dochL]PYÛ 4HRHSL - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
download 
Şikayet Transkript
hL]PYÛ 4HRHSL - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
. . hL]PYÛ4HRHSL KENT HAKKI1 +HQUL/HIHYEUH Çevirenler :*L]HP$NVPHU-XOLD6WUXW] Düzelti :(UEDWXUdDYXúR÷OX 7RSOXPVDOLKWL\DoODUWRSOXPDLoNLQROGXùXQGDQGROD\×G×UNLNHQWLQHNRQRPLN SROLWLN YH NOWUHO \DS×V× LüOHYL YH ELoLPLQH GDLU WHRULN EHWLPOHPHOHU \DS×OPDV× ]RUXQOXGXU $QFDN EXJQH NDGDU WNHWLP WRSOXPX RODUDN WDELU HGLOHQ WNHWLPL \|QOHQGLULOPLü ELU EURNUDWLN WRSOXPXQ ROXüWXUGXùX JGOHQPHOHUOHüHNLOOHQGLULOHQELUH\VHOLKWL\DoODUHWNLQELUELoLPGHELOLQPHN YHD\×UWHGLOPHN\HULQHVLVWHPWDUDI×QGDQJ|]OHPOHQPLüPDQLSOHHGLOPLüWLU 140 7RSOXPVDO LKWL\DoODU×Q DQWURSRORMLN GD\DQDNODU× EXOXQPDNWD ROXS ELUELULQH PXKDOLI YH D\Q× ]DPDQGD ELUELULQL WDPDPOD\×F× RODUDN KX]XU YH PDFHUD LüLQ YH R\XQXQ RUJDQL]DV\RQX |QJ|UOHELOLUOLN YH |QJ|UOHPH]OLN D\Q×O×N YH IDUNO×O×N LQ]LYD YH NDUü×ODüPD \DW×U×P YH PEDGHOH EDù×PV×]O×N KDWWD \DOQ×]O×N YH LOHWLüLP DQLGHQOLN YH X]XQ YDGHOLOLN NDYUDPODU×\OD WDQ×PODQDELOHFHN WP LKWL\DoODU× NDSVDU úQVDQRùOX HQHUMLVLQL ELULNWLUPH KDUFDPD YH KDWWD R\XQODUGD LVUDI HWPH LKWL\DF×QD VDKLSWLU *|UPH LüLWPH GRNXQPDWDWPDYHWPDOJ×ODU×Q×ELU´HYUHQGHµELUOHüWLUPHLKWL\DF×Q×KLVVHGHU 7RSOXPVDORODUDNLüOHQPLüEXDQWURSRORMLNED]HQD\U×üP×üED]HQELUOHüPLü NkKV×N×üW×U×OP×üNkKD]PDQODüP×üLKWL\DoODUD|]HOOHüPLüLKWL\DoODUGDHNOHQLU %X |]HOOHüPLü LKWL\DoODU üHKLUFLOHU WDUDI×QGDQ D] \D GD oRN J|] |QQGH EXOXQGXUXODQWLFDUL\DGDNOWUHOGRQDW×PODUODNDUü×ODQDPD]%XQODU\DUDW×F× HWNLQOLN VDQDW HVHUL2 \DOQ×]FD UHWLP GHùLO D\Q× ]DPDQGD WNHWLP UQOHUL GHEXNDWHJRULGHGLUELOJLYHKDEHUHHULüLPHGDLUVHPEROLNKD\DOLYHKDWWD R\XQODUODLOJLOLLKWL\DoODU×NDSVDPDNWDG×U2\XQFLQVHOOLNVSRUJLELEHGHQVHO HGLPOHU\DUDW×F×IDDOL\HWOHUVDQDWYHELOJLJLEL|]HOLKWL\DoODU×QEHOLUOLLIDGHOHU úVWDQEXO7HNQLNhQLYHUVLWHVL'RNWRUDgùUHQFLVL JL]HPDNVXPHU#JPDLOFRP %HOoLND/HXYHQhQLYHUVLWHVL'Q\DYHdHYUH%LOLPOHUL&RùUDI\D%|OP'RNWRUD gùUHQFLVLMXOLDVWUXW]#JP[GH 06*6h<UG'Ro'U [email