNS\
X_WK\KV¾
ZK\KQ\KP¾X
SUSXMS
`O
ˆvˆXMˆ
P¾U\KVK\¾
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
N¾À¾XNKUS
USÀSVO\
SvSX
UYXKX
cO\VO\
SvSX
NO
QOvO\VSNS\
æ.XPDQGDæVLVWHPOHULææ
1O\OUScY\
S]O
U_WKXNKVK\¾X
SdSX]Sd
U_VVKX¾VWK]¾X¾
ƒXVOWOU
SvSX
QO\OUVS
ƒXVOWVO\
KV¾XWKV¾N¾\
?dKU^KX
U_WKXNK
YVWK]¾
N_\_W_XNK
RO\
LS\
U_WKXNK
LS\SWS
L_
LS\SWNOX
UYX^\YV
ONSVOMOU
WKUSXKc¾
Kv¾U
LS\
LSvSWNO
LOVS\^WOVSNS\
?dKU^KX
U_WKXNK
]S]^OWS
cKVX¾dMK
KÀKâ¾NKUSVO\S
O^USVOcOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\$
Ž
½VQSVS
WKUSXKc¾
Ž
½VQSVS
SÀVO`VO\S
?dKU^KX
U_WKXNK
ONSVOX
WKUSXKVK\
]KNOMO
KWKvVKXKX
U_WKXNK
LS\SWSXNOX
QOVOX
]SXcKVVO\O
MO`KZ
`O\OMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\VKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
æ.XPDQGDæWHUWLEDWODUçææ
=ˆ\ˆMˆ
cKVX¾dMK
LKÀUK
cO\VO\NO
L_V_XKX
U_WKXNK
^O\^SLK^VK\¾X¾
U_VVKXWKU
]_\O^ScVO
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
vKV¾À^¾\KLSVOMOU
SÀVO`VO\
RK\Sv
WKUSXKVK\¾
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
UYX_W_XNKX
vKV¾À^¾\WKU
SvSX
QO\OUVS
Lˆ^ˆX
U_WKXNK
^O\^SLK^VK\¾X¾
vKV¾À^¾\KLSVWOVSNS\
,_
SÀVO`VO\
ƒdOVVSUVO
]ˆ\ˆMˆNOX
LKÀUK
YZO\K^ƒ\ˆX
]Y\_WV_
YVN_â_
`OcK
]ˆ\ˆMˆXˆX
L_XVK\¾
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
U_WKXNK
O^WOU
SvSX
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
UYX_W_X_
^O\U
O^WO]S
QO\OUOX
SÀVO`VO\S
UKZ]K\
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
:ONKV
L_V_XKX
N_\_WVK\NK
ZONKVVK\
]ˆ\ˆMˆXˆX
K]QK\S
RK^KV¾
vKV¾ÀWK
\S]US
SVO
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
LSvSWNO
vKV¾ÀWK]¾XK
SWUrX
`O\OMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
SWKV
ONSVWOVS
`O
^KU¾VWKV¾N¾\
,_XVK\
UKcWKcK
NS\OXvVS
LS\
cˆdOcO
]KRSZ
YVWKV¾
`O
UYVKcMK
^OWSdVOXOLSVS\
YVWKV¾N¾\
5_WKXNK
^O\^SLK^VK\¾X¾X
NSUUK^O
NOâO\
^ORVSUOVS
RK\OUO^VO\O
cYV
KvKLSVOMOâS
N_\_WVK\NK
ƒXMONOX
KcK\VKXW¾À
UYX_WK
]KRSZ
YVKXVK\
RK\Sv
YVWKU
ˆdO\O
YZO\K^ƒ\
^K\KP¾XNKX
]O\LO]^
L¾\KU¾VN¾U^KX
ROWOX
]YX\K
NO\RKV
SVU
UYX_WVK\¾XK
NƒXWOVSNS\VO\
>OUO\VOUVS
WKUSXKVK\NK
NS\OU]ScYX
]S]^OWS
U¾VK`_d
^OUO\VOUVO\SX
WK\_d
UKVN¾â¾
ÀYUVK\¾X
WOcNKXK
QO^S\NSâS
NS\OU]ScYX
]SWSNS
cK
NK
NƒXˆÀ
U_WKXNK
VO`cO]SXSX
UYV_X_X
KXS
RK\OUO^VO\SXSX
U_``O^SXS
KdKV^KMKU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
.SPO\KX]ScOVS
USVS^VOcOX
RO\RKXQS
LS\
U_WKXNK
WKUSXK
RK\OUO^
O^^SâS
dKWKX
NSPO\KX]ScOVSX
USVS^VOWONOX
v¾UWK]¾XK
SdSX
`O\OMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
X_WK\KV¾
ZK\KQ\KP¾X
]O]VS
`O`OcK
Qƒ\]OV
_cK\¾
]SXcKVVO\S
SVO
SVQSVS
YVKX
KV^¾XM¾
P¾U\K]¾
]KNOMO
QO\S
cƒXNO
RK\OUO^
SvSX
QOvO\VSNS\
ædDOçëWçUPDKDUHNHWæHWWLUPHææ
odO\SXNO
]ˆ\ˆMˆXˆX
L_V_XN_â_
UOXNSXNOX
^KR\SUVS
WKUSXKVK\¾X
Lˆ^ˆX
QOdSX^S
RK\OUO^VO\S
]KNOMO
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
U_WKXNK
LKÀ¾XNK
SUOX
WˆWUˆX
YVWKV¾N¾\
kKV¾ÀWK
KWKvVK\¾cVK
WKUSXKVK\K
vKV¾ÀWK
LƒVQO]SXS
KÀKX
^O\^SLK^VK\
^KU¾VN¾â¾
N_\_WVK\NK
ƒ\XOâSX
]^KLSVSdK^ƒ\
L_WLK
QSLS
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
SvSX
WKUSXKc¾
RK\OUO^
O^^S\WONOX
ƒXMO
L_
^O\^SLK^¾X
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
RK\OUO^
O^WOcO
SWUrX
`O\OMOU
LOVS\VS
LS\
UYX_WNK
YVN_UVK\¾X¾
UYVKcMK
UYX^\YV
ONOLSVOMOâS
K\KvVK\
^OWSX
ONSVWOVSNS\
,_
N_\_W
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
RK\OUO^O
SdSX
`O\WOU
ˆdO\O
LOVS\VS
UYX_WVK\NK
YVWK]¾
QO\OUS\]O
L_
UYX_WVK\NK
USVS^VOXWO]S
QO\OUOX
NSâO\
Lˆ^ˆX
ZK\vKVK\
SvSX
NO
QOvO\VSNS\
,KÀUK
\S]UVO\O
cYV
KvWKWK]¾
N_\_W_XNK
WKUSXKVK\¾X
RK\OUO^S
c_UK\¾NK
LOVS\^SVOX
ZK\vKVK\¾X
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
UYX_WVKXWKVK\¾XK
LKâV¾
YVWKV¾N¾\
7Y^Y\
vKV¾À^¾\¾V¾\UOX
WKUSXK
S]^OW
N¾À¾
RK\OUO^
ONOWOWOVSNS\
æ6H\LUæLëOHYLææ
5K\KcYV_
^\KPSU
U_\KVVK\¾X¾
SRVKV
O^WOU]SdSX
UOXNSXNOX
^KR\SUVS
WKUSXKVK\
`O
L_XVK\¾X
\ƒWY\UVK\¾
Lˆ^ˆX
Wˆ]KKNO
ONSVOX
vKV¾ÀWK
cˆU
R¾d
dOWSX
`O
\KWZK
UYÀ_VVK\¾
KV^¾XNK
cK`KÀVKWK
N_\WK
P\OXVOWO
RK\OUO^]Sd
UKVWK
U_\KVVK\¾
UK\À¾VKWKV¾N¾\
=ˆ\ˆMˆ
UOXNSXNOX
^KR\SUVS
WKUSXKVK\¾
LS\
KXK
^O\^SLK^
`K]¾^K]¾cVK
cK`KÀVK^KLSVWOVS
`O
N_\N_\KLSVWOVSNS\
1ˆ`OXVSâSX
QO\OU^S\NSâS
N_\_WVK\NK
KXK
^O\^SLK^¾X
K\¾dKVKXWK]¾
RKVSXNO
`OcK
KXK
^O\^SLK^¾
vKV¾À^¾\WKU
SvSX
QO\OUOX
OXO\TS
LO]VOWO]SXSX
YVWKWK]¾
N_\_W_XNK
cK`KÀVK^WKU
`O
N_\N_\WKU
SvSX
^KWK-
62
W¾cVK
LKâ¾W]¾d
`O
UYVKc
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
O\SÀSVOLSVS\
U_WKXNK
^O\^SLK^¾XK
]KRSZ
LS\
KMSV
N_\_W
^O\^SLK^¾
L_V_XWKV¾N¾\
1ˆ`OXVSâSX
QO\OU^S\NSâS
N_\_WVK\NK
N_\KX
WKUSXKc¾
RK\OUO^]Sd
^_^KLSVWOU
SvSX
LS\
ZK\U
^O\^SLK^¾
]KâVKXWKV¾N¾\
,_
^O\^SLK^
^KWKWOX
WOUKXSU
YVWK]¾
UYÀ_V_cVK
SUSXMS
ZK\KQ\KP^K
LOVS\^SVOX
^O\^SLK^VK\NKX
LS\S]S
SVO
LS\VOÀ^S\SVOLSVS\
?dKU^KX
U_WKXNKV¾
WKUSXKVK\
vKV¾ÀWKc¾
Y^YWK^SU
YVK\KU
`O
NO\RKV
N_\N_\KMKU
`O
KÀKâ¾NKUS
N_\_WVK\NK
^ORVSUOVS
vKV¾ÀWK
SR^SWKVSXS
ƒXVOcOMOU
^O\^SLK^VK\VK
^OvRSd
ONSVWOVSNS\$
Ž
=ˆ\ˆMˆ
UYX^\YVˆ
UKcLO^^SâSXNO
7KUSXK
N_\N_\WK
]SXcKVS
KVN¾â¾XNK
=S]^OWSX
Qˆ`OXVSUVO
SVQSVS
LS\
U¾]W¾XNK
LS\
RK^K
^O]ZS^
ONSVNSâSXNO
,OVS\VOXWSÀ
LS\
]ˆ\O
SvO\S]SXNO
RSvLS\
YXKc
]SXcKVS
^O]ZS^
ONSVWONSâSXNO
X_WK\KV¾
ZK\KQ\KP
]OcS\
SÀVO`S
SvSX
QOvO\VS
NOâSVNS\
æ<D\DæNXPDQGDOçæPDNLQDODUçQæKDUHNHWLææ
CKcK
YVK\KU
U_WKXNK
ONSVOX
UOXNSXNOX
^KR\SUVS
WKUSXKVK\¾X
RK\OUO^VO\S
]ˆ\ˆMˆXˆX
SVQSVS
U_WKXNK
^O\^SLK^¾
ˆdO\SXNO
]ˆ\OUVS
O^US
_cQ_VKWK]¾
SVO
WˆWUˆX
YVWKV¾N¾\
ndOVVSUVO
WY^Y\
vKV¾À^¾\¾V¾\UOX
RK\OUO^SX
WOcNKXK
QOVWO]S
WˆWUˆX
YVWKWKV¾N¾\
CKcK
YVK\KU
U_WKXNK
ONSVOX
WKUSXKVK\K
KS^
U_WKXNK
]S]^OWVO\S
WKUSXKX¾X
cKXV¾ÀV¾UVK
RK\OUO^
O^WO]SXNOX
NYâKX
]ˆ\ˆMˆcO
cƒXOVSU
\S]UVO\S
ƒdOVVSUVO
NO$
Ž
/dSVWO
Ž
.ƒXO\
^KU¾WVK\NKX
NYVKc¾
cK\KVKXWK
\S]UVO\SXS
K]QK\ScO
SXNS\OMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXW¾À
YVWKV¾N¾\
7KUSXKVK\¾X
]OcS\
R¾d¾
]ˆ\ˆMˆXˆX
cKcK
YVK\KU
RK\OUO^
R¾d¾
SVO
_c_WV_
YVWKV¾N¾\
.ƒXO\
LS\
^KU¾W¾X
^KU¾VKLSVOMOâS
WKUSXKVK\NK
QO\S
NƒXˆÀ
U_WKXNK]¾
NO`\OcO
QS\NSâSXNO
WKUSXKX¾X
RK\OUO^S
^KU¾W¾X
RK\OUO^SXNOX
UKcXKUVKXWK]¾
N¾À¾XNK
^KU¾W¾
RK\OUO^
O^^S\WOU
WˆWUˆX
YVWKWKV¾N¾\
1O\S
NƒXˆÀ
U_WKXNK]¾
NO`\OcO
QS\NSâSXNO
QO\S
cƒXNO
RK\OUO^
R¾d¾
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
SvSX
^ORVSUO
YV_À^_\WKcKMKU
ÀOUSVNO
YVWKV¾N¾\
æ.XPDQGDæGHYUHVLæDUç]DVçææ
>KU¾V¾
YVWK]¾
RKVSXNO
Qˆv
NO]^OUVS
LS\
NˆWOXVOWO
]S]^OWSXSX
Qˆv
LO]VOWO]SXNOUS
LS\
K\¾dK
WKUSXKX¾X
WKUSXKc¾
N_\N_\WKU
SvSX
QO\OUVS
]ˆ\O
LYc_XMK
NˆWOXVOXWO]SXS
OXQOVVOWOWOVSNS\
æ0HNDQLNæWHKOLNHOHUHæNDUëçæNRUXQPDææ
æ.RQWUROV]æKDUHNHWOHU
7KUSXKVK\
RK\OUO^
O^^SUVO\SXNO
Kâ¾\V¾U
WO\UOdVO\SXSX
UYX^\YV]ˆd
]KV¾X¾WVK\¾
Y]SVK]cYX
UK\K\V¾V¾UVK\¾X¾
O^USVOWOcOMOU
`OcK
cKZ¾]¾
ˆdO\SXNO
KÀ¾\¾
QO\SVWOVO\
WOcNKXK
QO^S\WOcOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
SWKV
ONSVWOVS
`O
_cQ_X
YVN_â_XNK
RK\OUO^VS
NO]^OUVO\S
ˆdO\SXO
cO\VOÀ^S\SVWOVSNS\VO\
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
æ+DUHNHWOLæDNWDUPDæSDUoDODUçææ
"
X_WK\KV¾
ZK\KQ\KPK
S]^S]XK
YVK\KU
WY^Y\VK\
SvSX
WY^Y\
LƒVWO]SXNOUS
RK\OUO^VS
ZK\vKVK\K
O\SÀSWS
ƒXVOcOX
RK\OUO^VS
WKRPKdKVK\¾X
LS\
KVO^
cK
NK
KXKR^K\
U_VVKX¾VK\KU
`OcK
]ˆ\ˆÀ
UYX_W_XNK
L_V_XKX
LS\
UYX^\YVVO
Kv¾VWKVK\¾
QO\OUScY\]K
L_
UYX^\YVˆX
SdSX]Sd
O\SÀSWS
OXQOVVOcOMOU
LS\
USVSNS
L_V_XKX
^KWKWOX
UKZKV¾
LS\
UKLSX
SvSXNO
YVWK]¾
UKcN¾cVK
LS\LS\SXS
USVS^VOcOX
^O\^SLK^VK\¾
L_V_XWK]¾
QO\OUWOd
æ<XYDUODQPDæYHæGHYULOPHææ
odO\SXNO
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
YZO\K^ƒ\YZO\K^ƒ\VO\
cK
NK
LKÀUK
USÀSXSXUSÀSVO\SX
YVN_â_
UOXNSXNOX
^KR\SUVS
WKUSXKVK\NK
c_`K\VKXWK
cK
NK
NO`\SVWO
\S]US
YVN_â_XNK
\S]US
K\^¾\WKWK]¾
UYÀ_V_cVK
WKUSXKcK
_cQ_X
LS\
UY\_c_M_
cKZ¾
^KU¾VWKV¾N¾\
,_
cKZ¾
UOXNS]S
ˆdO\SXO
c_`K\VKXWK
`OcK
NO`\SVWO
N_\_W_XNK
WKUSXK
ˆdO\SXNOUS
USÀSUSÀSVO\
SvSX
cO^O\VS
LS\
]KZWK
]¾X¾\VKc¾M¾
RKMSW
]KâVKWK]¾
QO\OUS\
,_
cKZ¾X¾X
SUSXMS
ZK\KQ\KP^K
LOVS\^SVOX
ÀK\^VK\K
_cQ_X
YVN_â_X_
NYâ\_VKWKU
SvSX
SWKVr^v¾
`OcK
cO^USVS
^OW]SVMS]S
SVQSVS
RO\
LS\
cKZ¾
^SZS
SvSX
_cQ_X
^O]^VO\
cKZWKV¾
`OcK
cKZ^¾\WKV¾N¾\
æ'ëHQæQHVQHOHUæ
æ=ˆ\ˆMˆ
YZO\K^ƒ\YZO\K^ƒ\VO\
cK
NK
NSâO\
USÀSUSÀSVO\SX
ˆdO\SXNO
YVN_â_
UOXNSXNOX
^KR\SUVS
WKUSXKVK\NK
NˆÀOX
XO]XOVO\
`OcK
WKVdOWOVO\
XONOXScVO
\S]U
YVN_â_XNK
WKUSXK
L_
\S]U
Qƒd
ƒXˆXNO
L_V_XN_\_VK\KU
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVS
`O
ƒVvˆVO\S
SWUrX
`O\ScY\]K
_cQ_X
LS\
UY\_c_M_
LS\
cKZ¾
SVO
^OvRSd
ONSVWOVSNS\
,_
cKZ¾
LS\
XO]XO
`OcK
WKVdOWO
NˆÀWO]S
N_\_W_XNK
WKUSXK
ˆdO\SXNOUS
USÀSUSÀSVO\
SvSX
cO^O\VS
LS\
]KZWK
]¾X¾\VKc¾M¾
RKMSW
]KâVKWK]¾
QO\OUS\
,_
cKZ¾X¾X
SUSXMS
ZK\KQ\KP^K
LOVS\^SVOX
ÀK\^K
_cQ_X
YVN_â_X_
NYâ\_VKWKU
SvSX
SWKVr^v¾
`OcK
cO^USVS
`OcK
cO^USVS
^OW]SVMS]S
SVQSVS
RO\
LS\
cKZ¾
^SZS
SvSX
_cQ_X
NOXOcVO\S
cKZWKV¾
`OcK
cKZ^¾\WKV¾N¾\
æ(ULëLPæYDVçWDODUçææ
/V
^_^KWKUVK\¾
`O
LK]KWKUVK\
YZO\K^ƒ\ˆX
L_XVK\¾
SvQˆNˆ]OV
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
U_VVKXKLSVOMOâS
`O
O\SÀSWO
cK\N¾W
O^WOU
SvSX
U_WKXNK
^O\^SLK^VK\¾X¾
U_VVKXWKcK
QO\OU
UKVWKcKMKâ¾
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\VKXWKV¾
SWKV
ONSVWOVS
`O
NˆdOXVOXWOVSNS\VO\
ædHNPHæWHUWLEDWODUçææ
kOUWO
`OcK
vOUSVWO
KWKM¾cVK
U_VVKX¾VKX
Lˆ^ˆX
WKUSXKVK\
UYVKc
`O
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
LKâVKWK
`O
vƒdWOcS
]KâVKcKMKU
`O
U_VVKX¾W
]¾\K]¾XNK
S]^OXWOcOX
vƒdˆVWOcS
ƒXVOcOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXW¾À
SWKV
ONSVWSÀ
`O
NˆdOXVOXWSÀ
vOUWO
`OcK
UK`\KWK
^O\^SLK^VK\¾
SVO
^OvRSd
ONSVWOVSNS\
kOUWO
v_L_â_
cˆUˆ
QO\OU^S\NSâSXNO
L_
^ˆ\
WKUSXKVK\K
cˆUO
`O
dOWSXO
_cQ_X
^KÀ¾WK
cˆdOcSXO
]KRSZ
LS\
NO]^OU
^KU¾VWKV¾N¾\
64
æ.HQGLQGHQæWDKULNOLæPDNLQDæYH\DæoHNLFLæLOHæ
oHNLOHQæPDNLQDæDUDVçQGDNLæJoæDNWDUçPçææ
5OXNSXNOX
^KR\SUVS
WKUSXKc¾
`OcK
vOUSMScS
vOUSVOX
WKUSXKX¾X
SVU
]KLS^
cK^Kâ¾XK
LKâVKcKX
]ƒUˆVOLSVS\
WOUKXSU
KU^K\WK
^O\^SLK^VK\¾
vKV¾ÀWK
O]XK]¾XNK
RK\OUO^
ONOX
LS\
ZK\vK
Lˆ^ˆX
_d_XV_â_
LYc_XMK
UY\_XKMKU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
5OXNSXNOX
^KR\SUVS
WKUSXK
`OcK
vOUSMS
^K\KP¾XNK
]ƒUˆVOLSVS\
WOUKXSU
KU^K\WK
^O\^SLK^¾X¾X
LKâVKXN¾â¾
Qˆv
v¾U¾À¾
cK
UOXNSXNOX
^KR\SUVS
WKUSXKcK
`OcK
vOUSMScO
^O]ZS^
ONSVSZ
LKâVKXKX
LS\
WKRPKdK
SVO
cK
NK
OÀNOâO\
LS\
UY\_WKc¾
]KâVKcKMKU
LKÀUK
LS\
^O\^SLK^
SVO
UY\_XWKV¾N¾\
=ƒUˆVOLSVS\
KU^K\WK
^O\^SLK^¾XK
O\SÀSW
SvSX
L_
WKRPKdK
Kv¾VKLSVWOVSNS\
,S\
UOd
cO\VOÀ^S\SVNSâSXNO
WKUSXK
`OcK
vOUSMS
RK\OUO^
ONO\UOX
^KR\SU
WSVSXSX
WKRPKdKcK
RK]K\
`O\WO]SXS
ƒXVOWOU
SvSX
cO^O\VS
KVKX
L_V_XWKV¾N¾\
>KR\SU
ONSVOX
WKUSXK
^K\KP¾XNK
QS\SÀ
WSVS
WKUSXKcK
^O]ZS^
ONSVWSÀ
YVKX
UY\_c_M_
LS\
W_RKPKdK
SvO\S]SXO
UYX_VWKV¾N¾\
oXS`O\]KV
WKP]KVV¾
KU^K\WK
OVOWKXVK\¾XK
^Y\U
]¾X¾\VKc¾M¾VK\
`OcK
K`K\K
^O\^SLK^¾
]KNOMO
^KR\SU
ONOX
WKUSXKc¾
LS\VOÀ^S\OX
^K\KP^KX
^KU¾VKLSVS\
=ƒUˆVOLSVS\