protected] (ùLWLP%LOLP7RSOXP'HUJLVL&LOW9 6D\×36 Güz: 2011 Sayfa: (GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFH6RFLHW\-RXUQDO9ROXPH9 ,VVXH36 $XWXPQ 2011 3DJH +HQUL/HIHYEUH YH momentler DUDF×O×ù×\OD SDUoDO× Lü E|OPQ D] \D GD oRN DüDELOLU 6RQXo RODUDNNHQWYHNHQWVHO\DüDPLKWL\DF×EXUDGDROGXùXNDGDUQHWROPD\DELOLUYH XIXNDoPD\DoDO×üDQELUSHUVSHNWLÁH|]JUFHLIDGHHGLOHELOLU g]HO NHQWVHO LKWL\DoODU NDOLWHOL PHNkQODU×Q NDUü×ODüPD YH ]DPDQGDüO×N PHNkQODU×Q×Q PEDGHOHQLQ GHùLüLP GHùHUL WLFDUHW YH NkU×Q GDKD VWQGH ROPDG×ù× PHNkQODU×Q LKWL\DoODU× GHùLO PLGLU" %X NDUü×ODüPDODU×Q YH PEDGHOHOHULQGHELU]DPDQDLKWL\DF×ROPD\DFDNP×G×U" %XJQ JHUHNOL RODQ DQDOLWLN ELU NHQW ELOLPL KHQ] HVNL] DüDPDV×QGDG×U 2OXüWXUXOPD DüDPDV×QGDNL NDYUDPODU YH WHRULOHU \DOQ×] YH \DOQ×] NHQW JHUoHùLQLQ JHOLüPHVL V×UDV×QGD YH NHQW WRSOXPXQXQ SUDNVLVL\OH WRSOXPVDO SUDWLNOHU LOHUOHWLOHELOLU 0HYFXW GXUXPGD XINXPX]X GDUDOWDQ ELOLPLQ YH H\OHPLQV×N×üPDV×QDVHEHSRODQELUGDUERùD]\DUDWDQDWODQPDV×PHFEXULELU HüLN KDOLQH JHOHQ LGHRORMLOHULQ YH SUDWLNOHULQ |WHVLQH JHoLOPHVL KLo GH NROD\ GHùLOGLU Kent biliminin QHVQHVL NHQWWLU %X ELOLP \|QWHPOHULQL \DNODü×PODU×Q× YH NDYUDPODU×Q× GLùHU ELOLPOHUGHQ SDUoD SDUoD |GQo DO×U DQFDN LNL VHEHSWHQ GROD\×EX\DNODü×PODUDUDV×QGDVHQWH]\DSDELOPHRODQDù×Q×NDo×U×UúONRODUDN EWQFO ROPDV× DU]X HGLOHQ VHQWH] DQDOL]GHQ EDüOD\DUDN \DOQ×]FD VWUDWHMLN ELU VLVWHPOHüWLUPH YH SURJUDPODPD KDOLQGH NDOPDNWDG×U úNLQFL RODUDN EX ELOLPLQQHVQHVLRODQNHQWHNVLNVL]ELUJHUoHNOLNRODUDND\U×ü×U%LOLPoRNWDQ üHNOLGHùLüWLULOPLüRODQWDULKLNHQWLNHVLSGDKDVRQUDRQXQSDUoDODU×Q×\HQLGHQ ELUOHüWLULU7RSOXPVDOELUPHWLQRODUDNEXWDULKLNHQWEXQGDQE|\OHELUELULQH EDùO× UXWLQOHU EWQ VHPEROOHUH YH EHOLUOL VLWLOH EDùO× ELU ]DPDQ oL]HOJHVL GHùLOGLU %X VRV\DO PHWLQ NDOG×U×OPDNWD NHQW JLWJLGH ELU EHOJH ELU VHUJL \D GD ELU P]H J|UQWVQ DOPDNWDG×U 7DULKVHO RODUDN ROXüWXUXOPXü NHQW DUW×NÀLOHQQH\DüDQPDNWDQHGHDOJ×ODQDELOPHNWHGLU.HQWVDGHFHJ|VWHULOHU YH SLWRUHVN NRQXVXQGD GR\XPVX] WXULVWOHULQ YH HVWHWL]PLQ NOWUHO