WOUKXSU
KU^K\WK
^O\^SLK^¾
L_XK
_cQ_X
YVK\KU
SÀK\O^VOXWOVSNS\
5OXNSXNOX
^KR\SUVS
LS\
WKUSXKcK
`OcK
vOUSMScO
LKâVKX^¾
SvSX
]ƒUˆVOLSVS\
WOUKXSU
KU^K\WK
^O\^SLK^¾
QO\OU^S\OX
Lˆ^ˆX
vOUSVOX
WKUSXKVK\
WKUSXK
Kc\¾VN¾â¾
dKWKX
]ƒUˆVOLSVS\
WOUKXSU
KU^K\WK
^O\^SLK^¾X¾X
`O
WKRPKdK]¾X¾X
dOWSXO
`OcK
WKUSXK
ZK\vKVK\¾XK
^OWK]
ONO\OU
RK]K\
Qƒ\WO]SXS
ƒXVOWOU
KWKM¾cVK
]ƒUˆVOLSVS\
LS\
WOUKXSU
KU^K\WK
^O\^SLK^¾XK
LKâVKX^¾
]S]^OWSXO
]KRSZ
YVWKV¾N¾\
7KRPKdKX¾X
N¾À
^K\KP¾XNKUS
ZK\vKVK\
]ƒUˆVOLSVS\
WOUKXSU
KU^K\WK
^O\^SLK^¾
SVO
LS\VSU^O
NƒXWOcOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
SWKV
ONSVWOVS
`O
NˆdOXVOXWOVSNS\
7KRPKdK
LK]S^
ˆXS`O\]KV
WKP]KV
U_VVKX¾VN¾â¾XNK
KU^K\WK
OVOWKX¾X¾
Sv
vOXO
_vVK\¾XK
UKNK\
QOXSÀ
Kv¾V¾
ˆXS`O\]KV
WKP]KV
U_VVKX¾VN¾â¾XNK
S]O
OX
Kd¾XNKX
N¾À
WKP]KV
cK
NK
WKP]KVVK\¾X
Y\^K
XYU^K]¾XK
UKNK\
UKZK^WKV¾N¾\
kKV¾ÀWK
UYX_WVK\¾XK
O\SÀSW
K\KvVK\¾
]ƒUˆVOLSVS\
WOUKXSU
KU^K\WK
^O\^SLK^¾XK
cKU¾X
LS\
cO\O
UYXW_À
S]O
L_XVK\
L_
KWKvVK\VK
^K]K\¾WVKX¾Z
SWKV
ONSVWONSUVO\S
]ˆ\OMO
ÀKP^
WKRPKdKVK\¾X¾X
WO\NS`OX
YVK\KU
U_VVKX¾VKWKcKMKâ¾
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
æ'LéHUæWHKOLNHOHUHNDUëçæNRUXQPDææ
æ$NOHU
+UˆVO\SX
Qƒ`NOVO\S
c_`K\VKXWK
`OcK
NO`\SVWO
]¾\K]¾XNK
YZO\K^ƒ\ˆX
ˆdO\SXO
OVOU^\YVS^
]¾v\KWKcKMKU
`O
YZO\K^ƒ\ˆX
L_V_XN_â_
KVKXVK\NK
L_RK\
LS\SUWO]SXS
ƒXVOcOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
7KUSXKVK\
L_
KWKvVK
UYXW_À
YVKX
UYVKcMK
O\SÀSVOLSVS\
LS\
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
^O\^SLK^
cK\N¾W¾cVK
KUˆ
LKâVKX^¾]¾
UO]SVOLSVOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
VKÀ¾VWK]¾X¾
OXQOVVOWOU
SvSX
_cK\¾VK\
UYX_VWKV¾N¾\%
WKUSXK
vO`\O]SXNO
L_V_XKX
USÀSVO\SX
Qˆ`OXVSUVO\SXS
]KâVKWKU
SvSX
SÀK\O^VO\
cO^O\VS
LS\
WO]KPONOX
YU_XKLSVWOVSNS\
æ<DQJçQææ
½WKVK^v¾X¾X
ƒXQƒ\OLSVOMOâS
^ORVSUOVO\O
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
WKUSXKVK\
LYc_^_
SdSX
`O\WO]S
RKVSXNO$
Ž
5YVKcMK
O\SÀSVOLSVOX
cKXQ¾X
]ƒXNˆ\ˆMˆVO\SX
^KU¾VWK]¾XK
SdSX
`O\WOVS
`OcK
Ž
7KUSXKcVK
Lˆ^ˆXVOÀSU
cKXQ¾X
]ƒXNˆ\ˆMˆ
]S]^OWVO\VO
^OvRSd
ONSVWOVSNS\
æ7HKOLNHOLæPDGGHæHPLV\RQODUçæ
æ7KUSXKX¾X
^OWOV
SÀVO`S
ˆ\ˆXVO\SX
Zˆ]Uˆ\^ˆVWO]S
S]O
X_WK\KV¾
ZK\KQ\KP¾X
SUSXMS
`O
ˆvˆXMˆ
P¾U\KVK\¾
QOvO\VS
NOâSVNS\
,_X_XVK
LS\VSU^O
YZO\K^ƒ\
L_
^ˆ\
dK\K\V¾
OWS]cYXVK\K
WK\_d
UKVWK
\S]USXO
UK\À¾
UY\_XWKV¾N¾\
æ%LOJLOHQGLUPHæYHæJ|VWHULPOHUææ
æìëDUHWOHUæVLQ\DOOHUæYHæX\DUçODU
,ˆ^ˆX
WKUSXKVK\NK
QO\OUVS
YVKX
cO\VO\NO
USÀSVO\SX
]KâV¾U
`O
Qˆ`OXVSâS
]KâVKWKcK
cƒXOVSU
YVK\KU
U_VVKXWK
KcK\VKWK
`O
LKU¾W
SVO
SVQSVS
SÀK\O^VO\
`O`OcK
^KVSWK^
ZVKUKVK\¾
L_V_XWKV¾N¾\
,_XVK\
Kv¾UvK
Qƒ\ˆVOLSVS\
`O
]SVSXOWOd
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
]OvSVWOVS
^K]K\¾WVKXWKV¾
`O
cKZ¾VWKV¾N¾\
5K\K
cYV_
^\KPSU
U_\KVVK\¾X¾
SRVKV
O^WOU]SdSX
vKV¾ÀWK
]¾\K]¾XNK
]ˆ\ˆMˆXˆX
ˆdO\SXNO
]ˆ\O\OU
U_VVKXN¾UVK\¾
WKUSXKVK\NK
KÀKâ¾NKUS
OUSZWKXVK\
L_V_XWKV¾N¾\$
Ž
5SÀSVO\S
_cK\WKU
SvSX
]O]VS
LS\
_cK\¾
^O\^SLK^¾
Ž
+WKvVKXKX
U_VVKX¾W
UYÀ_VVK\¾
SVO
SVQSVS
¾À¾UV¾
]SXcKV
]S]^OWS%
L_
ÀK\^
]KNOMO
cO\KV^¾
vKV¾ÀWKVK\¾XNK
U_VVKX¾VKX
`O
OVOU^\SU
Qˆv
UKcXKâ¾
L_V_XWKcKX
WKUSXKVK\
SvSX
QOvO\VS
NOâSVNS\
Ž
1O\OU^SâSXNO
\ƒWY\U
SVO
WKUSXK
K\K]¾XNK
]SXcKVO\SX
vKV¾ÀWK]¾
SvSX
_cQ_X
LS\
LKâVKX^¾
YVWKV¾N¾\
8Y\WKV
U_VVKX¾W
UYÀ_VVK\¾XNK
USÀSVO\S
vK\ZWK
`O
OdSVWO
\S]UVO\SXO
WK\_d
L¾\KUKX
_dKU^KX
U_WKXNKV¾
WKUSXKVK\
WKUSXKX¾X
RK\OUO^VO\SXS
LSVNS\OMOU
K\KvVK\VK
cK
NK
USÀSVO\S
L_
\S]UVO\O
UK\À¾
UY\_cKMKU
K\KvVK\VK
^OvRSd
ONSVWOVSNS\
+cX¾
N_\_W
U_VVKX¾W
RKVSXNO
SUOX
^OU\K\VKWKV¾
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
^OU
OU]OX
ˆdO\SXNO
SVO\S
QO\S
RK\OUO^
ONOX
WKUSXKX¾X
K\UK]¾XNK
UKVKX
KVKX¾X
]ˆ\ˆMˆ
^K\KP¾XNKX
NYâ\_NKX
Qƒ\ˆVOWONSâS
WKUSXKVK\
SvSX
NO
QOvO\VSNS\
7KUSXKVK\
_cK\¾
`O
]SXcKV
^O\^SLK^VK\¾
cKXV¾ÀV¾UVK
NO`\ONOX
v¾UK\¾VKWKcKMKU
ÀOUSVNO
SWKV
ONSVWOVSNS\
Qˆ`OXVSU
SvSX
dY\_XV_
YVWK]¾
RKVSXNO
L_
^O\^SLK^VK\NK
NˆdQˆX
vKV¾À^¾UVK\¾X¾
UYX^\YV
O^WO
K\KvVK\¾
L_V_XWKV¾
`O
L_XVK\¾X
K\¾dK]¾
YZO\K^ƒ\O
LSVNS\SVWOVSNS\
7KUSXKVK\¾X
`OcK
^KU¾WVK\¾X¾X
RK\OUO^VO\SXSX
ƒdOVVSUVO
^ORVSUOVS
YVN_UVK\¾
N_\_WVK\NK
WKUSXKcK
WKUSXK
vKV¾À¾\UOX
cKU-
66
æìëDUHWOHPHææ
+ÀKâ¾NKUSVO\
YU_XKUV¾
`O
]SVSXOWOd
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
Lˆ^ˆX
WKUSXKVK\
ˆdO\SXNO
Qƒ]^O\SVWOVSNS\$
Ž
5SVY`K^
5A
MSX]SXNOX
KXWK
QˆMˆ
Ž
5SVYQ\KW
UQ
MSX]SXNOX
OX
vYU
U_VVKX¾VKX
UYXPSQˆ\K]cYX_X
Uˆ^VO]S
`O
?cQ_X
YVN_â_XNK$
Ž
8Oa^YX
8
MSX]SXNOX
LKâVKX^¾
UKXMK]¾XNKUS
KdKWS
vOUWO
v_L_â_
vOUWO
U_``O^S
Ž
8Oa^YX
8
MSX]SXNOX
LKâVKX^¾
UKXMK]¾
ˆdO\SXNOUS
KdKWS
NˆÀOc
cˆU
æ7DOLPDWODUææ
æ7LWUHëLPOHU
>KVSWK^VK\
WKUSXK
^K\KP¾XNKX
OV
UYV
]S]^OWSXO
`OcK
^ˆW
`ˆM_NK
SVO^SVOX
^S^\OÀSWVO\VO
SVQSVS
YVK\KU
KÀKâ¾NKUS
LSVQSVO\S
`O\WOVSNS\$
Ž
W]
cS
QOvScY\]K
OV
UYV
]S]^OWSXSX
WK\_d
UKVN¾â¾
^YZVKW
^S^\OÀSW
NOâO\S
,_
NOâO\SX
W]
cS
QOvWONSâS
N_\_WNK
L_X_X
LOVS\^SVWO]S
QO\OUS\
Ž
W]
cS
QOvScY\]K
Lˆ^ˆX
`ˆM_N_X
WK\_d
UKVN¾â¾
Kâ¾\V¾UV¾
S`WOVOXWOXSX
OX
cˆU]OU
UƒU
Y\^KVKWK
UK\O
NOâO\S
,_
NOâO\SX
W]
cS
QOvWONSâS
N_\_WNK
L_X_X
LOVS\^SVWO]S
QO\OUS\
Ž
nVvWO
LOVS\]SdVSâS
,_
NOâO\VO\
]ƒd
UYX_]_
WKUSXK
SvSX
PSSVOX
ƒVvˆVOX
NOâO\VO\
YVWKV¾
`OcK
ˆ\O^SVOMOU
WKUSXKc¾
^OW]SV
ONOX
^OUXSU
YVK\KU
U¾cK]VKXKLSVS\
WKUSXKVK\
SvSX
cKZ¾VKX
ƒVvˆWVO\O
Qƒ\O
YV_À^_\_VKX
NOâO\VO\
YVWKV¾N¾\
?c_WVKÀ^¾\¾VW¾À
]^KXNK\NVK\
_cQ_VKXW¾cY\]K
^S^\OÀSW
NOâO\VO\S
WKUSXKVK\
SvSX
OX
_cQ_X
ƒVvWO
cƒX^OWS
U_VVKX¾VK\KU
ƒVvˆVWOVSNS\
nVvˆWVO\
]¾\K]¾XNK
WKUSXKVK\¾X
vKV¾ÀWK
UYÀ_VVK\¾
SVO
U_VVKX¾VKX
ƒVvˆW
cƒX^OWVO\S
Kv¾UVKXWKV¾N¾\
ædRNOXæNXOODQçPODUææ
5_VVKX¾VKX
OUSZWKXK
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
vYUV_
U_VVKX¾WK
SWUrX
`O\OX
WKUSXKVK\¾X
^KVSWK^VK\¾
SVO
NOâSÀ^S\SVOLSVS\
OUSZWKX
^KVSWK^VK\¾XNK
KXK
WKUSXK
SVO
L_XK
^KU¾VKLSVOMOU
NOâSÀ^S\SVOLSVS\
OUSZWKXVK\¾X
Qˆ`OXVS
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
WYX^O
ONSVSZ
U_VVKX¾W¾XK
cƒXOVSU
QO\OUVS
LSVQSVO\
L_V_XWKV¾N¾\
'HYDPçææ6D\çGDæ\D\çQODQDFDNWçU
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
0DNLQDæ3DUNçæ
1XPDUDODQGçUçOPDVç
7KUSXO
SÀVO^WOMSVSâSXSX
^OWOV
UYX_VK\¾XNKX
LS\S]S
ZK\U^K
L_V_XKX
WKUSXKVK\¾X
X_WK\KVKXN¾\¾VWK]¾N¾\
7KUSXK
`O
½UWKV
Q\_L_
SvSX
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WK
QO\OU
LKU¾W
`O
^KWS\VO\SX
cKZ¾VWK]¾XNK
cKU¾^
cKâ
VK]^SU
dSXMS\
QSLS
cˆU]OU
WKVScO^VO\S
^OÀUSV
ONOX
`OcK
WKUSXO
PKKVScO^VO\SXS
LOVS\VOcOX
PSV^\O
^¾\XKU
`L
NSâO\
]K\PVK\¾X
U_VVKX¾WVK\¾X¾X
^KUSZ
ONSVOLSVWO]S
QO\OU]O
WKUSXKVK\¾X
SÀ
Z\YQ\KWVK\¾X¾X
RKd¾\VKXWK]¾
SvSX
OVdOWNS\
n^ONO
cKXNKX
ÀS\UO^
W_RK]OLO]SXNO
c¾Z\KXWK
ZKc¾
KWY\^S]WKX
`O
WKVScO^
W_RK]OLO]S
^KUSLS
SvSX
SVO^SÀSWNO
LS\
UYNVKWK
SÀVO`S
Qƒ\ˆ\
7KUSXKVK\¾X
QO\OU
SÀVO^WO
WKVScO^VO\SXSX
QO\OU]O
WKUSXK
LKU¾W^KWS\
UKc¾^VK\¾X¾X
^_^_VN_â_
]SMSV
NY]cKVK-
68
\¾X¾X
^K]XSPVO\SXNO
WKUSXK
X_WK\KVK\¾
]¾\KVKWK
`KdSPO]S
Qƒ\ˆ\
7KUSXK
]SMSV
NY]cKVK\¾XNK
L_V_XWK]¾
QO\OUOX
LSVQSVO\
Kc\¾
LS\
cKc¾X
UYX_]_
YVKMKU
NO^KcK
]KRSZ^S\
½ÀVO^WOVO\NO
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WK
]S]^OWK^SâSXSX
U_\_VWK]¾XNK
PK\UV¾
cKUVKÀ¾WVK\
Qƒ\ˆVWOU^ONS\
=Kc¾]KV
YVK\KU
Kd
`O
vOÀSNS
PKdVK
YVWKcKX
WKUSXO
ZK\U¾XK
]KRSZ
NK\
UKZ]KWV¾
vKV¾ÀKX
SÀVO^WOVO\
SVO
vYU
ÀKX^ScOVS
`O
c_\^SvSc_\^N¾À¾
Wˆ^OKRRS^VSU
RSdWO^S
`O\OX
`O
vYU
PK\UV¾
Z\YTOVO\S
cˆ\ˆ^OX
UKW_
`OcK
ƒdOV
SÀVO^WOVO\SX
WKUSXK
ZK\UVK\¾X¾
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WK]¾X¾X
]OvSW
U¾]^K]VK\¾
PK\UV¾
YVWKV¾N¾\
½]^O\
NK\
UKZ]KWV¾
S]^O\]O
QOXSÀ
LS\
WKUSXK
ZK\U¾
YV]_X
]OvSVOX
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WK
]S]^OWS
O]XOU
YVWKV¾
`O
NKRK
]YX\K
KV¾-
XKMKU
WKUSXKVK\¾X
X_WK\KVKXN¾\¾VWK]¾XNK
]¾U¾X^¾
cK\K^WKWKV¾N¾\
@O\SVOMOU
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WK
]O\`S]
`O
LKU¾WVK\¾
cKZKX
^KWS\MSLKU¾WM¾VK\
SVO
WKUSXKc¾
U_VVKXKX
YZO\K^ƒ\VO\NO
cKXV¾À
KXVKÀ¾VWKVK\K
]OLOLScO^
`O\OMOU
WKRScO^^O
UK\WKÀ¾U
`O
dY\
YVWKWKV¾N¾\
5KW_
U_\_V_ÀVK\¾XNK
WKUSXK
X_WK\KVKXN¾\¾VWK]¾XNK
WKUSXKX¾X
]K^¾X
KV¾XWK
^K\SRSXS
SR^S`K
ONOX
QOXOVNO
\KUKWNKX
YV_ÀKX
LS\
ƒX
OUS
^KUSZ
ONOX
`O
Y
]OXO
UKv¾XM¾
KV¾XKX
WKUSXK
S]O
YXK
KS^
]¾\K
XY·]_XNKX
YV_À_\
>-5
NK
_cQ_VKXKX
]S]^OWNO
SÀ
WKUSXKVK\¾
`O
XKUVScO
^\KPSU
ZVKUKV¾
K\KvVK\
SvSX
ƒ\XOâSX
##"
]OXO]SXNO
7KUSXO
YVK\KU
KV¾XKX
LS\
LSXOU
K\KM¾
X_WK\K]¾
#"
YVWKU-
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
WKUSXO
X_WK\KVKXN¾\¾VWK]¾
ƒXOW
K\d
O^WOU^ONS\
=OvSVOX
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WKNK
ÀS\UO^SX
Y
KX
WKUSXO
ZK\U¾XNK
L_V_XWKcKX
PKUK^
SVO\NO
]K^¾X
KV¾XKLSVOMOU
WKUSXKVK\K
NK
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WK
SWUrX¾
`O\WOVSNS\
8_WK\KVKXN¾\WKNK
UKL_V
Qƒ\WˆÀ
LS\UKv
PK\UV¾
_cQ_VKWK
KÀKâ¾NK
ƒ\XOUVS
YVK\KU
KXVK^¾VKMKU^¾\
<KUKW
`O
KVPKLO^SU
UK\KU^O\VO\SX
WˆÀ^O\OU
U_VVKX¾VWK]¾XNKX
YV_ÀWKU^KN¾\
¿S\UO^
LKd¾XNK
^OU
LS\
]S]^OWK^SU^O
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WK
WKUSXKX¾X
ÀKX^ScOVO\
`O
LS\SWVO\
K\K]¾
cO\
NOâSÀ^S\WO]SXNO
SdVOXOLSVS\VSâSXS
`O
NO
WKUSXO
QOvWSÀSXO
KS^
LSVQSVO\SX
^KUSZ
ONSVOLSVWO]SXS
]KâVK\
^KN¾\
/VOU^\SU
RK`K
`OcK
WY^Y\V_
YV_Z
NOWS\LKÀ
YVK\KU
U_VVKX¾VKX
WKVdOWOVO\
S]O
ƒX
OUS
^KUSLOX
RKXOVS
YVWKU^KN¾\
,Kd¾
SÀVO^WOVO\NO
S]O
WKUSXKX¾X
^KX¾W¾X¾X
LKÀ
RK\PS
`O
WKUSXKX¾X
]K^¾X
KV¾XWK
]¾\K]¾
SVO
WKUSXO
UYN_
^OÀUSV
ONSVWOU^ONS\
n\XOâSX
UKWcYXVK\NK
5
QSLS
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WKNK
SÀVO^WOXSX
]K^¾X
KV¾XKX
SÀ
WKUSXK]¾X¾X
YVN_â_X_
KXVKcKLSVScY\_d
,_
^K\d
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WKVK\NK
KWY\^S]WKX
^KUSLS
`O
ƒXQƒ\ˆVOX
]ˆ\O
]YX_XNK
RSdWO^
N¾À¾
L¾\KUWK
KXVKc¾À¾
YVN_â_
SvSX
`O
NO
WKUSXK
vOÀS^VSVSâS
PKdVK
YVWKN¾â¾
SvSX
SR^ScKMK
cO^O\VS
YVWKU^KN¾\
ndOV
]OU^ƒ\NO
L_V_XKX
PS\WKVK\
Wˆ^OKRRS^VSU
WKNOXMSVSU
VSWKX
SÀVO^WOMSVSâS
`O
cK
NOâSÀSU
SÀVO\S
LS\VSU^O
cKZ^¾UVK\¾XNKX
>OU
ÀKX^ScO
NS]SZVSXSXNO
vKV¾ÀKX
+^K^ˆ\U
LK\KT
ÀKX^ScO]SXNO
U_VVKX¾VKX
Lˆ^ˆX
WKUSXKVK\¾X
]O`U
`O
SNK\O]S
^OU
OVNOX
cKZ¾VWKW¾À^¾\
7KUSXKV¾
vKV¾ÀWKc¾
O]K]
KVKX
LS\SWVO\NOX
UKd¾NYVQ_
Q\_L_X_X
WKUSXKVK\¾XK
WKUSXK
`O
SUWKV
Q\_L_
LKUK\UOX
LO^YX
Q\_L_XK
KS^
LO^YX
]KX^\KVVO\S
WSU]O\
UKWcYX
`O
ZYWZKVK\
LO^YX
Q\_L_XK
LKâV¾
vKV¾ÀKX
Kc\¾
LS\
WKUSXK
Q\_L_
^K\KP¾XNKX
]YXNKT
`O
OXTOU]ScYX
Q\_L_
S]O
NYâ\_NKX
UOXNS
WKUSXKVK\¾
SVO
SVQSVOXWSÀ^S\
7KUSXO
`O
½UWKV
Q\_L_
RKP\ScK^
Q\_L_
NOVSMS
WKUSXKVK\
`SXvVO\
LSXOU
`O
RSdWO^
Q\_L_
UKWcYXVK\NKX
^OÀUSV
YVKX
`O
cKUVKÀ¾U
KNO^
WKUSXKNKX
WOcNKXK
QOVOX
LS\
ZK\U^KX
]Y\_WV_
YVN_â_
SvSX
\KUKWNKX
YV_ÀKX
LS\
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WK
cO^O\VS
YVW_À^_\
½VU
SUS
\KUKW
WKUSXKX¾X
MSX]S
`O
WYNOVS
SvSX
LSVQS
`O\S\UOX
^KUSZ
ONOX
NSâO\
\KUKW
S]O
]¾\K
]Kc¾]¾X¾
`O\S\
CYV
N¾À¾
UKWcYXVK\¾X
LˆcˆU
Q\_L_XNKUS
-K^O\ZSVVK\
!!!