WNHWLP QHVQHVLQGHQLEDUHWWLU.HQWLVDPLPLELUüHNLOGHDQODPDNLVWH\HQLoLQELOHNHQW DUW×N |OPüWU $QDOL]LQ YH o×SODN J|]OHULPL]LQ \HUGHVDKDGD \DQV×PDV×Q× J|UGù üH\ JHOHFHNWHNL ELU QHVQHQLQ GRùDQ JQHü DOW×QGDNL J|OJHVLQGHQ LEDUHWWLU (VNL NHQWLQ \HQLGHQ LQüDV×Q×Q3 WDVDUODQPDV× LPNkQV×]G×U úPNkQO× RODQ\HQLWHPHOOHUVWQH\HQLELUNHQWLQIDUNO×ELU|OoHNOHYHIDUNO×üDUWODU DOW×QGD\HQLELUWRSOXPLoLQGHROXüWXUXOPDV×G×U5HoHWHQHJHOHQHNVHONHQWH JHULG|QüQHGHGHYJLELELUDJORPHUDV\RQDVDKLSüHNLOVL]JHOHFHNNHQWLQH JLGLüWLU 'LùHU ELU GH\LüOH NHQW ELOLPLQLQ QHVQHVL YHULOPHPLüWLU *HoPLü üLPGLNL]DPDQYHJHOHFHNWHPPNQRODQELUELULQGHQD\U×ODPD].HQW\HQL \DNODü×PODU×oDù×UDQYHGüQFH\LDQDOL]HGHQVDQDOELUQHVQHGLU 141 .HQW+DNN× (VNL NODVLN KPDQL]P NDUL\HULQL X]XQ ]DPDQ |QFH YH N|W ELU üHNLOGH WDPDPODP×üW×U +PDQL]P DUW×N |OPüWU .DGDYUDV× PXP\DODQP×ü YH Dù×UODüP×üW×U DUW×N N|W NRNXODU \D\PDNWDG×U 2 DUW×N NDPXVDO RODQ YH ROPD\DQ ELUoRN PHNkQ× LüJDO HWPHNWH YH LQVDQ VXUHWLQGHNL NOWUHO PH]DUO×NODUDG|QüPHNWHGLUP]HOHUQLYHUVLWHOHUoHüLWOL\D\×QODUHNRODUDN \HQLNHQWOHUYHüHKLUFLOLNGHUJLOHUL$EHVOLNYHNOLüH´LQVDQ|OoHùLµGHGLNOHUL DPEDODM×QDOW×QDVDNODQ×U2KDOGHLQVDQ|OoHùLQLQDEDUW×OPDV×\ODEDüDo×NPDO× YHHYUHQLQ|OoHùLQHJ|UHELUüH\OHU\DUDW×OPDO×G×U %XHVNLKPDQL]PE\NN×\×PODUDHüOLNHGHQE\NQIXVDUW×üODU×V×UDV×QGD GQ\DVDYDüODU×QGDE\PHQLQYHHNRQRPLNUHNDEHWLQJHWLUGLùL\×N×F×HWNL\H VDKLS JHUHNOLOLNOHU RUWD\D o×NDUNHQ YH N|W \|QHWLOHQ WHNQRORMLN JHOLüPHOHU \DüDQ×UNHQ |OPüWU %X DUW×N ELU LGHRORML GHùLO UHVPL NRQXüPDODUGD ELOH KHPHQKHPHQKLoNXOODQ×OPD\DQELUV|\OHPGLU 142 .ODVLNKPDQL]PLQ|OPVDQNLLQVDQ×QGD|OPQHLüDUHWHGL\RUPXüoDV×QD \DN×Q JHoPLüWH ´7DQU× |OG LQVDQ GDµ üHNOLQGH E\N o×ùO×NODU DW×OP×üW×U dRNVDWDQNLWDSODUGD\HUEXODQNRQXGDQPHVXOROPD\DQUHNODPODUWDUDI×QGDQ WHNUDUHOHDO×QDQEXIRUPOQLoHULùLKLoGH\HQLGHùLOGLU$YUXSDNOWUYH PHGHQL\HWLQHGDLUEXNDUDQO×N1LHW]VFKHFLPHGLWDV\RQELUDV×U|QFH \×OODU×DUDV×QGDNL)UDQVD3UXV\DVDYDü×G|QHPLQGHEDüODP×üW×U1LHW]VFKH WDQU×Q×Q YH LQVDQ×Q |OPQ LODQ HGHUNHQ E\N ELU ERüOXN E×UDNP×\RUGX