UKWcYXVK\¾X
]Kc¾]¾
NOX
PKdVK
YVN_â_
SvSX
`O
SVO
LKÀVKcKX
]O\S
^OÀUSV
ONSVWSÀ^S\
+XUK\K1O\ONO
Y^YcYV
`O
+XUK\K
vO`\O
cYVVK\¾
Z\YTO]SXNO
vKV¾ÀKX
LS\
WˆÀ^O\OU
Y\^KUV¾U
ÀS\UO^SXNO
Z\YTO
LKÀ¾XNK
WKUSXO
]Kc¾]¾X¾
LOVS\VS
YVWKWK]¾
`O
KV^cKZ¾ˆ]^
cKZ¾
SXÀKK^¾X¾X
^KWKW¾X¾
Y\^KUV¾U
WKUSXKVK\¾
SVO
cKZ¾VWK]¾XNKX
`O
Z\YTO
QSNSÀK^¾XK
Qƒ\O
^OU\K\
ONOX
KV¾WVK\
]ƒd
UYX_]_
YVN_â_
SvSX
UK\KU^O\VS
LS\
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WK
ƒXQƒ\ˆVWˆÀ^ˆ\
½VU
SUS
UK\KU^O\
\KUKWNKX
YV_À_\
`O
L_XVK\
WKUSXKX¾X
Q\_L_X_MSX]SXS
Qƒ]^O\S\UOX
5K\KU^O\
KVPKLO^SU
YV_Z
WKUSXK
LˆcˆUVˆâˆWYNOVSXS
SPKNO
O^WO
SWUrX¾X¾
`O\WSÀ^S\
=YX
QOVOX
`O
\KUKWNKX
YV_-
ÀKX
@O
UK\KU^O\VO\
SVQSVS
WKUSXKX¾X
]¾\K
XY
]_
LOVS\VOWOU^ONS\
n\XOU
YVK\KU
,
WKUSXO
X_WK\K]¾
LSdO
7KMU
WK\UK
^YX
NKWZO\VS
UKWcYX_
SPKNO
O^WOU^ONS\
,_
^K\d
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WKNK
##
NOâSÀSU
KXK
Q\_ZVKWK
SvSXNO
NOâSÀSU
WYNOVNOX
##
WKUSXKcK
QOXSÀ
LS\
KVKXNK
NOâO\VOXNS\WO
cKZWK
SWUrX¾
`K\N¾\
,S\
LKÀUK
ÀS\UO^^O
_cQ_VKXKX
]S]^OWNO
S]O
WKUSXKX¾X
KXK
SÀVO`SXS
^K\SP
ONOX
LS\
KVPKLO^SU
UK\KU^O\NOX
]YX\K
WKUSXKcK
ƒdOV
SÀVO`S
SvSX
LS\
XˆWO\SU
UK\KU^O\
NKRK
]YX\K
^SMK\S
WK\UK]¾X¾
RK^¾\VK^WK
SvSX
SUS
KVPKLO^SU
UK\KU^O\
`O
WKUSXO
]Kc¾]¾X¾
SPKNO
ONOX
SUS
\KUKW
UK\KU^O\S
SVO
]S]^OWK^SU
^OÀUSV
ONSVWSÀ^S\
n\XOâSX
26+
UYNVKWK]¾X¾X
NO^Kc¾XNK
Ž
2
2KP\ScK^
Q\_L_X_
8
XKUVScO
Q\_L_
UKWcYXVK\¾
.
.OVSMS
WKUSXKVK\¾
@
@SXvVO\S
Ž
²
/U]UK`K^ƒ\VO\S
.YdO\VO\S
cˆUVOcSMSVO\S
Q\KcNO\VO\S
Ž
6+
6
6SOLRO\\
WK\UK]¾X¾
+
RK\PS
S]O
ZKVO^VS
#
WYNOVSXS
Ž
NO
]O\S]SXNOUS
SVU
WKUSXK
YVN_â_X_
Qƒ]^O\S\
5K\K
cYV_XK
v¾UKX
`OcK
UK\KcYV_
SVO
SVSX^SVS
vKV¾ÀKX
WKUSXKVK\NK
]YX
c¾VVK\NK
^\KPSU
UKX_XNKUS
dY\_XV_V_U^KX
NYVKc¾
QOVSÀOX
LS\
Z\K^SU^O
PS\WKX¾X
UKc¾^V¾
YVN_â_
SV
^SMK\O^
YNKVK\¾XNKX
KV¾XKX
ZVKUKVK\
`O
^\KPSU^O
]Oc\ONOX
LSXOU
UKWcYX
`]
SvSX
^\KPSU
ZVKUKVK\¾
WKUSXO
UYN_
cO\SXO
LKd¾
ÀS\UO^VO\NO
U_VVKX¾VWKU^KN¾\
0HVOHNWDìODUçPç]æLoLQæELUæ
KDWçUODWPDæ ROPDVçæ DoçVçQGDQæ ILQLìHUæ
DVIDOWæ VLOLQGLULæ JUD\GHUæ \NOH\LFLæ æ YVæ
JLELæ\ROæ\DSçPæPDNLQDODUçQçQæWUDILNæND]DODUçQDæ XéUDPDæ LKWLPDOLæ ROPDVçQGDQæ
GROD\çæLìæPDNLQDæUXKVDWODUçæYHæSODNDODUçQçQæoçNDUçOPDVçQçæPXKDNNDNæVXUHWOHæWHPLQæHWPHOHULæJHUHNPHNWHGLUæ
ndO^VO
SXÀKK^
ÀS\UO^VO\SXNO
SÀ
WKUSXK]¾
UYNVKWK]¾
`KdQOvSVWOd
LS\
SR^ScKv
YVN_â_
L_
X_WK\KVKXN¾\WKX¾X
KU¾VNK
UYVKc
^_^_VWK]¾
QˆXNOVSU
U_VVKX¾WNK
Kd
OâS^SWVS
SX]KXVK\¾X
U_VVKX¾WVK\¾XNK
LSVO
cKX¾VWKVK\K
]OLOZ
YVWKWKVK\¾
`O\SVO\SX
SÀVOXWO]S
O]XK]¾XNK
LSVQS]KcK\
UK\KU^O\VO\SXO
_cQ_X
YVWKVK\¾
QO\OUWOU^ONS\
<D]DQæ0XVWDIDæ6ì/3$è$5
Mak.Yük.Müh.
ì00%æ<|Qæ.UOæ%ëNæ9HN
69
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
Sel ve Korunma
Ž
7O^OY\YVYTSU
KPO^
SvSX
LS\
O\UOX
_cK\¾
LS\SWS
S`ONSVSUVO
YV_À^_\_VWKV¾N¾\
Ž
1ˆXˆWˆdNO
cKâ¾À
KVKXVK\¾
`O
cKâ¾À
cYâ_XV_UVK\¾X¾X
LOVS\VOXWO]SXNO
YVN_UvK
O^USVS
LS\
LSvSWNO
U_VVKX¾VKX
.YZZVO\
<KNK\
Ž
=S]^OWVO\S
`O
_cN_
NK^KVK\¾
SVO
vKV¾ÀKX
O\UOX
_cK\¾
LS\SWVO\S
^OÀUSV
ONSVWOVSNS\
72
Ž
CO\OV
LOVONScOVO\MO
NO\O
`O
XORS\
cK^KUVK\¾XK
cO\VOÀSW
UYX_]_XNK
^S^SdVSU
Qƒ]^O\SVWOVS
L_\KVK\NK
cO\VOÀSWSX
ƒXVOXWO]SXSX
cKX¾
]¾\K
YV_ÀKMKU
OXQOVVO\
NˆdOXVS
YVK\KU
^OWSdVOXWOVSNS\
Pratik Ö
Önlemler
Ž
.O\O
`O
XORS\VO\SX
NOXSdVO
LS\VOÀ^SâS
UKXKVVK\
NˆdOXVS
YVK\KU
^OWSdVOXO\OU
Kv¾U
YVWKVK\¾
]KâVKXWKV¾N¾\
Ž
=OV
LƒVQO]SXS
ROWOX
^O\U
O^WOVS]SXSd
PKUK^
K]VK
]_NK
UK\À¾NKX
UK\À¾cK
QOvWOcO
vKV¾ÀWKWKV¾]¾X¾d
Ž
5KXKV
¾]VKR¾
cKZ¾VWKV¾N¾\
Ž
=OV
]¾\K]¾XNK
K\KLKX¾dNKc]KX¾d
K]VK
]_
SVO
UKZV¾
cYVNKX
QS^WOcO
vKV¾ÀWKWKV¾]¾X¾d
+XS
]OVVO\SX
WOcNKXK
QO^S\NSâS
ƒVˆWVO\SX
cK\¾]¾
K\KLK
SVO
SVSÀUSVS
YVN_â_XNKX
K]VK
]OV
]_VK\¾X¾X
L_V_XN_â_
LƒVQOVO\NO
K\KLK
U_VVKX¾VWKWKV¾
N¾\
Ž
,_
_cK\¾
LS\SWS
SVO
UYY\NSXOVS
YVK\KU
vKV¾ÀKMKU
SV
`O
SVvOVO\NO
U_\^K\WK
LS\SWVO\S
YV_À^_\_VWKV¾N¾\
Ž
5Y\_c_M_
]O^
`O
QƒVO^
cKZ¾VWKV¾N¾\
Ž
,ƒVQO]OV
\KNcYVK\
RO\RKXQS
LS\
^ORVSUO
KX¾XNK
RKVU¾
LSVQSVOXNS\O\OU
_cQ_VKcKMKUVK\¾
cƒX^OWVO\
UYX_]_XNK
_cK\¾NK
L_V_XWKV¾N¾\VK\
Ž
CO\VOÀSW
KVKXVK\¾
NYâ\_
LS\
ÀOUSVNO
]OvSVWOVSNS\
Ž
=OV
ƒXQƒ\ˆ]ˆ
SvSX
ƒdOXVS
S]^K^S]^SU}
vKV¾ÀWKVK\
cKZ¾VWKV¾N¾\
Ž
2KVU¾X
`O
Qƒ\O`VSVO\SX
L_
^ˆ\
UYX_VK\NK
OâS^SWS
]KâVKXWKV¾N¾\
Ž
9\WKXV¾U
KVKX
UY\_XWKV¾
`O
K\^^¾\¾VWKV¾N¾\
Ž
.YâKV
KPO^VO\O
UK\À¾
]SQY\^K
]S]^OWS
QOVSÀ^S\SVWOVSNS\
Ž
/`SX
N¾À¾XNK
L_V_X_cY\]KX¾d
ROWOX
cˆU]OU
LS\
cO\O
v¾UWKV¾]¾X¾d
Ž
=_
cK^Kâ¾
`OcK
v_U_\
LƒVQOVO\S
ROWOX
^O\U
O^WOVS]SXSd
Ž
+\KLKX¾dNK
RO\RKXQS
LS\
K\¾dK
YV_À^_c]K
ROWOX
^O\U
ONO\OU
cˆU]OU
LS\
cO\O
v¾UWKV¾]¾X¾d
CYVVK\
KUKX
]_VK\
^K\KP¾XNKX
NYVN_\_VK-
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
MKâ¾
SvSX
OâO\
K\KLKX¾d
MW
cˆU]OUVSU^OUS
RK\OUO^
ONOX
]_NK
UKVW¾À]K
]_
YX_
UKVN¾\¾Z
]ˆ\ˆUVOcOLSVOMOU^S\
Ž
DKWKX¾X¾d
`K\]K
N¾ÀK\¾
v¾U¾X
nXOWVS
ÀOcVO\S
PK\UV¾
LS\
NOZYcK
KU^K\¾X
Ž
=OV
]_VK\¾XNKX
_dKU
N_\_X
kˆXUˆ
^ORVSUOVS
WKNNOVO\
SvO\S\VO\
Ž
2K\OUO^VS
]_VK\NK
cˆ\ˆcˆÀ
cKZWKc¾X
+cKUVK\¾X¾d
dK\K\
Qƒ\OLSVS\
7_^VKUK
cˆ\ˆWOXSd
QO\OUScY\]K
N_\Q_X
]_VK\NK
cˆ\ˆcˆX
`O
ƒXˆXˆdˆ
LS\
LK]^YX
cK\N¾W¾
SVO
UYX^\YV
ONO\OU
cˆ\ˆcˆX
Ž
/VOU^\SU
UKcXKUVK\¾XNKX
_dKU
N_\_X
OVOU^\SU
vK\ZKLSVS\
Ž
CKX¾X¾dK
W_^VKUK
LS\
ZSVVS
\KNcY
KV¾X
\KNcYNKX
KVKMKâ¾X¾d
RKLO\
`O
^KVSWK^VK\K
Qƒ\O
RK\OUO^
ONOLSVS\]SXSd
Ž
,S\
WSU^K\
U_\_
Q¾NK
`O
SvOMOU
NOZYVKc¾X
Ž
½VU
cK\N¾W
WKVdOWOVO\S
`O
KSVOXSdSX
SR^ScKv
N_cKLSVOMOâS
`OcK
U_VVKXN¾â¾
SVKvVK\¾
L_V_XN_\_X
Ž
=OV
]_VK\¾X¾X
^OWK]
O^^SâS
cScOMOUVO\S
cOWOcSX
Ž
=_
UKcXKUVK\¾
]OV
XONOXS
SVO
US\VOXWSÀ
YVKLSVS\
5_c_VK\NKX
KV¾XKX
]_
cO^USVSVO\MO
^O]^
ONSVNSU^OX
]YX\K
U_VVKX¾VWKV¾N¾\
Ž
,YN\_W
`O
dOWSX
UK^¾
]OV
]_VK\¾
SVO
NYV_c]K
NO\OMO
NO\OMO
ZYWZKVKcK\KU
Y\^KVKWK
QˆXNO
Y\KX¾XNK
]_
LYÀKV^¾X
,ƒcVOMO
RK]K\¾X
ƒXˆXO
QOvOLSVS\]SXSd
kO`\OXSdNOUS
^YZ\KU
RKVK
]_
KV^¾XNKcUOX
LYN\_WdOWSX
UK^¾XNKUS
]_
LYÀKV^¾V¾\]K
N_`K\VK\
vƒUOLSVS\
NƒÀOWOVO\
Oâ\SVOLSVS\
Ž
,SXKVK\¾
UYX^\YV
O^WOU
SvSX
ZSVVS
POXO\
U_VVKX¾X
+XMKU
LSXKNK
QKd
]¾d¾X^¾]¾
YVN_â_X_
NˆÀˆXˆcY\]KX¾d
RO\RKXQS
LS\
^ˆ\NO
¾À¾U
U_VVKXWKc¾X
3À¾â¾X
UOXNS]S
LS\
ZK^VKWKX¾X
^ORNSNS
YVKLSVS\
ndOVVSUVO
QOMOVO\S
]OVSX
^ORVSUOVO\SXS
Qƒ\WOU
QˆvVOÀOMOâSXNOX
NKRK
NSUUK^VS
YVWKV¾]¾X¾d
6HOGHæYHæ6XGDæ%RéXOPDNWDæ
2ODQæ.LëLQLQæ.XUWDUçOPDVçæ
=OVNO
`O
]_NK
LYâ_VWKU^K
YVKX
USÀSVO\SX
U_\^K\¾VWK]¾XNK%
CˆdWO
LSVOX
`O
L_
UYX_NK
OâS^SW
Qƒ\WˆÀ
USÀSVO\SX
Qƒ\O`
KVWK]¾
NYâ\_
YVKX¾N¾\
+U]S
RKVNO
U_\^K\¾M¾X¾X
NK
LYâ_VKLSVOMOâS
_X_^_VWKWKV¾N¾
\
=_
NK
LYâ_VWKU^K
YVKX
USÀScO
]YZK
SZ
cK
NK
SZO
LKâV¾
´-KX
]SWSNSµ
`OcK
K\KLKVK\¾X
cONOU
Vr]^SâS
K^¾VK\KU
_VKÀ¾VWKcK
vKV¾À¾VWKV¾N¾\
=_NK
LYâ_VWKU^K
YVKX
USÀSXSX
L_
ÀOUSVNO
UYVKcMK
`O
OWSX
YVK\KU
UK\KcK
v¾UWK]¾
]KâVKXKLSVS\
5¾c¾NKX
W
UKNK\
_dKU^K
LYâ_VWKU^K
YVKX
USÀSXSX
U_\^K\¾VWK]¾
SvSX
_d_X
LS\
vKWKÀ¾\
SZSXSX
_M_XK
LS\
^Y\LK
LKâVKXWKV¾
SvSXO
]_NK
LK^WKcKX
LS\
MS]SW
WKX^K\
`L
`O
^Y\LKX¾X
_dKâK
K^¾VWK]¾X¾
]KâVKWKU
KWKM¾
SVO
NO
LS\
Kâ¾\V¾U
^KÀ
U_\À_X
`L
UYXWKV¾
N¾\
+âd¾
LKâVKXKX
^Y\LK
P¾\VK^¾VWKV¾
LYâ_VWKU^K
YVKX
USÀS
L_X_
^_^WKV¾N¾\
5_\^K\¾M¾
SZS
vOUO\OU
USÀSXSX
U¾c¾cK
NYâ\_
QOVWO]SXS
]KâVKWKV¾N¾\
,_
_cQ_VKWKcK
´2KcK^
SZS
SVO
vOUO\OU
U_\^K\WKµ
NOXS\
,Yâ_VWKU^K
YVKX
USÀSXSX
L_V_XN_â_
cO\
UK\KcK
_dKU
S]O
U_\^K\¾M¾
cKX¾XK
´-KX
]SWSNSµ
XS
KVK\KU
cˆdWOVS
LYâ_VWKU^K
YVKX
USÀSXSX
^_^_XWK]¾X¾
`O
cˆdO\OU
UK\KcK
v¾UWK]¾X¾
]KâVKWKV¾N¾\
CKVX¾d
YVK\KU
UKc¾U^K
L_V_XKX
`O
]_cK
NˆÀOX
USÀS
UKc¾U
Uˆ\OâSXS
cKUKVKWKV¾
UYV^_U
KV^¾XK
KVK\KU
U¾c¾cK
NYâ\_
cˆdWOcO
vKV¾ÀWKV¾N¾\
½cS
cˆdWO
LSVOX
U_\^K\¾M¾X¾X
LYâ_VWKU^K
YVKX
USÀScS
U_\^K\WK]¾
RKVSXNO
]_NK
LYâ_VKX
USÀScS
cˆdˆ
c_UK\¾
QOVOMOU
ÀOUSVNO
NƒXNˆ\WOVS
LSVOâSXNOX
cK
NK
]Kv¾XNKX
^_^K\KU
vOUWOVSNS\
=OVNO
`O
]_NK
LYâ_VKXVK\¾X
c_^^_â_
]_c_X
LS\
U¾]W¾
RK`K
cYVVK\¾X¾
KUMSâO\S
`O
RK`K
UO]OMSUVO\SXS
NYVN_\_\
`O
USÀS
XOPO]
KVKWKd
+cX¾
dKWKXNK
KUMSâO\VO\O
QS\OX
]_
UKX¾
O\S^S\
,_
XONOXVO
]_NKX
v¾UK\¾VKX
USÀSXSX
ƒXMOVSUVO
c_^^_â_
]_
v¾UK\¾VWKV¾N¾\
,_X_
]KâVKWKU
SvSX
ScS
cˆdWO
LSVSXScY\]K
]_
SvSXNOX
v¾UK\¾V¾\UOX
cYU]K
v¾UK\¾VN¾U^KX
]YX\K
]_X·S
]YV_X_W
_cQ_VKXWKV¾N¾\
ì00%
73
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
7O`M_^
K\KLKX¾d¾X
K\^KX
K\¾dKVK\¾
`O
QSNO\OU
NˆÀOX
NOâO\ScVO
cOXS
KV¾XKMKU
K\KLKX¾X
Lˆ^vOXSdNO
cK\K^KMKâ¾
]¾U¾À¾UV¾U
]SdS
K\KLKc¾
cOXSVOWOU
SVO
O]US]ScVO
NO`KW
O^WOU
K\K]¾XNK
UK\K\]¾d
L¾\KU¾cY\
,SVSXNSU
LS\
RSUKcO%
U_\LKâK
]Yâ_U
]_
NYV_
UKdKX¾X
SvSXNONS\
UKdKX
KV^^KX
¾]¾^¾V¾cY\
ncVO
LS\
KX
QOVS\
US
U_\LKâKX¾X
]¾v\Kc¾À¾
SvSX
]YX
ÀKX]
]¾v\KWKd]K
]¾MKâK
^O]VSW
YVKMKU
Yeni
Kulvar
C_UK\¾NKUS
ƒ\XOUVO\S
LˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À
`O
cOXS
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀ
UK`\KWVK\¾X¾
KXVKcKLSVWOXSd
SvSX
`O\NSW
7O`M_^
U_V`K\NK
NYâ\_
`O
dKWKX¾XNK
cKZ¾VKX
UˆvˆU
]¾v\Kc¾ÀVK\
NKRK
Kd
\S]U
`O
_d_X
ƒWˆ\
]KâVK\
,S\SXMS
ƒ\XOU^OUS
]¾v\KWK
cOXS
LS\
K\KLK
`O
YX_X
]KâVKcKMKUVK\¾XK
NSâO\SXNO
RKcK^K
NO`KWK
O]K]
YV_cY\
½À
RKcK^¾XNK
NKRK
ScScS
QO\vOUVOÀ^S\WOU
SvSX
cKZ¾VKX
K^KUVK\K
UˆvˆU
]¾v\Kc¾ÀVK\
NScOVSW
,_
K^KUVK\¾X
SRWKVS
cKXV¾À
UK\K\VK\
N¾À^KX
YV_W]_d
QOVSÀWOVO\O
UK\À¾
cO^O\]SdVSU
SÀVO^WOVO\SX
ƒW\ˆXˆ
R¾dVK
U¾]KV^¾\
,_
]YXNKX
U_\^_VWKU
S]O
LˆcˆU
]¾v\KWKc¾
QO\OU^S\S\
kˆXUˆ
UˆvˆU
]¾v\KWKVK\
K\^¾U
]YX_v
`O\WOcOMOU^S\
]SQWK
^YZVKW
UKVS^O
cƒXO^SWS
SXY`K]cYXOV
vKV¾ÀWK
`O
LOXdO\S
_cQ_VKWKVK\
]KâV¾UV¾
UˆvˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À
ƒ\XOUVO\SNS\
9^_d
c¾V
ƒXMO
vKV¾ÀWKcK
LKÀVKW¾À
YVKX
LS\
_X
PKL\SUK]¾X¾
NˆÀˆXOVSW
9
NƒXOW
LƒVQO]SXNO
^OU
YVKX
PKL\SUK
dK-
76
WKX
SvSXNO
_cQ_VKXKX
^OÀ`SU
_cQ_VKWKVK\¾cVK
]Kc¾VK\¾
K\^KX
cOXS
^OUXYVYTSVS
PKL\SUKVK\¾X
LK]U¾]¾
KV^¾XNK
UKV¾cY\
½VU
PKL\SUKX¾X
PS\O]S
PKdVK
OVOU
UKVS^O]S
cO^O\]Sd
<OUKLO^
`K\YVKX
UKZK]S^OXSX
vYU
KV^¾XNK
vKV¾ÀWKcK
dY\V_cY\
0ScK^VK\
R¾dVK
NˆÀˆcY\
,ƒcVO
NO`KW
ONO\]OXSd
]YX
cKU¾X
½À^O
LˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À
SvSX
UK\K\
`O\SVWO]S
QO\OUOX
N_\_W
.SâO\
LˆcˆU
]¾v\KWK
_cQ_VKWK]¾
S]O
SÀVO^WOVO\NO
WO`M_^
SÀVO\
ScS
QSNScY\
`K\]Kc¾W¾X¾X
QOvO\VS
YVN_â_
N_\_WVK\NK
ƒXQƒ\ˆ]ˆ
cˆU]OU
ÀS\UO^
cƒXO^SWVO\SXMO
UK\K\
`O\SVSZ
cKZ¾VKXN¾\
>YcY^K
Y^YWK^SU
^OU]^SV
WKUSXOVO\S
U_\_V_À_X_X
#V_
c¾VVK\NK
K\KLK
ˆ\O^OX
U_\_V_À
N_\_W_XK
NƒXˆÀ^ˆ\ˆVWO]S%
8YUSKX¾X
UKâ¾^
UKLVY
`O
VK]^SU
SÀVO\SXS
##V¾
c¾VVK\¾X
LKÀVK\¾XNK
L¾\KUK\KU
MOZ
^OVOPYX_
ˆ\O^WOcO
LKÀVKWK]¾%
SÀVO^WOVO\NO
SÀVO\
ScS
NO\UOX
cOXS
U_V`K\K
LˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À
_cQ_VKWKVK\¾N¾\
,ˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À
QˆXNOWO
QOVNSU^OX
]YX\K
dKWKX
YV_W]_dK
vKV¾ÀWKcK
LKÀVK\
1OvOX
]ˆ\O
dOWSXSX
dKc¾PVKN¾â¾
RONOPSX
_dKUVKÀ^¾â¾
`O
]¾v\Kc¾À¾X
dY\VKÀ^¾â¾
]ˆ\Ov^S\
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
1OMSUWO
XONOXScVO
RONOP
U_V`K\NKX
_dKUVKÀWKU
NKRK
Kd
vKLKcVK
]¾v\KXKMKU
cOXS
LS\
U_V`K\¾X
LOVS\VOXWO]SXS
QO\OU^S\S\
=¾v\Kc¾À^K
LKÀK\¾]¾dV¾U
\S]US
L_
]KcONO
KdKV^¾V¾\
COXS
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀ
LˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À¾
QO\OU^S\S\
0KUK^
RO\
LˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À
cOXS
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀS
]KâVKWKd
COXS
U_V`K\NK
UKV¾M¾V¾U
S]O
LKÀK\¾V¾
UˆvˆU
]¾v\Kc¾ÀVK\VK
YV_\
=ˆ\Nˆ\ˆVOLSVS\
LˆcˆWO
`O\SVO\S
S]O
cOXS
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀSX
LKÀK\¾VN¾â¾X¾
Qƒ]^O\S\
>YcY^K
^OU]^SV
WKUSXOVO\S
ˆ\O^SWSXNOX
K\KLK
ˆ\O^SWSXO
LˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À¾
cKZW¾À^¾\
>YcY^KX¾X
cOXS
U_V`K\¾XNK
WˆÀ^O\S
WOWX_XScO^SXS
cKUKVKWK]¾
`O
]ˆ\Nˆ\ˆVOLSVS\
LˆcˆWO
`O\SVO\SXS
]KâVKWK]¾
cOXS
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀSX
^KWKWVKXN¾â¾X¾
UKX¾^VKW¾À^¾\
=K\K\¾X
O\UOU
QScSWSXSX
cKX¾
]¾\K
LKcKX
QScSWS
SÀSXO
cSXO
KcX¾
WK\UK
`O
KcX¾
WOUKXVK\NK
QS\WO]SXS
MSNNS
LS\
^ˆW]OU
cK\K^WK
YVK\KU
Qƒ\ˆcY\_W
>¾ZU¾
_d_X
c¾VVK\N¾\
LKÀK\¾V¾
ˆ]^
Q\_Z
YPS]
WYLSVcK]¾
ˆ\O^SMS]S
YVKX
+VZK\NKX¾X
O`
WYLSVcK]¾
SÀSXO
QS\O\OU
UK\À¾]¾XK
UOXNS
^ˆW]OâSXS
v¾UK\WK]¾
`O
]YX\K
O`
WYLSVcK]¾
SÀSXNOX
v¾UK\KU
K]¾V
SÀSXO
cYâ_XVKÀWK]¾
QSLS
.SâO\
LS\
ƒ\XOU
S]O
781XSX
UK\QY
^KÀ¾WKM¾V¾â¾
SÀScVO
LS\VSU^O
cˆ\ˆ^WOcO
vKV¾À^¾â¾
cYVM_
^KÀ¾WKM¾V¾â¾XNKX
vYU
QOv
YVWKNKX
]¾c\¾VWK]¾N¾\
5_V`K\
]KZWKVK\¾X¾
`O
^ˆW]OUVO\S
QOv
YVWKNKX
NˆdOV^WOU
]KâV¾UV¾
UˆvˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À
ƒ\XOUVO\SNS\
½ÀVO^WOVO\
U_V`K\VK\¾XNK
cˆ\ˆ\UOX
vOÀS^VS
XONOXVO\VO
UOXNSVO\SXO
OXQOVVO\
NO
cK\K^¾\
,_
OXQOVVO\
Qˆv
UKcL¾XK
QOVSÀWOXSX
cK`KÀVKc¾Z
RK^^K
QO\ScO
QS^WO]SXO
XONOX
YVKLSVS\
8YUSKcK
XO
NOWOVS)
-OZ
^OVOPYX_
SÀSXNO
ƒXMˆVO\NOX
YV
OX
QˆdOV
^K]K\¾WV¾
OX
ScS
cO\OV
cKd¾V¾WV¾
^OVOPYXVK\¾
ˆ\O^^SU^OX
]YX\K
L_V_XN_â_X
cO\S
LOâOXSZ
Y\KNK
UKVWKcK
UK\K\
`O\
?d_X
c¾VVK\
8YUSK
U_VVKX¾M¾]¾cN¾W
+\^¾U
,VKMULO\\c
U_VVKX¾cY\_W
/ÀSW
NO
cOâOXSXSX
ƒXO\S]ScVO
=KW]_XQ
KVN¾
.ONSUVO\SXO
Qƒ\O
^K]K\¾W¾
QˆdOV
PScK^¾
_cQ_XW_À
,OVUS
]YX
YX
c¾VNK
8YUSK
vYU
LKÀK\¾V¾
\KUKWVK\K
_VKÀW¾À^¾\
ZKdK\
NOâO\S
vYU
c_UK\¾VK\K
_VKÀW¾À^¾\
KWK
LOX
cSXO
NO
L_
]YX
YX
c¾VNK
cO\SXO
UYX_VKWKcKMKU
LKd¾
P¾\]K^VK\¾X
UKv¾\¾VN¾â¾
LKd¾
QOMSUWOVO\SX
cKÀKXN¾â¾
Qƒ\ˆÀˆXNOcSW
=YUKU^KUS
SX]KX
SvSX
À_
KXNK
8YUSK
XOcS
KXVK^¾cY\)
/X
RKPSP)
/X
QˆdOV
^K]K\¾W)
/X
_cQ_X
PScK^)
+`\_ZKV¾
YVWK]¾
`O
S]WSXNOX
LKÀUK
=KW]_XQNKX
PK\U¾
XONS\)
1OVSÀWOVO\SX
vYU
R¾dVK
YV_À^_â_
cKU¾X
NƒXOWNO
8YUSK
OX
Kd
UOXNS
UKNK\
LOVUS
NO
UOXNSXNOX
NKRK
ScS
ˆ\O^SWVO\O
]KRSZ
SÀVO^WOVO\SX
v¾UKMKâ¾X¾
NˆÀˆXWˆÀ
YV]K
QO\OU
8YUSK
+ZZVOSX
S:RYXO
K^Kâ¾XK
LOXdO\
LS\
]¾v\Kc¾ÀVK
LKWLKÀUK
LS\
ˆ\ˆXˆ
v¾UK\KLSVOMOU
LS\SUSW
SvSX
cK^¾\¾W
cKZKLSVS\NS
,_X_X
YVWKc¾À¾
ROW
8YUSKX¾X
ROW
NO
^ˆUO^SMSXSX
UKcL¾N¾\
=KLKXM¾·X¾X
Q¾NK
SÀVO\SXNO
K^KâK
QOvWO]S
`O
]YX\K
L_
UYX_NK
¾]\K\¾X
cKXV¾À
YVN_â_X_
Qƒ\O\OU
Q¾NK
]OU^ƒ\ˆXNOX
v¾UWK]¾
L_XK
QˆdOV
LS\
ƒ\XOU^S\
½À
WKUSXOVO\S
ˆ\O^SWSXNO
NˆXcK
VSNO\S
-K^O\ZSVVK\¾X
KcKUUKL¾
WK\UK]¾
YVWK]¾
KXVKW
`O\OWONSâSW
LS\
QS\SÀSWNS\
,OXMO
_cQ_X
YVKX¾
-K^O\ZSVVK\¾X
UK\V¾
LSVO
YV]K
KcKUUKL¾
SÀSXS
L¾\KUWK]¾N¾\
+XK
SÀSXSX
vYU
N¾À¾XNK
-K^O\ZSVVK\K
LOXdO\
PKKVScO^^O
L_V_XKX
LKÀUK
LS\
PS\WKc¾
ƒ\XOU
YVK\KU
`O\WOU
QO\OUS\]O
:Y\]MRO
.O]SQX
KN¾cVK
QOXSÀ
US^VOcO
K\KLK]¾X¾
NOâSV
PKUK^
WK\UKc¾
_VKÀ¾VKLSVS\
cKZKX
:Y\]MRO
:Y\]MROXSX
@YVU]aKQOXSX
UYX^\YV_
SvSX
cKZ^¾â¾
K^KU
SVO
:Y\]MRO
.O]SQX
_c_W
SvSXNO
+MKLK
NKRK
QOXSÀ
LS\
US^VOcVO
L_V_ÀWKU
@YVU]aKQOX·NO
RS]]OVO\SX
UYX^\YVˆXNO
NKRK
PKdVK
UYVKcV¾U
]KâVKcKMKU
_X]_\VK\NKX
LS\S
YV_\
NScO
NˆÀˆXWˆÀ
YVKLSVS\VO\
WS)
+XMKU
:Y\]MRO
.O]SQX¾X
cKcQ¾XV¾â¾
:Y\]MRO
Y^YWYLSV
RONOP
WˆÀ^O\S
US^VO]SXSX
^O\MSRVO\SXS
dKWKX
SvSXNO
YV_W]_d
O^USVOcOMOU^S\
1YYQVO
]Kâ
]ˆ^_X
\OUVKWVK\¾
^ˆW]OU^S\
1YYQVO
L_XVK\¾X
UKcL¾X¾
UK\À¾VKcKMKU
UˆvˆU
]¾v\Kc¾ÀVK\¾
cKZKMKU
LS\SUSWO
]KRSZ^S\
,_XVK\NKX
LS\S
SVU
]KcPKNK
Y
]KK^
`OcK
Y
QˆX
SvSX
OX
cˆU]OU
\KUKW¾
`O\OX
cKVX¾dMK
LS\
PS\WKX¾X
\OUVKW
LKXN¾X¾
cKc¾XVKWKU
XONOX
YVWK]¾X
.ˆÀˆX]OXSdO
1YYQVO
SVU
]KcPKNK
^OU
\OUVKW¾X
cK\K^KMKâ¾
RK`Kc¾
1YYQVO·NKUS
\OUVKWVK\¾X
K\KWK
cKZKXVK\K
RKU]¾dV¾U
YVN_â_X_
NˆÀˆXWOcO
LKÀVKN¾W
1YYQVO
LOXSW
SvSX
]YX_MK
OX
O\UOX
_VKÀKLSVNSâSW
Uˆ^ˆZRKXO
Qƒ\O`S
Qƒ\ˆcY\
0KUK^
À_
]¾\KVK\
ƒdOVVSUVO
K\^KX
]Kâ
]ˆ^_X
\OUVKWVK\¾XK
QƒdˆW
^KU¾VN¾â¾
SvSX
`KUS^
UKcL¾
cKÀKWKcK
LKÀVKN¾W
,KXK
dKWKX
SVQS
UKcL¾
`O
UKPK
UK\¾À¾UV¾â¾
cK\K^WKcKMKU
SVU
]OvOXOU
1YYQVO
cO\SXO
QOvOMOU
+cX¾
UYX_NK
PK\UV¾
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀ
NScOMOâSWSd
LS\
OMdKXO
]KRSLSXSX
SVKv
^YZ^KX
]K^¾M¾V¾â¾
SÀSXO
QS\WO]S%
SÀVOU
MKNNO
ˆ]^ˆXNO
LOcKd
OÀcK
]K^¾M¾]¾X¾X
KSVO]SXSX
QO\OU]SXSWS
SvSX
OVSXNOUS
WKVVK\¾
ZK\KcK
vO`S\O\OU
WO`M_^
cO\SXS
]SWS^
UKR`O]SXO
NƒXˆÀ^ˆ\WO]S%
9]^SWNO
]SZK\SÀVO
vOVSU
KU]KW
cKZKX
PS\WK
]KRSLSXSX
]KâV¾U
]Y\_XVK\¾
XONOXScVO
LS\
]KRSV
UK]KLK]¾XNK
RKV¾
WKâKdK]¾
KvWK]¾
UˆvˆU
SÀVO^WOVO\NO
cOXS
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀ
YVK\KU
Qƒ]^O\OLSVS\Sd
77
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
,S\
NSâO\
ƒ\XOU
NO
LˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À¾X
vYU
LKÀK\¾V¾
cKZ¾VWK]¾XK
UK\À¾X
cOXS
U_V`K\NK
^ˆW]OU
YV_À^_\KMKU
O]UScS
¾]\K\VK
^KÀ¾WKU^¾\
DS^\YX
PS\WK]¾
# V¾
c¾VVK\NK
UƒWˆ\
WKNOXS
OUSZWKXVK\¾
ˆ\O^O\OU
cO\OV
ZKdK\NK
LKÀK\¾V¾
YVW_À^_\
.KRK
]YX\K
RK`KVKXN¾\WK
PKXVK\¾
ˆ\O^SWSXO
LˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À
cKZW¾À
`O
LS\
vYU
ZKdK\NK
VSNO\
YVK\KU
vYU
]KcQ¾X
_V_]VK\K\K]¾
LS\
PS\WK
N_\_W_XK
QOVWSÀ^S\
,ˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À
]YX\K]¾
cOXS
U_V`K\¾
RK`KVKXN¾\WK
PKXVK\¾
SÀSXNO
]ˆ\OUVS
QOVSÀOX
LS\
PS\WK
YVWK]¾XK
UK\À¾X
RKVK
]K^¾ÀVK\¾X¾X
vYU
UˆvˆU
LS\
U¾]W¾
YVKX
WKNOX
OUSZWKXVK\¾
ˆ\O^SWSXS
]ˆ\Nˆ\WOU^ONS\
DS^\YX_X
L_
N_cQ_]KVV¾â¾X¾
L¾\KUK\KU
RK`KVKXN¾\WK
]S]^OWVO\S
SÀSXO
^ˆWˆcVO
YNKUVKXWK]¾
ScS
YVKMKU^¾\
:O^\YV
SÀVOWO
`O
ZO^\YV
ˆ\ˆXVO\S
NKâ¾^¾W
SÀS