EXDODQ×]HQJLQOLNOHGHGROGXUPX\RUGLOOHYHGLOELOLPL\OHGHGRQDWP×\RUGX 0H\GDQD o×NDFDù×Q× GüQGù VWQLQVDQ× LODQ HGL\RU E|\OHFH WHüKLV HWWLùLQLKLOL]PLQVWHVLQGHQJHOL\RUGX%XWHRULNYHüLLUVHOKD]LQHOHULLüOH\HQ \D]DUODUELUDV×UO×NELUJHFLNPH\OHEL]LQLKLOL]PHGDOG×U×\RUGX1LHW]VFKH·GHQ VRQUD VWQLQVDQ×Q WHKOLNHOHUL NRUNXQo ELU ROD\OD RUWD\D o×NP×üW×U 6DQD\L GHYULPLQGHQYHDN×OF×SODQODPDGDQND\QDNO×RODUDNGRùXüXQDüDKLWROGXùXPX] ´\HQLLQVDQµPWKLüELUKD\DON×U×NO×ù×G×U+DODELU\RODo×NW×UEX\RONHQWVHO WRSOXPODU×Q \ROXGXU EX \RO LQVDQ×Q ELU UQ RODUDN GHùLO ELU VDQDW HVHUL °XYUH RODUDN LoHULVLQGH YDU RODELOGLùL WRSOXPODU×Q \ROXGXU (ü ]DPDQO× RODUDN HVNL ´VRV\DO KD\YDQGDQµ DQWLN NHQW LQVDQ×QGDQ NHQWVHO KD\YDQGDQ oRNOX GX\XODUD oRNOX GHùHUOHUH VDKLS GQ\D\OD oHYUHVL\OH YH NHQGLVL\OH oRNNDUPDü×NYHELURNDGDUGDüHIIDILOLüNLOHUNXUPDNRQXVXQGD\HWHQHNOLNHQW LQVDQ×QD\DGDGDKD|WHVLQLKLOL]PHJHoLüLQVWHVLQGHQJHOLQHELOLU(ùHULQVDQ |OG\VH EL] NLP LoLQ LQüD IDDOL\HWOHULQL VUGUHFHùL]" 1DV×O LQüD HGHFHùL]" $UW×NNHQWLQ\RNROPXü\DGD\RNROPDP×üROPDV×Q×Q\HQLGHQGüQOPHVL JHUHNWLùLQLQ \HQL WHPHOOHU ]HULQGH \HQLGHQ LQüD HGLOPHVL JHUHNWLùLQLQ ELU |QHPL\RNWXU7HU|UQKNPVUPHVLQLQDWRPERPEDV×DW×OPDV×Q×QYH\DWP \HUNUHQLQ\RNROPDV×Q×QELU|QHPL\RNWXUgQHPOLRODQQHGLU".LPGüQU +HQUL/HIHYEUH NLP KDUHNHWH JHoHU NLP NLPLQ LoLQ NRQXüXU" (ùHU DQODP YH NHVLQOLNOHU ND\EROGX\VD HùHU EXQODU× ELU SUDNVLV LoLQGH ELOH LIDGH HGHPL\RUVDN KLoELU üH\LQ GH |QHPL \RNWXU úQVDQRùOXQXQ NDSDVLWHVL WHNQLN ELOLP KD\DO JF VDQDWYH\DEXQODU×Q\RNOXùXELU|]HUNJoRODUDN\FHOWLOL\RUVDYHGüQPVHO GüQFH EX GHùHUOHQGLUPHGHQ PHPQXQ LVH ´|]QHµ \RNOXùX QH\H NDUü×O×N YHULU"1H\DS×OPDO×G×U" (VNL KPDQL]P JLWWLNoH X]DNODü×\RU YH ND\EROX\RU 1RVWDOML NXYYHWWHQ Gü\RUYHEL]RQXQFDGGHER\XQFD\D\×OP×ü\DWDQHQGDP×Q×J|UHELOPHNLoLQ JLWWLNoHGDKDQDGLURODUDNJHUL\HG|QSELUEDN×üI×UODW×\RUX]%XHVNLOLEHUDO EXUMXYD]LQLQLGHRORMLVLGLUKDON]HULQHLQVDQ×QDF×ODU×QDHùLOLUL\LUXKODU×J]HO GX\JXODU× GRùUX YLFGDQODU× NRUXU NROODU *HUNRODWLQ ]HULQH VHUSLüWLULOPLü <DKXGLYH+ULVWL\DQPHWLQOHULQLQDNWDU×PODU×QGDQROXüPXüNRUNXQoELUNRNWH\O