5Yv
Q\_L_XNK
Kâ¾\V¾âK
]KRSZ
N_\_WK
QOVNS
¿KcO^
L_
LS\
cOXS
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀ
QS\SÀSWS
S]O
cOXS
]K^¾X
KVWKVK\
`O
cK^¾\¾WVK\
QO\OUVSNS\
¿_
KXNK
OVNOX
v¾UK\N¾UVK\¾
NˆÀˆU
MS\YV_
SÀVO\VO
]K^WKU
S]^ONSUVO\S
7SQ\Y]_X
cKX¾
]¾\K
]^\K^OTSU
NScO
KNVKXN¾\N¾UVK\¾
Y^YWY^S`
`O
LOcKd
OÀcK
SÀVO\SXS
NO
_cQ_X
\KUKWVK\K
L¾\KUK\KU
ONSXNSUVO\S
UKcXKâ¾
cOXS
U_V`K\
QOvSÀSXO
KU^K\WKVK\¾
QO\OUS\
,Sd
L_
SÀS
cOXS
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀ
YVK\KU
Qƒ\WˆcY\_d
ScS
UK\
QO^S\OMOU
MS\Y
NO]^OUVOcSMS]S
LS\
SÀ
YVK\KU
Qƒ\ˆcY\_d
NScY\VK\]K
YNKUVKXWKc¾
+\vOVSU
ˆ]^ˆXO
cKZKLSVS\VO\
:OUS
XONOX
Y^YWY^S`
YVWK]¾X)
0K\UV¾
Y^YWY^S`
PS\WKVK\¾
SVO
LKÀK\¾V¾
ˆ\O^SW
QOvWSÀVO\S
`K\
+cX¾
PS\WKVK\VK
cOXS
ZKdK\VK\NK
Y\^KU
ˆ\O^SW
QS\SÀSWVO\S
`O
NKRK
]YX\K
YXVK\
SvSX
Lˆ^ˆX
ˆ\O^SWS
ˆ]^VOXWOU
YVKWKd
W¾)
9NKU
UYX_
YVK\KU
NˆXcK
vKZ¾XNK
QOVSÀSVOMOU
LS\
UYX_X_X
]OvSVWO]O
NO
5Yv
Q\_L_
cSXO
LˆcˆâˆW
NO\
9X
c¾V
SvSXNO
S]O
LS\
NKRK
NƒXWOWOU
ˆdO\O
À_
KXNK
L_V_XN_â_
SVU
PS\WK
VS]^O]SXO
`ONK
ONOLSVS\
,ˆcˆUVˆU
Uˆ\O]OV
YVWKU^KX
QOvScY\
DY\V_
Q\_L_
O`
^OU]^SVS
ˆ\O^SWSXO
NKcKX¾UV¾
^ˆUO^SW
WKVVK\¾
ˆ\O^SWSXS
OUVONSâS
dKWKX
]YX
^ˆUO^SMScO
cƒXOVSU
LKÀK\¾V¾
ˆ\O^SW
`O
ZO\KUOXNO
NOXOcSWS
`O
K^KU
cKZ¾]¾
XONOXScVO
LSdSW
35/+
X¾X
NYâKMKâ¾X¾
RKcKV
O^^SW
DY\V_
Q\_L_
U¾]K
]ˆ\ONO
LˆcˆU
LOMO\S
Qƒ]^O\O\OU
LˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À¾cVK
PK\UV¾
UYX_VK\NK
P¾\]K^VK\¾
NO-
78
âO\VOXNS\O\OU
Sv
ZKdK\
RYVNSXQS
YVN_
,KÀK\¾
LˆcˆU
:OUS
SVU
]OvOXOU
NKRK
LˆcˆU
LKÀK\¾c¾
]KâVKWK
QˆMˆXˆ
LK\¾XN¾\W¾cY\
W_)
=KLKXM¾
Q\_L_
LOÀ
]^\K^OTSU
]OU^ƒ\ˆWˆd
`K\
NScY\
,OX
L_X_
LS\
^ˆ\Vˆ
L¾\KUWKcK
U¾cKWKN¾â¾W¾d
MO]K\O^
ONOWONSâSWSd
cO\SXO
XO
UYcKMKâ¾W¾d¾
L_VKWKN¾â¾W¾d
_cQ_X
PScK^K
OVNOX
v¾UK\WKc¾
LOUVONSâSWSd
]OvOXOUVO\SXNOX
LS\SXS
`OcK
NKRK
PKdVK]¾X¾
LK\¾XN¾\KX
LOÀ
]OU^ƒ\NO
vKV¾À¾cY\_d
NScO
^O\MˆWO
ONScY\_W
CO\OV
UKV¾XN¾â¾XNK
ˆVUO
OUYXYWS]SXSX
cK`KÀVKN¾â¾
KXNK
L_
Q\_ZVK\
NˆXcK
OUYXYWS]SXNO
S]SW
YVWKc¾
NˆÀVOcOWOcOMOU
N_\_WK
QS\OMOUVO\
=KW]_XQ_X
cOXS
U_V`K\
QOvSÀSXNO
^ˆW
Kâ¾\V¾â¾X¾
MOZ
^OVOPYX_X_
NK
SvO\OX
^ˆUO^SMS
OVOU^\YXSâS
SÀSXO
`O\WO]S
Kâ¾\
OXNˆ]^\S
`O
LOXdO\S
PK\UV¾
SÀVO\S
OVNOX
v¾UK\WK]¾
_cQ_X
YVKLSVS\
2_XNKS
ÀKcO^
SÀ
WKUSXOVO\S
ˆ\O^SWS
`O
LOXdO\
SÀVO\SXS
]K^¾Z
Y^YWY^S`O
NKRK
vYU
UKcXKU
]KâVK\]K
NKRK
PKdVK
Qˆv
`O
]KcQ¾
^YZVK\
7ˆROXNS]VSU
`O
cƒXO^SW
NORK]¾
YVKX
.\2O\\OXUXOMR^
Y^_d
c¾V
QSLS
U¾]K
LS\
]ˆ\ONO
ZKdK\¾
vYU
NK\
YVKX
^ˆXOV
WKUSXOVO\S
SÀSXNO
WSVcK\
+`\YV_U
LS\
NO`
cK\K^W¾À^¾\
9X_
]ˆ\OUVS
LKÀK\¾X¾X
KN\O]S
^_^KMKU
SÀSXSX
cKX¾
]¾\K
WO^\OcO
SXOLSVOX
TOY^O\WKV
`O
ZO^\YV
U_c_]_
WKUSXO]S
`O
LOXdO\S
ˆ\O^SWVO\O
QS\WO]SXS
cKN¾\QKW¾cY\_W
kˆXUˆ
SÀ
cO\KV^¾XNK
_VKÀ¾W
UKXKVVK\¾
KvKX
]S]^OWVO\
YVK\KU
NO`KW
ONScY\
½VU
QˆXNOX
L_QˆXO
U_``O^VS
YVN_â_
XYU^K
^KVOZVO\SX
XO\ONOc]O
"·S
ƒdQˆX
WKUSXO
ˆ\O^SWS
0K\UV¾
^SZ
WKUSXOVO\
PK\UV¾
OXNˆ]^\SVO\O
]_X_V_cY\
,_
N_\_W_cVK
2O\\OXUXOMR^O
UOXNS
OXNˆ]^\S]SXSX
1OXO\KV
/VOM^\SMS
NScOLSVS-
\Sd
0K\UV¾
OXNˆ]^\SVO\NO
QOXSÀVOcOX
Uˆ\O]OV
`O
R¾\]V¾
9NKUVKXWK
SÀVO\
cYV_XNK
QSNScY\]K
dY\_XV_V_U^KX
v¾UK\
>O\MSR
UYX_]_
YV_\
5Yv
`O
=KLKXM¾
Q\_ZVK\¾
YNKUVKXWKU
dY\_XNK
NOâSVVO\
½v
:KdK\
2YVNSXQVO\S
5YRVLO\Q
5\K`S]
<YLO\^]
`OcK
-O\LO\_]
QSLS
LˆcˆU
cK^¾\¾W
PYXVK\¾XK
LOXdScY\
½v
ZKdK\NK
vYU
LKÀK\¾V¾
ƒ\XOUVO\
LS\SUSWVO\SXS
ScS
cƒXO^O\OU
LKÀK\¾V¾
PSXKX]KV
Y\KXVK\
cKUKVKN¾UVK\¾
]ˆ\OMO
LS\
UYX_cK
Kâ¾\V¾U
`O\WOcS
QO\OU]Sd
LS\
]O\ˆ`OX
YVK\KU
Qƒ\OMOUVO\NS\
½v
:KdK\
RYVNSXQVO\SXSX%
K\KNK
LS\
v¾UKX
]^\K^OTSU
UYX_VK\¾W¾d¾
LOVS\VONSU
PKKVScO^
UYX_VK\¾W¾d¾
KdKV^¾cY\_d
RKLO\VO\SXS
´LKÀK\¾V¾
YVN_â_W_d
`OcK
YVKMKâ¾W¾d
SÀVO\
OU
UKcXKU
QO\OU^S\OMOâS
SvSX
LKd¾
SÀVO\S
OVNOX
v¾UK\KMKâ¾dµ
NScO
^O\MˆWO
ONO\Sd
+â¾\V¾U
`O\WOU%
LSd
L_
c¾V
LKd¾
QOXSÀVOWO
`O
QOVSÀ^S\WO
cK^¾\¾WVK\¾
cKZKMKâ¾d
LS\
`OcK
SUS
PKL\SUK
KVKMKâ¾d
NOWOU
NOâSVNS\
,Sd
cOXS
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀ
SvSX
Lˆ^ˆX
dKWKX¾W¾d¾
`O
UKcXKUVK\¾W¾d¾
KNKcKMKâ¾d
NScO\OU
L_
NOXSVOXS
cKZWKU^¾\
,_\KNK
PK\UV¾
`OcK
LOXdO\
ÀOUSVNO
cK
NK
RSv
U_VVKX¾VWKW¾À
LKd¾
NOcSWVO\O
UYX_cVK
SVSX^SVS
KXVKWVK\
cˆUVONSW
Kv¾UVKWKVK\
QO^S\NSW
n\XOâSX
LˆcˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À
UˆvˆU
]¾v\Kc¾À
Kâ¾\V¾U
`O\WOU
Sv
ZKdK\
RYVNSXQS
cOXS
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀ
QSLS
½ÀVO^WOVO\SX
WO`M_^^K
NO`KW¾
S]\KPVK
OÀ
NOâO\
RKVSXS
KV¾cY\]K
OâO\
%
cOXS
U_V`K\K
QOvSÀ
UKcXKUVK\¾X
cYU
YVWK]¾X¾
ƒXVOcOMOU
QˆMˆX
K\^K\KU
NO`KW¾X¾
]KâVKcKMKU^¾\
.DGLUæ7(//ì2è/8
Endüstri Mühendisi
7HFUEHPæ5RWDæ<D\çQODUçæ
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
Biz Büyüdük ve
ææææææææ.LUOHQGLæ'Q\D
+DYDæNLUOLOLéLQLQæDUWPDVçæ
R]RQæWDEDNDVçQçQæ
LQFHOPHVLQHæ\ROæDoç\RUæ
%XæJHUoHéLæKHSLPL]æ
ELOL\RUX]æ%HONLæGHæ
ELOGLéLPL]æLoLQæoRNWDQæ
DOçìWçNæYHæDUWçNæHVNLVLæ
NDGDUæ|QHPVHPL\RUX]žæ
3HNLæ\DæVRQXoODUçQçæ
KDWçUOD\DQæYDUæPç"
2K`K
US\VSVSâS
NYâKV
NOXQOcS
LYdKMKU
RO\RKXQS
LS\
WKNNOXSX
K^WY]PO\O
UK\¾ÀWK]¾cVK
WOcNKXK
QOVS\
9dYX
.ˆXcK·X¾X
K^WY]PO\SXSX
^KWKW¾XNK
L_V_XKX
LS\
QKd
`O
YdYX
^KLKUK]¾
SvO\NSâS
QKd
WYVOUˆVVO\S
SVO
dK\K\V¾
cˆU]OU
OXO\TSVS
QˆXOÀ
¾À¾XVK\¾X¾X
cO\cˆdˆXO
_VKÀWK]¾X¾
OXQOVVScY\
8O
cKd¾U
US
_d_X
c¾VVK\
ƒXMO
LSVSW
KNKWVK\¾
YdYX
^KLKUK]¾X¾X
SXMOVWOcO
LKÀVKN¾â¾X¾
`O
L_
SXMOVWOXSX
QSNO\OU
NO`KW
O^^SâSXS
^O]ZS^
O^^SVO\
9dYX
^KLKUK]¾
SXMOVWOcO
NO`KW
ONO\]O«
½X]KX
cKZ¾W¾
QKdVK\¾X
SvSXNOUS
WKNNOVO\SX
K^WY]PO\NO
cˆU]OVO\OU
YdYX
^KLKUK]¾X¾
ZK\vKVKN¾â¾X¾
NˆÀˆXOX
LSVSW
KNKWVK\¾
L_
^KLKUK
SXMOVWOcO
NO`KW
ONO\]O
QSNO\OU
NKRK
vYU
dK\K\V¾
¾À¾X¾X
cO\cˆdˆXO
_VKÀKMKâ¾X¾
`O
cˆU]OU
OXO\TSVS
L_
¾À¾XVK\¾X
NK
MSV^
UKX]O\SXO
cYV
KvKMKâ¾X¾
NˆÀˆXˆcY\
2]RQæWDEDNDVçæQDVçOæLQFHOGL"
#
cˆdc¾VNK
^OUXYVYTSXSX
QOVSÀWOcO
LKÀVKWK]¾cVK
UK^¾
`O
]¾`¾
cKU¾^VK
vKV¾ÀKX
WKUSXOVO\SX
UƒWˆ\
`O
ZO^\YV
vOÀS^VO\S
]Kc¾]¾
K\^¾XMK
RK`K
US\VSVSâS
NO
K\^WKcK
LKÀVKN¾
2K`K
US\VSVSâS
]¾`¾
cKU¾^VK\¾X
OQdYd
QKd¾
YVK\KU
K^WY]PO\O
K^¾VWK]¾
UK^¾
cKU¾^VK\¾X
S]O
LKMKVK\NKX
v¾UKX
N_WKXVK\¾X¾X
vO`\OcO
NKâ¾VWK]¾
SVO
YV_À^_
2K`K
US\VSVSâSXSX
LS\
NSâO\
XONOXS
NO
U_\À_X_X
U_VVKX¾W¾
,SVSW
KNKWVK\¾
KÀ¾\¾
WSU^K\NK
U_\À_X_X
SX]KX
LOcXSXNO
\KRK^]¾dV¾UVK\K
cYV
KvKMKâ¾X¾
LOVS\^ScY\
2K`K
US\VSVSâSXO
cYV
KvKX
U_\À_X
WSU^K\¾X¾
KdKV^WKU
KWKM¾cVK
NK
K\^¾U
U_\À_X]_d
LOXdSX
]K^¾V¾cY\
80
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
#
cˆdc¾VNK
^OUXYVYTSXSX
QOVSÀWOcO
LKÀVKWK]¾cVK
UK^¾
`O
]¾`¾
cKU¾^VK
vKV¾ÀKX
WKUSXOVO\SX
UƒWˆ\
`O
ZO^\YV
vOÀS^VO\S
]Kc¾]¾
K\^¾XMK
RK`K
US\VSVSâS
NO
K\^WKcK
LKÀVKN¾
$VLWæ\DéPXUODUç
2K`K
US\VSVSâSXSX
LS\
NSâO\
]YX_M_
NK
K]S^
cKâW_\VK\¾
kYâ_
cKâW_\
]_c_
vYU
Kd
WSU^K\NK
K]S^
SvO\ScY\
+XMKU
cKâW_\
]_c_
LKd¾
US\VSVSU
cK\K^KX
WKNNOVO\VO
LS\VOÀ^SâSXNO
ƒ\XOâSX
OQdYd
N_WKX¾
NKRK
K]S^VS
LS\
RKVO
QOVScY\
`O
´K]S^
cKâW_\_µ
KN¾
`O\SVOX
dK\K\V¾
cKâW_\
YV_À_cY\
ndOVVSUVO
XORS\
`O
QƒVVO\NO
cKÀKcKX
LS\vYU
RKc`KX
^ˆ\ˆ
L_
K]S^
WSU^K\¾XNK
cKÀKcKW¾cY\
+âKvVK\
NK
K]S^
cKâW_\_XNKX
dK\K\
Qƒ\ˆcY\
LƒMOUVO\SX
]KVN¾\¾]¾XK
NS\OXv
Qƒ]^O\OWScY\
+]S^
cKâW_\_
ˆdO\SXO
cKâN¾â¾
UKcK
QSLS
cˆdOcVO\S
O\S^SZ
Yc_cY\
,_X_X
]YX_M_XNK
NK
dK\K\V¾
WSXO\KVVO\
Y\^KcK
v¾U¾cY\
`O
L_
WSXO\KVVO\
RKc`KX
`O
LS^USVO\O
dK\K\
`O\ScY\
.LUOLOLéLæ|QOHPHæoDEDODUç
,SVSW
KNKWVK\¾
^ˆW
L_
dK\K\VK\¾
^O]ZS^
O^^SU^OX
]YX\K
RK`K
US\VSVSâSXS
ƒXVOcOLSVWOU
KN¾XK
vOÀS^VS
vKV¾ÀWKVK\
cˆ\ˆ^WOcO
LKÀVKN¾VK\
2K`K
US\VSVSâSXO
]OLOZ
YVWKcKX
cKU¾^
K\Kc¾À¾
]YX_M_XNK
RK`K
US\VSVSâS
cK\K^WKcKX
XˆUVOO\
OXO\TS
`O
vO`\O
SvSX
OX
dK\K\]¾d
YVKX
NYâKVQKd
L_V_XN_
0KUK^
XˆUVOO\
OXO\TSXSX
NO
SX]KX
]KâV¾â¾
Kv¾]¾XNKX
\KNcK]cYX
^ORVSUO]S
^KÀ¾WK]¾
vYU
NSUUK^VS
U_VVKX¾VWK]¾X¾
QO\OU^S\ScY\
.SâO\
^K\KP^KX
UK^¾
`O
]¾`¾
cKU¾^VK\NKUS
dK\K\V¾
K^¾UVK\K
OXQOV
YVWKU
SvSX
PSV^\O
]S]^OWVO\S
QOVSÀ^S\SVO\OU
RK`K
US\VSVSâS
WSXSW_W
NˆdOcO
SXNS\SVWOcO
vKV¾À¾V¾cY\
+DYDæNLUOLOLéLQLQæVRQXoODUç
5S\VOXWOXSX
SX]KX
]KâV¾â¾X¾
^ORNS^
O^^SâS
K\^¾U
LSVSXOX
LS\
QO\vOU
ndOVVSUVO
]YV_X_W
cYVVK\¾
LYd_UV_UVK\¾
vYM_UVK\¾X
cKÀV¾VK\¾X
`O
UKVZ]YV_X_W
]¾U¾X^¾]¾
vOUOXVO\SX
RK`K
US\VSVSâSXNOX
Uƒ^ˆ
O^USVOXWOVO\S
LˆcˆU
ÀORS\VO\NO
]YV_X_W
cYVVK\¾
\KRK^]¾dV¾UVK\¾X¾X
KUMSâO\
UKX]O\VO\SXSX
LKd¾
KVO\TSU
RK]^KV¾UVK\¾X
`O
cY\Q_XV_U
RKVSXSX
]¾UV¾UVK
Qƒ\ˆVWO]S
NO
cSXO
RK`K
US\VSVSâSXSX
]YX_vVK\¾
K\K]¾XNK
cO\
KV¾cY\
+DYDæNLUOLOLéLQLæD]DOWPDNæLoLQæ
QHOHUæ\DSçODELOLU"
ndOVVSUVO
]KXKcS
WO\UOdVO\S
`O
LˆcˆU
cO\VOÀSW
KVKXVK\¾
ˆdO\SXNO
NKRK
vYU
RS]]ONSVOX
RK`K
US\VSVSâSXSX
KdKV^¾VWK]¾
SvSX
vOÀS^VS
ƒXVOWVO\
KV¾XKLSVS\
,_
ƒXVOWVO\S
À_
ÀOUSVNO
]¾\KVKWKU
WˆWUˆX$
Ž
=KXKcS
`O
SÀ
WO\UOdVO\SXSX
WˆWUˆX
YVN_â_
UKNK\
cO\VOÀSW
WO\UOdVO\S
N¾À¾XK
KV¾XWK]¾
Ž
5YX_^VK\NK
cKU¾^
cKUWK
^OUXSUVO\SXSX
QOVSÀ^S\SVWO]S
`O
ƒdOVVSUVO
]KXKcS
KVKXVK\¾XNKUS
LKMKVK\K
RK`K
PSV^\OVO\SXSX
^KU¾VWK]¾
Kc\¾MK
cKU¾^
YVK\KU
NYâKVQKd
U_VVKX¾W¾X¾X
cKcQ¾XVKÀ^¾\¾VWK]¾
Ž
¿ORS\
WO\UOdVO\SXNOUS
cYâ_X
^\KPSâSX
vO`\O
cYVVK\K
KU^K\¾VWK]¾
Ž
5SÀS]OV
`K]¾^K
U_VVKX¾W¾
cO\SXO
^YZV_
^KÀ¾WKM¾V¾â¾X
cKcQ¾XVKÀ^¾\¾VWK]¾
`O
OVOU^\SUVS
^KÀ¾WK
K\KvVK\¾X¾X
QOVSÀ^S\SVWO]S
`O
U_VVKX¾W¾X¾X
K\^¾\¾VWK]¾
Ž
+\KvVK\NK
vO`\OcO
NKRK
Kd
dK\K\
`O\OX
^OUXYVYTSVO\SX
U_VVKX¾VWK]¾
NSdOV
WY^Y\
]S]^OWVO\S
`L
Ž
+âKvVKXN¾\WK
vKV¾ÀWKVK\¾X¾X
K\^¾\¾VWK]¾
ƒdOVVSUVO
RK`K
US\VSVSâSXSX
cYâ_X
YVN_â_
cO\VO\NO
cOÀSV
KVKXVK\¾X
cKcQ¾XVKÀ^¾\¾VWK]¾
Ž
¿ORS\
cO\VOÀSW
ZVKXVK\¾XNK
WO^OY\YVYTSU
PKU^ƒ\VO\SX
ƒdOVVSUVO
\ˆdQr\
N_\_W_X_X
Qƒd
ƒXˆXNO
L_V_XN_\_VWK]¾
Ž
2KVU¾X
RK`K
US\VSVSâS
UYX_]_XNK
LSVSXvVOXNS\SVWO]S
SvSX
SVUĉ\O^SWNOX
LKÀVKWKU
ˆdO\O
^ˆW
YU_VVK\NK
`O
]S`SV
^YZV_W
ƒ\Qˆ^VO\SXMO
L_
KWKMK
cƒXOVSU
OâS^SW
Z\YQ\KWVK\¾X¾X
RKd¾\VKXWK]¾
.D\QDNæ%26&+æ/LIH
81
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
oVUOWSd
SX]KX¾X¾
SXÀKK^
`O
SÀ
WKUSXKVK\¾
KVKX¾XNK
^OUXYVYTScVO
`O
WYNO\X
SÀVO^WO
]S]^OWVO\ScVO
^KX¾À^¾\KX
Z\YTO
+^K^ˆ\U
,K\KT¾
:\YTO]SNS\
½XÀKK^
]¾\K]¾XNK
+XKNYV_
LYdU¾\¾XNK
cK\K^¾VKX
L_
NO`K]K
vKV¾ÀWK
Y\^KW¾XNKX
O^USVOXOX
LS\
vKV¾ÀKX¾X
N_cQ_VK\¾X¾X
SPKNO]S
YVKX
L_
ÀSS\S
NO\QSWSdNO
NO\QSWSdNO
cKc¾XVKcK\KU
]OU^ƒ\ˆWˆdO
vYU
LˆcˆU
UK^U¾
]KâVKcKX
L_
Z\YTOcS
KXWKU
S]^ONSU
ì00%
Doğudan Doğan Destan
82
1
7
13
!4!4]2+"=N=Fv{J@EJHAUEJ>EV@AJ
3=y3=DEH@A3KH3=DEH@ACa?aIaV
3QCaJA}D=R=UH=PKLN=G?`IANPPEN
6=NH{G>EVEI9KGHQG>EVEI!V>EVEI
$AN@EIEVA$ANI=JKH@Q=?{I{V
6=NH{GE_EJ@AGEUKGHQGEHHAPPEN
95.53vH=N{9QJQO=N=N$AJEVv@AJ
"EVAUKHC`OPANAJ>EVEI`J?aIaV
&=U@=O{V"=}!U=GH=N=VEHHAPPEN
'AIE>EVEI+=LP=J>EVEI'`V>EVEI
+KR=J>EVEI0APAG>EVEI3aV>EVEI
-=G=J>EVEI-ARGE>EVEI+KV>EVEI
2
8
14
!N{H=N9aGHAJIE}}=JH{DEVIAPE
#!@=O{"!@=O{G=UJ{UKN
9{HH=N`J?A>QG{R=I=CENOAU@EG
-EHHAPEI=@{J=U=L=NVEJIAPE
|=DEJ4ALAOEJ@A>=yN{IC`UJaUKN
"QE}HANEJIaNaRAPEJC`NOAU@EG
9QN@QOARAJHANEJ+QPO=HDEIIAPE
2/+vH=NEHAUANUANEJ@AJKUJQUKN
"KV@=yH=N=>`UHA'`yaOCANOAU@EG
6E?@=J>EVEI$QUCQ>EVEI`V>EVEI
$ANA>EVEI4ALA>EVEI4KV>EVEI
+KHH=N>EVEI%HHAN>EVEI$EV>EVEI
3
9
15
"Q_=>=KHO=U@{9{HH=N`J?AOE
$KHQO=R=GE}EJVKNHQVKNQJ@=
'`JaHHANGQNPQHOQJU=OP=JIAN=GP=J
9KGKHQN@Q9KGOQHHQyQJG=J?=O{
zJE}[{G{}+AOGEJREN=F>QNJQJ@=
3QOQV4KLN=GGQNPQH=?=G_KN=GP=J
$KyQUKN$KyQvJQJDANCaRAJ?AOE
#!4vH=NR{V{NR{V{N4QI>=UKHQJ@=
"QJ?=U{H@{NG=J=yH=@{GGQN=GP=J
-AROEI>EVEIzGHEI>EVEI9=V>EVEI
!N=_>EVEI'ANA_>EVEI0KV>EVEI
&{N=P>EVEI$E?HA>EVEI"aV>EVEI
4
10
16
'aI>aNPaIaV"KV=R=U{EJHAPEN
4=}K?=y{O=}_AHEG>EHAGHE
#=J=H{N#=JRANEN-QG=@@AOE}HAN
"EVE"EV@AJ=H{L(=GG=EHAPEN
|`B`N/LAN=P`N_=P=HUaNAGHE
6=P=JC`NAREJ@APANPAIEV|}HAN
|=JH{&{N=P.AHANO`UHAN@EJHAPEN
%GIAGP=}P=CEVHE$AIENAHAGHE
(=ONAPUKHH=N{J@=$Q=H=N@E}HAN
3ARCE>EVEI3AR@=>EVEI(=V>EVEI
!VEI>EVEI'=UNAP>EVEI({NO>EVEI
!J=>EVEI'AHEJ>EVEI+{V>EVEI
5
11
17
.=O{NH{AHHANEJRANEIE>QN@=
-a@aNva!IENvE-aDAJ@EOvHANE
!HPI{}UA@EzHv@AJCAHELPKLH=J@{G
9{G{L>KV@=yH=N{AUHA@EGDQN@=
z}_EUAD{VRANENUa?ADEOANE
$=y=4=}=(=J_ANCE>EO=LH=J@{G
"EN]IEPU=U{H@{UQN@=
4KV$QI=JE_EJ@A"=NQPOAOHANE
'A?ACaJ@aV=UJ{D{VH=}=NPH=J@{G
3AREJ_>EVEI+{R=J_"EVEI(=V>EVEI
!PA}>EVEI$QI=J>EVEI+`V>EVEI
%GIAG>EVEI"QHCQN>EVEI4QV>EVEI
6
12
18
$=yH=N{AHA@EG4QI>=vH=NGQN@QG
%H=_I{}>AGHEUKN(=NN=JKR=O{
"Q?AJJAP6=P=J{JG`HAOE@Ky@QG
4=}H=NH=CaNA}PEGV=I=J{UKN@QG
4aJAHHAN@AJOQE_A?AG@KU=O{
%PEHA+AIEGPAJ+=HAOEKH@QG
'AIP=G{L&{N=Pv{J`JaJA@QN@QG
&AND=P=@=U=JI=V4=}{G=U=O{
$a}I=J=!,,!(v{J>AH=O{@Ky@QG
4QNJ=>EVEI\N@AG>EVEI+=V>EVEI
+=VI=>EVEI+aNAG>EVEI'aNV>EVEI
3aJCa>EVEI3EH=D>EVEI'AV>EVEI
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
19
26
34
"EN>A@AJ>ENUQINQGKH@QGRQNQ}P=
4aNG/yHQUQIO=J=PG=N{IE}_EUEI
"QUANGKLI=@{G_=R=P=J>`HaJIAV
|`B`N/LAN=P`N4ANVE!}_{U{I
!@{I!.$)-9=O=I!OH=@AHEJIAV
$AIEN?E+=H{L_{$QR=N4=}_{U{I
6=P=JO{VU=}=JI=VD=PP=`HaJIAV
(=V=N@=3ABAN@A3QHDP=>=N{}P=
"aPaJE}_E>EN>ENEUHAU=N{}P=
zJE}>EVEI9KGQ}>EVEI$aV>EVEI
20
"KU=>EVEI3{R=>EVEI$ANV>EVEI
27
$KyQ@==_{H@{%GIAGG=L{O{
zI=I>EVEI4AHGEJ>EVEI"AV>EVEI
35
[=H{}=H{IDALUa?AHOEJ@ARHAPEI
"QHQJI=VA}EIEV#=JL=V=N{J@=
$ARHAPEJ=@{J='!0v{JP=L{O{
9=|ADEPU='!:z(!+.=V=N{J@=
4=}+=U=aOPaJ@AC`R@AU=L{O{
|KH!N}{J=HP{J@=!NVaVANEJ@A
!G{H>EVEI&EGEN>EVEI(EO>EVEI
zJO=JH{y=`NJAG#QIDQNEUAPEI
|ANAB>EVEI.=IQO>EVEI)NV>EVEI
28
"=UN=G>EVEI3=J?=G>EVEI3AO>EVEI
21
!HPQJv@=J@=yGQN@QG(=NN=Jv@=:aINaP
[=PH=O{J'A>ANOEJ>EJHAN?A.AINQP
0=OH{UaNAGHANAOaNAHEIRANIQP
$ARHAP3Qz}HANEE}EJ>=}{J@=
36
&==HEUAPN=LKNQPKLN=GP=}{J@=
&=PEDHAN9=RQVH=N!P=PaNGvHANEJ
zGE>EJU{HH=N{J}KGO=R=}{J@=
3{NN{_=H{}I=GP=UANEJC`GHANEJ
+Q}=G>EVEI+AIAN>EVEI\NO>EVEI
29
3aJJAP>EVEI6=?E>>EVEI&=NV>EVEI
"=>=IR=NU=UH=@=@=y@=P=NH=@=
22
!J=IR=NK?=GP==}P=OKBN=@=
!23,!.vH=NCE>EUEV%PPAJG=BAOPA
'=|HKHI=GEIHEyEJEG=RN=@=
3=>{NH=U=}=N{VDAN>ENJABAOPA
3%#$%v@AJ!,,!(!9aGOAHAJOAOPA
z-!.>EVEIzJ=_>EVEIzV>EVEI
$EJEICE>E>=GEG=HO{JIEHHAPEI
[=yH=N{@ARENAJ.QNHQ_=NGH=N{J
9AHE>EVEI3AHE>EVEI({V>EVEI
37
[K>=J@=J"=}G=Jv==UJ{CAIE@A
4`NA>EVEI9`NA>EVEI4=NV>EVEI
GQH=GH=N=NG=@=C`VEHANE@A
30
]_"A}{NV{C{N{GR=NO=OaNa@A
&AJ4AGJEGUaGOAH@EANE}PE!Uv=
4AG@EN>EVEI+`PAG>EVEI%V>EVEI
23
%:!.)@EJHAPPE!342/./4"=Uv=
38
2%3],]-"52!+vH=_{GP{OAI=U=
"=>=J$A@AJ>`H@aNIA@ER=P=J{
"AGHAUEJGKNQUQJ>KOP=J{J{V{
!N}{>EVEI+aNOa>EVEI!NV>EVEI
+=LG=N=CaJHAN@AC`N@aJ!P=J{
31
!NOH=JH=N@KyQN=J=NOH=J{J{V{
5JQPI=3AJE_EJ|ADEPU=P=J{
!PKIU=N{}{J=CEN@EOaLANHAN
|ADEP>EVEI'=VE>EVEI(=NO>EVEI
9{H@{VO=R=}{J=_{GP{OELANHAN
24
+=RC=I{VUKGOQHHQGR=NH{GG=RC=O{
-=EHEIE}@aJU=@=?=J{JUKJC=O{
9QN@QI@=`PAIAVU=>=JG=NC=O{
|=DEJ>EVEI+=NP=H>EVEI"=V>EVEI
25
9{G{HO{JAJCAHHANG=HGO{JREN=FH=N
[=HO{JB=>NEG=H=N#K}OQJ"=N=FH=N
zJO=JO{VE}HAIAVDE_>EN!N=_H=N
!Ga>EVEI+KJP=G>EVEI|=NV>EVEI
(ANCaJ>EJHAN?A?=JGAOELG{NL=NH=N
+{>HA>EVEI3A?@A>EVEI9aV>EVEI
32
#ED=J=_=yN{I{V>=N{}P=JU=J=
"KN=V=J`PaJ?A>=GI=U{V?=J=
"Q6=P=J>KU=J@{G=_OABANG=J=
4=NED>EVEI$ARHAP>EVEI$KV>EVEI
33
$KOP=@KOPQI$a}I=JH=N=zDP=N{I
9QN@=U=J>=G=J{J=yV{JU{NP=N{I
6QNQHOQJG`OHANEI[=HO{J-ADPANEI
3EVEJ!}{GU=V@{$AOP=J{J{V{
4ELE>EVEI"KN=J>EVEI"QV>EVEI
39
'\:]"%.,z-$!$!,/x,5PKNQJQ
4KNKO@=yH=N{J@=JUa?AOKNQJQ
9AJIAGE_EJ@Ky@QGVKNQJVKNQJQ
!UAP>EVEI(=@EO>EVEI3`V>EVEI
-QOP=B=\.$%2
!4!4]2+"!2!*)#!4|\&\2]
!4!3z#z,./4!|/#!x)
"/:/6!|!.,)52&!
q
(KN=J>EVEI(=H=U>EVEI3=V>EVEI
83
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
'2è$/*$=æ.8//$1,/$1æê(+ì5/(5'(.ìæ6$1$<ì'(ææNFDOææVDDWæ,6,æì+7ì<$&,æ*(5(./ìæ
2/$1æ7h0æ<$.,7æ7h5/(5ì1ì1æ.(1'ìæìdì1'(æ0$/ì<(7æ.$5ê,/$ê7,50$æ7$%/268
æ1LVDQææWDULKLQGHæEHOLUOHQPLëæ.'9æ+DULoæIL\DWODUOD
NOTLAR:
,_
^KLVY
cKU¾^VK\¾X
cKUVKÀ¾U
SÀVO^WO
WKVScO^VO\S
RKUU¾XNK
PSUS\
`O\OLSVWOU
SvSX
RKd¾\VKXW¾À
YV_Z
LS\SW
PScK^VK\K
"
5.@
2+<½k>½<
½ÀVO^WO
`O\SWSXSX
LS\
LƒVˆWˆ
Y\^KVKWK
`O\SW
NOâO\VO\SXSX
SvO\S]SXNO
YV_Z
cKU¾^
RKd¾\VKWK
NOZYVKWK
SÀVO^WO
QSNO\VO\S
`L
cKU¾^
cKUWK
cKX
WKVScO^VO\S
NO
L_
NOâO\S
O^USVOWSÀ^S\
9^YWK^SU
UYX^\YV
U_VVKX¾W¾
LKU¾W
`O
SÀVO^WO
UKVS^O]S
QSLS
XONOXVO\VO
`O\SW
cˆU]OV^SVSZ
NKRK
_cQ_X
WKVScO^VO\
YV_À^_\_VKLSVS\
½]^KXL_VNK
½1.+¿
,_\]KNK
,?<=+1+D
/]USÀORS\NO
/=1+D
5YMKOVSXNOUS
½D1+D¾X
+XUK\KNKUS
,+¿5/8>1+D¾X
NYâKVQKd
PScK^VK\¾
#
8S]KX
^K\SXNOUS
ÀORS\
QKd
NKâ¾^¾W
NKâ¾^¾W
ÀS\UO^SXSX
^K\SPOVO\SXNO
LOVS\^SVOX
PScK^VK\N¾\
US
KcV¾U
o0/
Y\KXVK\¾X¾X
NOâSÀSWSXO
Qƒ\O
LOVS\VOXWOU^ONS\
=O\LO]^
>ˆUO^SMS
9VKX
NYâKVQKd
U_VVKX¾M¾VK\¾X¾X
LS\SW
PScK^VK\¾
c¾VV¾U
WSVcYX
W
QKd
U_VVKX¾W¾X¾X
ˆ]^ˆXNO
U_VVKXKXVK\
SvSX
YV_Z
=O\LO]^
>ˆUO^SMS
9VWKcKXVK\¾X
LS\SW
PScK^VK\¾
S]O
UYX_^
`O
^SMK\S
SÀcO\VO\SXNO
U_VVKXKXVK\VK
KcX¾N¾\
681=¾`¾VKÀ^¾\¾VW¾À
NYâKVQKd
LS\SW
PScK^VK\¾
½]^KXL_V
,YâKdSvS
NOXSd
QOvSÀS
WKVScO^VO\S
ƒdOV
`O
LOVONScO
PO\SLY^VK\¾XK
Qƒ\O
LˆcˆU
PK\UV¾V¾UVK\
K\dO^^SâSXNOX
L_
LONOV
OUVOXWONOX
`O
+`\_ZK
`O
+XKNYV_
cKUK]¾
Kc\¾W¾
cKZ¾VWKNKX
Y\^KVKWK
YVK\KU
`O\SVWSÀ
#
8S]KX
^K\SRSXNO
QOvO\VS
YVKX
½:<+1+D
PScK^VK\¾N¾\ 6:1
^ˆZQKd
`O
NƒUWOQKd
PScK^VK\¾
#
8S]KX
^K\SRS
S^SLK\ScVO
½Z\KQKd
`O
+cQKdNKX
KV¾XW¾À
PScK^VK\¾X
Y\^KVKWK]¾N¾\
UQV¾U
]KXKcS
^ˆZˆXˆX
5.@
NKRSV
# >6KNO^
PScK^¾
U_VVKX¾VW¾À^¾\!
/VOU^\SU
PScK^¾
9MKU
^K\SRSXNO
cKc¾WVKXKX
`O
#
8S]KX
^K\SRSXNO
QOvO\VS
YVKX
>/.+¿¾X
.SâO\
>ˆW
.Kâ¾^¾W
=S]^OWS
5_VVKX¾M¾VK\¾
SvSX
.Kâ¾^¾W
¿S\UO^SXNOX
/XO\TS
+VKX
>ˆUO^SMSVO\O
>OU
>O\SWVS
`O
>OU
DKWKXV¾
^K\SPONO
LOVS\^SVOX
+VvKU
1O\SVSW
LS\SW
PScK^¾XK%
]KXKcS
U_VVKX¾W¾XNK
><>
ZKc¾
`O
OXO\TS
PYX_
SvSX
,OVONScO
/VOU^\SU
>ˆUO^SW
@O\QS]S
SvSX
S]O
SVK`O
ONSVWSÀ
5.@]Sd
PScK^^¾\
"
/VOU^\SU
U_VVKX¾W¾XNKUS
¾]¾^WK
MSRKd¾
OVOU^\SUVS
¾]¾^¾M¾
YV_Z
¾]¾
ZYWZK]¾
U_VVKX¾W¾XNK
MSRKd¾X
-9:
]S]^OW
`O
c¾VV¾U
NOâO\VO\S
U_VVKX¾VWKV¾N¾\
#
7Y^Y\SX
LS\SW
PScK^¾
>6UQ
=2/66SX
#
8S]KX
^K\SRVS
ZYWZK
]K^¾À
PScK^VK\¾
]S\UˆVO\SXNOUS
>6VS^\O
NOâO\S
"
NƒXˆÀˆW
UK^]Kc¾]¾XK
LƒVˆXO\OU
L_V_XW_À^_\
+UK\cKU¾^
PScK^VK\¾
/:.5
^K\KP¾XNKX
Kv¾UVKXKX
=2/66
^K\KP¾XNKX
^K`]ScO
ONSVOX
#
8S]KX
^K\SRVS
½]^KXL_V
+`\_ZK
CKUK]¾
WKRKVVS
KUK\cKU¾^
5.@VS
]K^¾À
PScK^VK\¾
KV¾XW¾À^¾\
3]¾^WK
`O
Z\Y]O]^O
U_VVKX¾VKX
cKU¾^
^ˆ\ˆ
YVK\KU
7Y^Y\SX
5¾\]KV
^SZS
^O\MSR
ONSVNSâS
SvSX
WY^Y\SX
cKU¾^¾XNK
L_
^SZSX
PScK^VK\¾
NSUUK^O
KV¾XWKU^KN¾\
+UK\cKU¾^
KV^
¾]¾V
NOâO\VO\S
>ˆZ\KÀ
>OUXSU
=O\`S]VO\
7ˆNˆ\VˆâˆXNOX
7K\^
^K\SXSXNO
`O\SVOX
NOâO\VO\NS\
CO\VS
VSXcS^
UƒWˆ\ˆ
PScK^¾
#
8S]KX
^K\SRSXNO
QOvO\VS
YVKX
>5½
/6½XSX
5¾]\KUNO\O
c¾UKXW¾À
"
WW
ZK\vKV¾
^Y\LK
MSX]S
SvSX
+\KV¾U
"
^K\SRVS
3]¾XWK
+WKvV¾
>Y\LKVKXW¾À
5ƒWˆ\VO\SX
,KcS
.OZY
=K^¾À
0ScK^VK\¾
VS]^O]SXNOX
KV¾XW¾À
YV_Z
½]^KXL_V
SvSX
!
>6^YX
YV_Z
ˆ\O^SW
cO\S
PScK^¾XK%
"
UWVSU
½]^KXL_V=YWK
K\K]¾
_dKUV¾â¾X
XKUVScO
LONOVS
>6^YX
`O
LKcS
UK\
WK\T¾
SvSXNO
YVKX
5.@]Sd
PScK^^¾\"
c¾V¾XNKUS
VS]^OVO\NOUS
LS\SW
PScK^VK\
XKUVScO
RK\Sv^S
½^RKV
]SLS\cK
UƒWˆ\ˆ
PScK^VK\¾
2KUKX
5ƒWˆ\
ÀS\UO^SXSX%
#
8S]KX
^K\SRVS
MO`Sd
^SZS
VSXcS^
SvSX
XKUVScO
ˆM\O^S
`O
5.@
.+2½6
^KU]S^VS
]K^¾À
PScK^¾
YVKX
>6^YX
P¾XN¾U
^SZS
"
WW
VSXcS^
SvSX
XKUVScO
ˆM\O^S
½]^KXL_V
vO`\O
SVvOVO\SXO
`O
5.@
.+2½6
]K^¾À
PScK^¾
YVKX
^YX
YVK\KU
KV¾XW¾À^¾\
7SU]
NƒUWOQKd¾X
U_VVKX¾W¾XNK
L_RK\VKÀ^¾\¾M¾
QO\OUWOU^ONS\
½ÀVO^WO
WKVScO^VO\S
QƒdƒXˆXO
KV¾XWKW¾À^¾\ ,9>+¿
¾X
9=,
`O
=KXKcScO
]K^^¾â¾
NYâKVQKd¾X
LS\SW
PScK^¾XK
>6=W
YVKX
n>@
NKRSV
ONSVWSÀ
#
8S]KX
^K\SRSXNO
QOvO\VS
YVKX
]S\UˆVO\NOUS
PScK^VK\N¾\
84
Etkinliklerimiz ve Haberler
´¾Á0DNLQDODU¿0KHQGLVOHUL%LUOL½L¾00%%LOJL3D\ODÁ¿P¿¾oLQ'H½LÁLN6HPLQHU2UJDQL]DV\RQODU¿
¾OHh\HOHULQLYH6HNW|U7HPVLOFLOHULQL%LUDUD\D*HWLUPH\H'HYDP(GL\RUµ
6$3æ§$QDKWDU¨æ(WNLQOLéL
½À
7KUSXKVK\¾
7ˆROXNS]VO\S
,KÀK\¾V¾
CƒXO^SWSX
´+XKR^K\¾X¾µ
+VN¾VK\
½77,
`O
=+:
+V^¾X
½À
9\^Kâ¾
kƒdˆWO`S
.KX¾ÀWKXV¾U
^K\KP¾XNKX
LS\VSU^O
Y\QKXSdO
ONSVOX
=+:
´+8+2>+<µ
O^USXVSâS
#
¿_LK^
^K\SRSXNO
+XUK\K
+^V¾
=ZY\
5V_Lˆ·XNO
QO\vOUVOÀ^S
½À
`O
SXÀKK^
WKUSXKVK\¾
]OU^ƒ\ˆXˆX
_dWKXVK\¾X¾
LS\
K\KcK
QO^S\OX
]OWSXO\O
SVQS
vYU
PKdVKcN¾
]OWSXO\
]YX_XNK
½77,
ˆcOVO\S
`O
]OU^ƒ\
^OW]SVMSVO\S
KUÀKW
cOWOâSXNO
kƒdˆWO`S
.KX¾ÀWKXV¾U
PS\WK]¾X¾X
UYX_â_
YVN_VK\
kƒdˆWO`S
.KX¾ÀWKXV¾U
SXÀKK^^KKRRˆ^WˆROXNS]VSU
`O
YZO\K]cYXVK\¾
ÀS\UO^VO\S
SvSX
]_XN_â_
OX^OQ\O
cKd¾V¾W
YVKX
=+:·XSX
KXKR^K\
UKZ]KW¾X¾
]OU^ƒ\
_dWKXVK\¾XK
KU^K\N¾
=OU^ƒ\ˆX
UKc¾ZVK\¾X¾X
ƒXˆXO
QOvWOU
`O
UYX^\YVˆ
]KâVKWKU
ˆdO\O
QOVSÀ^S\SVOX
=+:
vƒdˆWˆ
´+8+2>+<
µ
5/C
]KcO]SXNO%
^ˆW
OUSZWKXVK\
WKUSXKVK\
]K^¾XKVWKVK\
`O
KWLK\VK\
OX^OQ\O
LS\
LSvSWNO
`O
^OU
WO\UOdNOX
^KUSZ
KV^¾XK
KV¾X¾cY\
kƒdˆWO`S
1OXOV
7ˆNˆ\ˆ
2KUKX
kYVKU
½XÀKK^
ÀS\UO^VO\SXSX
LKÀV¾MK
]¾U¾X^¾]¾
YVKX
WSVcYX
NYVK\V¾U
WKUSXKVK\¾X
^KUSLSXSX
]K^¾XKVWK
]SZK\SÀVO\SXSX
`O
YXKcVK\¾X¾X
cƒXO^SVWO]SXSX
L_XK
LKâV¾
YVK\KU
KWLK\VK\¾X
WKVdOWO
N_\_W_
`O
RK\OUO^VO\SXSX
´+XKR^K\µ
]ˆ\OvVO\
YVK\KU
KNVKXN¾\¾VN¾â¾X¾
SPKNO
O^^S
`O
]ƒdUYX_]_
]S]^OWSX
L_
]ˆ\OvVO\SX
OX
ScS
ÀOUSVNO
^KUSZ
ONSVWO]SXO
P¾\]K^
`O\NSâSXS
LOVS\^^S
=OWSXO\NO
=+:·XSX
NˆXcK
cKd¾V¾W
ZKdK\¾XNKUS
VSNO\
ZYdS]cYXNKUS
ZKc¾XNKX
`O
>ˆ\UScO·NOUS
ƒ\XOU
_cQ_VKWKVK\NKX
]ƒd
ONOX
kƒdˆWO`S
.KX¾ÀWKXV¾U
:KdK\VKWK
`O
=K^¾À
7ˆNˆ\ˆ
+dKNO
kO\UOdYâV_
S]O
ÀS\UO^VO\SX
OX^OQ\O
]S]^OWO
QOvWONSUVO\S
RO\
QˆXˆX
WKNNS
LS\
UKc¾Z
YVN_â_XK
NSUUK^
vOU^S
5HNDEHWæhVWQOéæYHæ0DUNDODìPDæ
6HPLQHULªQHæ.DWçOGçNæ
+`\_ZK
½ÀVO^WOVO\
+â¾
:\YQ\KW¾
UKZ]KW¾XNK
59=1/,
9=>½7
½ÀVO^WO
1OVSÀ^S\WO
7O\UOdS
`O
<OUVKW`O\OXVO\
.O\XOâS
SÀLS\VSâSXNO
"
8S]KX
^K\SRSXNO
,SVUOX^
9^OV
`O
5YXQ\O
7O\UOdSXNO
´<OUKLO^
o]^ˆXVˆâˆ
`O
7K\UKVKÀWK
5YXPO\KX]¾µQO\vOUVOÀ^S\SVWSÀ^S\
59=1/,
`O
<@.
XSX
U_\_W]KV
LSVQSVO\SXS
ZKcVKÀWKU
`O
59,½·VO\O
KU^K\WKU
SvSX
NˆdOXVONSâS
UYXPO\KX]
59=1/,
,KÀUKX¾
7_]^KPK
5+:6+8
`O
<@.
,KÀUKX¾
+RWO^
:?<+·X¾X
Kv¾V¾À
UYX_ÀWKVK\¾
SVO
LKÀVKN¾
5YXPO\KX]^K
+\vOVSU·^OX
>ˆ\U
>OVOUYW·K
>OUXY]K·NKX
:\YM^O\
1KWLVO
`O
½À
,KXUK]¾·XK
NˆXcK
vKZ¾XNKUS
LS\vYU
WK\UK
\OUKLO^vS
ZKdK\NK
WK\UKVKÀWKU
SVO
SVQSVS
UOXNS
^OM\ˆLOVO\SXS
59,½·VO\
SVO
ZKcVKÀ^¾
´<OUKLO^
o]^ˆXVˆâˆ
`O
7K\UKVKÀWKµ
UYX_V_
UYXPO\KX]^K
WK\UKVKÀWK
UK^U¾VK\¾
YVK\KU%
ˆ\ˆX
`O
ÀS\UO^VO\
Kv¾]¾XNK
Kc\¾À^¾\¾M¾
Qˆ`OX
`O\SMS
KVQ¾
`O
SVQS
cK\K^WK]¾
^O\MSR
]OLOLS
YVWK]¾
cˆU]OU
UK\
WK\T¾
`O
ÀS\UO^
NOâO\SXS
cˆU]OV^WO]S
QSLS
ƒdOVVSUVO\O
NSUUK^
vOUSVNS
86
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
$OIDWHNæ*UXSæ§æ0RELOæ.çUçFçODU¨
½77,
`O
+60+>/5
1<?:
^K\KP¾XNKX
LS\VSU^O
Y\QKXSdO
ONSVOX
´
7YLSV
5¾\¾M¾VK\µ
UYX_V_
O^USXVSU
#
7K\^
^K\SRSXNO
+XUK\K
+^V¾
=ZY\
5V_Lˆ·XNO
cKZ¾VN¾
SEKTÖRDEN HABERLER
7HNQRPDNæ$ê
XSX
½]^KXL_V
5K\^KV·NKUS
cOXS
YPS]
LSXK]¾
7Kc¾]
NK
Qƒ\UOWVS
LS\
^ƒ\OXVO
Kv¾VN¾
>OUXYWKU
+¿
CƒX5\,À
=K\_RKX
=K\¾YâV_·X_X
SÀ^S\KU
O^^SâS
Kv¾V¾À^K%
>OUXYWKU
vKV¾ÀKXVK\¾X¾X
cKX¾]¾\K
MS`K\¾XNKUS
NK`O^VSXSX
NO
cO\
KVWK]¾
NSUUK^VO\S
vOU^S
=37
Q\_Z
+X^YXSY
.·KWSMY
SVO
.cXKZKM
`O
+^VK]
-YZMY
Q\_Z
NK
LKÀ^K
>RYWK]
2Y\XPOVN
YVWKU
ˆdO\O
OX
ˆ]^
NˆdOc
UK^¾V¾WVK
>OUXYWKU·¾X
cKX¾XNKcN¾
½]^KXL_V
QSLS
LS\
WO^\YZYVNO
K\^¾U
WˆÀ^O\SVO\SXSX
cKX¾
LKÀ¾XNK
RSdWO^
`O\OMOU
YVWKX¾X
ROcOMKX¾
>OUXYWKU
cO^USVSVO\SXSX
XO\ONOc]O
QƒdVO\SXNOX
YU_XN_
=KXN`SU
PS\WK]¾X¾X
´2SN\YVSU
5KcK
5¾\¾M¾VK\
`O
7YLSV
5¾\¾M¾VK\µ
¶¾X
>ˆ\UScONOUS
]K^¾À
`O
]K^¾À
]YX\K]¾
RSdWO^VO\
SVO
SVQSVS
PKKVScO^VO\SXS
LKÀK\¾cVK
cˆ\ˆ^WOU^O
YVKX
+60+>/5
1<?:
]OWSXO\S
PS\WKVK\¾X
^KX¾^¾W
UYX_ÀWKVK\¾
SVO
LKÀVKN¾
+VPK^OU
`O
=KXN`SU
PS\WKVK\¾X¾X
^KX¾^¾WVK\
]¾\K]¾cVK
+VPK^OU
1\_Z
+XUK\K
,ƒVQO
=K^¾À
7ˆNˆ\ˆ
2KVS
5/=5½8
`O
=KXN`SU
7KNOXMSVSU
`O
½XÀKK^
1OXOV
7ˆNˆ\ˆ
<¾dK
>9:<+5k3
^K\KP¾XNKX
cKZ¾VN¾
´7YLSV
5¾\¾M¾VK\¾X
5_VVKX¾VN¾UVK\¾
CO\VO\
`O
.ˆXcKNKUS
1OVSÀSWSµ
SVO
´=KXN`SU
7YLSV
5¾\¾M¾VK\¾X¾X
ndOVVSUVO\Sµ
]¾\K]¾cVK
/\OX
+VZ
nD96
=K^¾À
7ˆNˆ\ˆ
=KXN`SU
`O
7O]_^
1½<½>
½]^KXL_V
,ƒVQO
=K^¾À
7ˆNˆ\ˆ
+VPK^OU
1\_Z
^K\KP¾XNKX
cKZ¾VKX
QˆdOV
]_X_WVK\VK
UK^¾V¾WM¾VK\VK
ZKcVKÀ¾VN¾
½77,
ˆcOVO\S
`O
]OU^ƒ\
^OW]SVMSVO\SXSXSX
YVN_UvK
cYâ_X
LS\
UK^¾V¾W
]KâVKN¾â¾
`O
SVQScVO
SdVONSâS
]OWSXO\
]YX\K]¾
`O\SVOX
cOWOU^O
NK`O^VSVO\
+VPK^OU
1\_Z
PS\WK]¾X¾X
UYX_â_
YVN_VK\
+v¾V¾À
>ƒ\OXS
>ˆ\UScO·XSX
ƒXNO
QOVOX
UK\KcYV_
Wˆ^OKRRS^VO\SXS
LS\
K\KcK
QO^S\S\UOX%
LS\vYâ_X_X
NK
CƒXO^SW
5_\_V_
,KÀUKX¾
]O`ScO]SXNO
UK^¾VN¾â¾
QƒdVOXNS
.cXKZKM
-+
"
.
WYNOV
^YZ\KU
--
20
WYNOV
K]PKV^
--
WYNOV
^KXNOW
cKWK
]SVSXNS\VO\S
`O
=.
-
WYNOV
K]PKV^
PSXSÀO\SXSX
NO
]O\QSVOXNSâS
Kv¾V¾À¾X
K]¾V
Qƒd
UKWKÀ^¾\KX
c¾VN¾d¾
S]O
=37
=,
WYNOV
K]PKV^
ZVOX^S
YVN_
>OUXYWKU
cO^USVSVO\S
]YX
c¾VVK\NKUS
K]PKV^
ZVOX^S
ZKdK\¾XNKUS
VSNO\VSUVO\SXO
cKU¾À¾\
ÀOUSVNO
YPS]VO\SXSX
ƒXˆXO
U_\N_UVK\¾
ZVOX^
SVO
NK`O^VSVO\O
MSNNS
LS\
ÀYU
cKÀK^^¾
½]^KXL_V
]K^¾À
YPS]VO\SXSX
>OUXYWKU
+¿
XO
`O
K]PKV^
]OU^ƒ\ˆXO
RKc¾\V¾
YVWK]¾X¾
NSVO\Sd
87
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
SEKTÖRDEN HABERLER
.$581æ§1HGHQæ7UHQoHU"¨
DHUQHNæ\HPL]ææ6Qæ.HQDQæ6$5$d2è/8
+âK-
YâV_
1\_Z
LˆXcO]SXNO
cO\
KVKX
+UNOXSd
½XÀKK^
PS\WK]¾XNK
WKUSXK
SUWKV
WˆNˆ\ˆ
YVK\KU
Qƒ\O`O
LKÀVKN¾
=X
=+<+k9»6?·XK
cOXS
Qƒ\O`SXSX
RKc¾\V¾
`O
_â_\V_
YVWK]¾X¾
NSVO\Sd+âKYâV_
1\_Z
´CKÀKW
7SWK\¾µ
]VYQKX¾cVK
VˆU]
UYX_^
`O
]YX
c¾VVK\NK
OXO\TS
]OU^ƒ\ˆXNO
cK^¾\¾W
cKZWKU^KN¾\
3]^KXL_V_X
RO\
SUS
cKUK]¾XNK
7c
AY\VN
/V^O]
1YVN
7c
<Y]O`SVVO
LS^S\NSâS
7c
>YaO\VKXN
7c
>YaX
NO`KW
ONOX
Z\YTOVO\SXNOXNS\
+UNOXSd
SXÀKK^
Lˆ^ˆX
SXÀKK^
PKKVScO^VO\SXS
cˆ\ˆ^OX
KV^
PS\WK]¾N¾\
ìOHWLëLPæ%LOJLOHUL
$GUHV
+UNOXSd
SXÀKK^
`O
/âS^SW
2SdWO^VO\S
+¿
+âKYâV_
7c
AY\VN
! ,K^¾
+^KÀORS\
3]^KXL_V
7HOæ "!
0KU]$
""!
:(%
aaaKQKYQV_MYW^\
(SRVWD
UOXKX]K\KMYQV_*KQKYQV_MYW^\
*60æ! !#
.O\XOU
ˆcOWSd
6Qæ 6HGDWæ ë(.(5
,+Ck/6
SXÀKK^
`O
>KKRRˆ^
+¿
NO
WKUSXK
SUWKV
WˆNˆ\ˆ
YVK\KU
5K\]>SPVS],KUˆ
.OWS\cYV_
SXÀKK^¾X¾X
!
UW·VSU
>ˆ\UScO
UO]SWS
Qƒ\O`O
LKÀVKN¾
=X
¿/5/<·
O
cOXS
Qƒ\O`SXSX
RKc¾\V¾
`O
_â_\V_
YVWK]¾X¾
NSVO\Sd
,KcL_\^
1\_Z
`O
kOVSUVO\
2YVNSXQ
+¿
"
c¾V¾XNK
LS\
K\KcK
QOVO\OU
,+Ck/6
SXÀKK^
`O
>KKRRˆ^
+¿·
cS
U_\N_
,+Ck/6
1\_Z%
½XÀKK^
]OU^ƒ\ˆXNO%
9^YcYV
5ƒZ\ˆ
.OWS\cYV_
,SXK
5YX_^
5KXKVSdK]cYX
CKâW_\
]_c_
SvWO]_c_
+^¾U]_
.O\O
3]VKR¾
1ƒVO^
.OUKZKT
2Kd¾\
,O^YX
7KNOXMSVSU
]OU^ƒ\ˆXNO%
5ƒWˆ\
`O
WO\WO\
ˆ\O^SWS
>_\SdW
]OU^ƒ\ˆXNO%
9^OV
SÀVO^WOMSVSâS
/XO\TS
]OU^ƒ\ˆXNO%
2SN\YOVOU^\SU
=KX^\KVVO\SXNOX
OVOU^\SU
ˆ\O^SWS
cKZWKU^KN¾\
ìOHWLëLPæ%LOJLOHUL
,+Ck/6
1<?:
$GUHV$
kYLKX
C¾VN¾d¾
=U
8Y$!
kKXUKcK
+85+<+
7HOæ
!
"
)D[æ
"
#
:(%æaaaLKcMOVQ\_ZMYW^\
(SRVWDæSXPY*LKcMOVQ\_ZMYW^\
=ONK^
¿/5/<
$GUHV
,+Ck/6
1\_Z
5K\]>SPVS]
.OWS\cYV_
½XÀKK^¾
5+<=
7HO
!
"
)DNV
!
"
!
*60
##
(SRVWDæ]OUO\]ON*cKRYYMYW
]OUO\]ONK^*RY^WKSVMYW
88
½77,·XSX
8S]KX
^K\SRVS
^YZVKX^¾]¾
´>\OXvO\
>OUXYVYTS]Sµ
QˆXNOWS
SVO
>/=7/-
WˆWO]SVS
5+<?8
]ZYX]Y\V_â_XNK
cKZ¾VN¾
5+<?8
0S\WK]¾
1OXOV
7ˆNˆ\ˆ
4OYVYTS
CˆU]OU
7ˆROXNS]S
9\U_X
nd^_XK
^K\KP¾XNKX
]_X_VKX
´8ONOX
>\OXvO\µ
LKÀV¾UV¾
]_X_W
]OvUSX
377,
ˆcOVO\S
`O
NK`O^VSVO\
^K\KP¾XNKX
SVQS
SVO
SdVOXNS
=_X_W
]YX\K]¾
`O\SVOX
cOWOU^O
YVN_UvK
cYâ_X
LS\
]Y\_
^\KPSâS
SVO
UK\À¾VKÀKX
5+<?8
0S\WK]¾
cO^USVSVO\S
Qƒ]^O\SVOX
SVQSNOX
½77,
ˆcOVO\S
`O
NK`O^VSVO\
S]O
UYX_X_X
vYU
Z\YPO]cYXOVMO
OVO
KV¾XWK]¾XNKX
YVN_UvK
WOWX_X
Qƒ\ˆXˆcY\N_
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
7UNL\Hææ$YXVWXU\Dæ<DSçæ6HNW|Uæ
2UWDNOçéçædDOçìWD\ç
+`_]^_\cK
+XUK\K
>SMK\O^
7ˆ]^OÀK\V¾â¾
`O
½¿½7
5ˆWO]S
Y\^KU
vKV¾ÀWK]¾cVK
LKÀVKcKX
Y\QKXSdK]cYX
9]^SW59=1/,
½1/7
`O
.O\XOâSWSdSX
NO]^OâScVO
NˆdOXVOXNS
.ˆdOXVOXOX
Z\YQ\KW¾X
KWKM¾%
+`_]^_\cK
`O
>ˆ\UScO·NOX
½¿½7
5ˆWO]S·XNOX
+V^cKZ¾
²
½À
`O
½XÀKK^
7KUSXOVO\S
²
½XÀKK^
7KVdOWOVO\S
²
:\YTOVOXNS\WO
]OU^ƒ\ˆXNOUS
PS\WKVK\¾X
K\KVK\¾XNK
SÀLS\VSUVO\S
YV_À_W_X_
]KâVKWKU^¾
+`_]^_\cK·NKX
L_
]OU^ƒ\NO
L_V_XKX
cONS
PS\WK
`O
+`_]^_\cK
+XUK\K
>SMK\O^
7ˆ]^OÀK\V¾â¾
UK^¾V¾\UOX
+XUK\K·NKX
KcX¾
]OU^ƒ\NO
LS\vYU
59,S
`O
SVQSVS
U_\_WVK\
vKV¾À^KcK
cYâ_X
SVQS
Qƒ]^O\NS
0_K\
KVKX¾XNK
+`_]^_\cKNKX
`O
+XUK\K
9]^SW·NOX
UK^¾VKX
PS\WKVK\
UOXNSVO\SXO
KS^
]^KXNVK\NK
PS\WKVK\¾X¾
`O
ˆ\ˆXVO\SXS
^KX¾^^¾VK\
½USVS
Qƒ\ˆÀWOVO\SX
cKZ¾VN¾â¾
KVKXNK
YVK]¾
SÀLS\VSUVO\SXSX
NO
^OWOVS
K^¾VW¾À
YVN_
.O\XOâSWSdSX
NO
]^KXN¾
SVO
UK^¾VN¾â¾
UYXPO\KX]
O^USXVSVO\S
vO\vO`O]SXNO
^KX¾^¾W
NYUˆWKXVK\¾W¾d
`O
PKKVScO^VO\SWSd
+`_]^_\cK
^OW]SVMSVO\S
`O
SÀSW
UˆWO]S
ˆcO]S
PS\WKVK\VK
ZKcVKÀ¾VN¾
SEKTÖRDEN HABERLER
.O\XOU
ˆcOWSd
6QæêUIDQæ.2'$/
1ˆV]KX
=S\UO^VO\
1\_L_·XNK
=_NKX4_LK
WKUSXK
SUWKV
WˆNˆ\ˆ
YVK\KU
Qƒ\O`O
LKÀVKN¾
=X
59.+6·K
cOXS
Qƒ\O`SXSX
RKc¾\V¾
`O
_â_\V_
YVWK]¾X¾
NSVO\Sd
CYV
Y^YcYV
cKZ¾
RKd¾\
LO^YX
UƒZ\ˆ
`ScKNˆU
`O
Z\OUK]^
cKZ¾
OVOWKXVK\¾
cKZ¾W
]OU^ƒ\VO\SXNO
PKKVScO^
Qƒ]^O\OX
1ˆV]KX
1\_Z
c¾V¾XNKX
S^SLK\OX
_V_]VK\K\K]¾
KVKXNK
vKV¾ÀWKVK\
LKÀVK^W¾À
YV_Z%
+PQKXS]^KX
3\KU
5KdKUS]^KX
6SLcK
=¾\LS]^KX
=__NS
+\KLS]^KX
?U\KcXK
`O
LKd¾
5ƒ\POd
ˆVUOVO\SXNO
PKKVScO^O
QOvWSÀ^S\
,_XVK\¾X
cKX¾
]¾\K
1ˆV]KX
cOXS
cKZ¾VKXWK]¾X¾X
ZK\KVOVSXNO
cOXSVOXOLSVS\
OXO\TS
QKd
LO^YX
`O
WKNOX
QSLS
KVKXVK\NK
NK
cK^¾\¾W
]ˆ\OMS
SvSXNONS\
ìOHWLëLP%LOJLOHUL
$GUHV
1ˆV]KX
:VKdK<ˆdQK\V¾
,KRvO
7KR
-_WR_\ScO^
-KN8Y$
5K`KM¾U,OcUYd
½]^KXL_V
7HOæ "
)D[æ
"
#!
:(%
aaaQ_V]KXMYX]MYW^\
(SRVWD
S\PKXUYNKV*Q_V]KXMYX]MYW^\
&HSæ
!
$QNDUDæ%|OJHæ3URMHæ7DEDQOçæ%HFHULæ
<DUçëPDVçægGOOHUL
7/,
/\UOU
>OUXSU
nâ\O^SWS
1X
7ˆNˆ\VˆâˆXˆX
UYY\NSXO]SXNO
]S
cKZ¾VKX
#
ĉ\O^SW
c¾V¾
+XUK\K
,ƒVQO
:\YTO
>KLKXV¾
,OMO\S
CK\¾ÀWK]¾
]YX_XNK
NO\OMOcO
QS\OX
YU_V
`O
U_\_WVK\K
ƒNˆVVO\S
7K\^
-_WK
QˆXˆ
1o
½U^S]KNS
`O
½NK\S
,SVSWVO\
0KUˆV^O]S
C¾V
5YXPO\KX]
=KVYX_·XNK
QO\vOUVOÀ^S\SVOX
LS\
^ƒ\OXVO
`O\SVNS
½USVS
Qƒ\ˆÀWOVO\SX
K\N¾XNKX
+`_]^_\cK·NKX
QOVOX
UK^¾V¾WM¾VK\
+XUK\K
9=,
=SXMKX
9=,·NO
cO\
KVKX
½¿½7
5ˆWO]S
ˆcO]S
+]PKV^
:VOX^S
ˆ\O^SWS
cKZKX
kO]KX·¾
`O
kKU¾M¾
`O
=YXNKT
7KUSXKVK\¾
cKZKX
ndUKXVK\
7KUSXK·
c¾
dScK\O^
O^^SVO\
7O]VOUS
`O
^OUXSU
OâS^SWS
^KX¾^WKU
cKcQ¾XVKÀ^¾\WKU
XS^OVSâSXS
K\^^¾\WKU
`O
WO]VOUS
OâS^SW
`O\OX
YU_VVK\NK
Z\YTO
ˆ\O^SVWO]SXS
]KâVKWKU
KWKM¾cVK
cˆ\ˆ^ˆVOX
vKV¾ÀWKVK\NK
ĉ\OXMSVO\SX
ĉ\O^WOXVO\S
QƒdO^SWSXNO
ˆ\O^^SUVO\S
Z\YTOVO\VO
UK^¾VN¾UVK\¾
cK\¾ÀWK
UK^OQY\SNO
QO\vOUVOÀ^S\SVNS
,KÀUKXV¾â¾X¾
À_LO
WˆNˆ\ˆ
CKÀK\
,KUS
+6>?8,+¿·¾X
cKZ^¾â¾
ƒNˆV
^ƒ\OXSXO
vYU
]Kc¾NK
NK`O^VS
UK^¾VW¾À
7/,
/\UOU
^OUXSU
ĉ\O^SW
QX
WN
2ˆ]OcSX
+-3<
`O
+XUK\K
7/7
`OUSVS
+RWO^
:+6+
LS\O\
UYX_ÀWK
cKZW¾ÀVK\N¾\
/^USXVSâO
NO]^OU
`O\OX
.O\XOâSWSdS
ƒNˆV
^ƒ\OXSXNO
7O]VOU
5_\]_
7ˆNˆ\ˆWˆd
=X
7_]^KPK
=+<+6
^OW]SV
O^WSÀ^S\
(WNLQOLNOHULQL]Læ'HUQHéLPL]OHæSD\ODëDUDNæGHUJL
PL]LQæ§6HNW|Uæ+DEHUOHUL¨QGHæ\HUæDODELOLUVLQL]
89
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
'HUQHéLPL]LQææ*HQHOæ.XUXOXæ*HUoHNOHìWLæææ1LVDQæ
!
9VKâKX
1OXOV
5_\_V_W_d
8S]KX
>K\SRSXNO
.O\XOâSWSdSX
?dKcvKâ¾
-KNNO]S
!
9]^SW+85+<+
KN\O]SXNOUS
WO\UOdSXNO
LKÀK\¾cVK
QO\vOUVOÀ^S\SVNS
1OXOV
5_\_V_W_d
.S`KX
,KÀUKXV¾â¾
]OvSWS
SVO
LKÀVKN¾
.O\XOU
ˆcOWSd
`O
.ƒXOW
CƒXO^SW
5_\_V_
,KÀUKX¾W¾d
7_dKPPO\
5nC6o
NS`KX
LKÀUKX¾
7_\K^
-9¿1?8
LKÀUKX
cK\N¾WM¾]¾
<¾dK
,+53<
cKdWKX
ˆcO
]OvSVNS
=KcQ¾
N_\_]_XNKX
]YX\K
QˆXNOW
Yc
LS\VSâS
SVO
UKL_V
ONSVNS
.ƒXOW
CƒXO^SW
5_\_V_
,KÀUKX¾W¾d
._\KX
5+<+k+C
`O
.OXO^SW
5_\_V_
,KÀUKX¾W¾d
0KSU
=9C6?
]¾\K]¾cVK
.O\XOU
`O
SU^S]KNS
½ÀVO^WO
PKKVScO^
`O
NOXO^SW
\KZY\VK\¾X¾
YU_N_VK\
ocOVO\SX
Yc
LS\VSâS
SVO
.O\XOU
`O
½U^S]KNS
½ÀVO^WO
CƒXO^SW
`O
.OXO^SW
U_\_VVK\¾X¾X
SL\K
ONSVWO]SXNOX
]YX\K
cKZ¾VKX
]OvSWVO\NO
]OvSVOX
K]¾V
`O
cONOU
ˆcOVO\S
SVO
cƒXO^SW
`O
NOXO^SW
U_\_V_
Qƒ\O`
NKâ¾V¾WVK\¾
8S]KX
^K\SRSXNO
cKZ¾VKX
SVU
cƒXO^SW
U_\_V_
^YZVKX^¾]¾XNK
KÀKâ¾NKUS
ÀOUSVNO
YV_À^_
ocOVO\SWSdSX
`O
]OU^ƒ\
vKV¾ÀKXVK\¾W¾d¾X
NK
NO]^OâScVO
_VKÀ^¾â¾W¾d
L_
XYU^KNKX
cSXO
YXVK\¾X
UK^U¾VK\¾
SVO
.O\XOâSWSdS
NKRK
SVO\ScO
^KÀ¾cKMKâ¾W¾dK
SXKX¾cY\_d
ì00%æ<|QHWLPæ.XUXOXææ
._\KX
5+<+-+C
,KÀUKX
7_]^KPK
=36:+1+<
,KÀUKX
`OUSVS
=OVKWS
-+6½=5+8
,KÀUKX
`OUSVS
,Kc\KWKVS
5n=+
7_RK]SZ
ocO
2KVSV
965+8
CKdWKX
ocO
7_\^KdK
,?<1+D
ocO
7_RS^^SX
,o5/<
ocO
ì00%æ'HQHWLPæ.XUXOX
0KSU
=9C6?
,KÀUKX
>_\QKc
5+<138
ocO
>_âLK
./73<,+1
ocO
90
ì00%æ<|QHWLPæ.XUXOXæ
<HGHNæh\HOHUL
=KL\S
+D½D9»6?
2KVSNO
<+=½7
0O\\_R
-/<½>9»6?
7_R]SX
o8+6
+V^KX
Co5=/6
7
+USP
3<536+>+
-OXU
nD0½.+8
ì00%æ'HQHWLPæ.XUXOXæ
<HGHNæh\HOHUL
-
-OW
.9<5/8
=OLKRK^^SX
+538
7_\K^
-9¿1?8
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
2SHUDW|Uæ(éLWLPOHUL
.DP\RQæ2SHUDW|Uæ(éLWLPL
+XK^YVSKWSXK\KV]
PS\WK]¾X¾X
½VSv
/\dSXMKX·NKUS
+V^¾X
7KNOXS
ÀKX^ScO]SXNO
cˆUVOXSMS
PS\WK
YVK\KU
vKV¾ÀKX
k½0>+C
½8¿
+
¿·XSX
]Y]cKV
]Y\_WV_V_U
Z\YTO]ScVO
cƒ\ONOX
S]^SRNKW
ONOMOâS
UKWcYX
ÀƒPY\VO\SXO
cƒXOVSU
´CYV
.¾À¾
5KWcYX
9ZO\K^ƒ\ˆµ
OâS^SWS
8S]KX
^K\SRVO\S
K\K]¾XNK
ˆv
RKP^KV¾U
OâS^SW
Z\Yâ\KW¾
QO\vOUVOÀ^S\SVNS
0S\WKX¾X
PSVY]_XK
cOXS
UK^^¾â¾
7/<-/./=
UKWcYXVK\K
cƒXOVSU
OâS^SWVO\
^OY\SU
`O
_cQ_VKWKV¾
YVK\KU
cKZ¾VN¾
æêXEDWæ2SHUDW|UæHéLWLPL
æ0DUWæ2SHUDW|UæHéLWLPL
91
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
æ0DUWæ2SHUDW|Uæ(éLWLP
æ0DUWæ2SHUDW|Uæ(éLWLP
æ1LVDQæ2SHUDW|Uæ(éLWLP
92
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
æ0DUWææ2SHUDW|Uæ(éLWLP
æ0DUWæ1LVDQææ2SHUDW|Uæ(éLWLP
æ1LVDQææ2SHUDW|Uæ(éLWLP
93
ýö0$.ý1$/$5,0h+(1'ý6/(5ý%ý5/ýûý'(51(ûý
0HVOHNæ(éLWLPOHUL
æêXEDWææææ0DUWææ0HVOHNLæ(éLWLPL
æ0DUWææ0HVOHNLæ(éLWLPL
æ1LVDQææ0HVOHNLæ(éLWLPL
94
æ1LVDQææ0HVOHNLæ(éLWLPL

Benzer belgeler

+LGUROLNو<Déو7HPL]OLN .ç\DVODPDODUç

+LGUROLNو<Déو7HPL]OLN .ç\DVODPDODUç .D\QDNæNRQWUROæWDKULEDWOçæWDKULEDWVç]æWHVWOHUæìHNOLQGHæ\DSçOPDNWDGçUæ7DKULEDWOçæNRQWUROOHUæND\QDNæ\HWHUOLOLNæWHVWæSDUoDODUçæND\QDNoçæYH\Dæ RSHUDW|UæVHUWLILNDODQGçUPDVçæWHVWæSDUoDODUçQGDæ\DæGDæ...

Detaylı

L]HOæ0RWRUæ(PLV\RQæ6WDQGDUWODUç

L]HOæ0RWRUæ(PLV\RQæ6WDQGDUWODUç QOVOX Z\YPO]cYXOVVO\SX Y\^KU KWKvVK ^YZVKXN¾â¾ LS\

Detaylı

6RéXWPDو6X\X

6RéXWPDو6X\X QOVOX Z\YPO]cYXOVVO\SX Y\^KU KWKvVK ^YZVKXN¾â¾ LS\

Detaylı

istatistik - sem - Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi

istatistik - sem - Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi içe r isind e te k stil üre tim in i n g e l i ş i mi ve d ön e mi n s osyal , e ko n omi k ve siya si o lay la r ın e tk isiy le mod an ı n o l u ş u mu , 1 9 0 0 ’ l e rd e n 1 9 80 ’ l i yı l l ...

Detaylı