PLGH EXODQG×U×F× ELU NDU×ü×PG×U $QFDN KDOD ED]× HQWHOHNWHOOHU LoOHULQGH VDùGDQRODQODUYDUVDGDEXQODUJHQHOGHVRONDQDWWDQG×UQHGHYULPFLQHWDP DQODP×\ODJHULFLQHGL\RQL]\DNQHGHDSROLQHURODQ4EXNHGHUOLLoNLGHQLoPH KHYHVLQGHGLU 'ROD\×V×\OD \HQL ELU KPDQL]PH GRùUX \|QHOPH\H \HQL ELU SUDNVLVH NHQW WRSOXPXQXQSUDNVLVLQHGRùUX\|QP]EHOLUOHPH\HJD\UHWJ|VWHUPHOL\L]%X LVWHùLWHKGLWHGHQPLWOHUGHQNRUXQDUDNEXSURMHGHQVDSW×UDFDNLGHRORMLOHULYH \ROXNDSDWDFDNVWUDWHMLOHUL\×NDUDN\UPHOL\L].HQWVHO\DüDPKHQ]EDüODP×ü VD\×OPD] %L] KDOD N|\OHULQ NHQWOHUH EDVN×Q ROGXùX ÀNLUOHULQ GHùHUOHULQ WDEXODU×Q |ùWOHULQ E\N oRùXQOXùXQXQ N×UVDO N|NHQOHUH VDKLS ROGXùX ELQ \×OO×NELUWRSOXPXQHQND]HQYDQWHULQLWDPDPO×\RUX].×UVDOO×NRN\DQXVXQXQ LoHULVLQGHQQDGLUHQNHQWOHUEHOLULU.×UVDOWRSOXPEROOXùXQROPDG×ù×N×WO×ù×Q LVWHQHQ\DGDLVWHQPH\HQELU\RNVXQOXùXQ\DüDQG×ù×EX\RNVXQOXùXSODQOD\DQ NXUDOODUDEDùOD\DQ\DVDNODU×QEXOXQGXùXELUWRSOXPGXU.×UVDOWRSOXPD\Q× ]DPDQGD üHQOLNOHULQ WRSOXPXGXU DQFDN EX HQ L\L |]HOOLùL ND\EHGLOPLüWLU 'ROD\×V×\OD N×UVDO WRSOXPXQ PLWOHUL YH N×V×WO×O×NODU× GHùLO EX üHQOLN KDYDV× \HQLGHQFDQODQG×U×OPDO×G×U.DWLELUüHNLOGHJHOHQHNVHONHQWLQNUL]LWRSUDNOD LOLüNLOLYHJHOHQHNVHOPHGHQL\HWLQGQ\DoDS×QGDNLNUL]LQHHüOLNHWPHNWHGLU %XNUL]OHUELUELULQLWDNLSHGHUYHELUELUL\OHoDN×ü×U<HQLNHQWLQLoHULVLQGH\HQL ELU NHQWVHO \DüDP \DUDWPDN VXUHWL\OH EX oLIW NDWPDQO× NUL]L o|]PHN EL]LP LüLPL]GLU'HYULPFLWRSOXPODU(NLPGHYULPLQGHQ\×OVRQUD5XV\D·GD ROGXùXJLELVDQD\L]HULQGHWHPHOOHQPLüWRSOXPJHOLüLPLQL|QFHGHQVH]GLOHU DPD\DOQ×]FDVH]PHNOHNDOG×ODU gQFHNL SDUDJUDÁDUGDNL ´EL]µ J|QGHUPHVL \DOQ×]FD ELU PHWDIRUGXU YH EX DQODW×PWPLOJLOLOHULNDVWHGHU1HPLPDUQHSODQF×QHVRV\RORJQHLNWLVDWo× 143 .HQW+DNN× QHIHOVHIHFLQHGHVL\DVHWoL\RNWDQ\HQLIRUPODUYH\HQLLOLüNLOHU\DUDWDPD] %LUPLPDUELUVRV\RORJGDQGDKDID]ODPXFL]HYvJFHVDKLSGHùLOGLU1HPLPDU QH GH VRV\RORJ WRSOXPVDO LOLüNLOHUL \DUDWPD JFQ HOLQGH EXOXQGXUPD] \DOQ×]FD ED]× RODV× GXUXPODUGD PHYFXW HùLOLPOHUL \|QOHQGLUHELOLUOHU .HQGL JOREDONDSDVLWHVLLoHULVLQGHLOLüNLOHUL\|QOHQGLULFLE|\OHVLELUJFHVDKLSRODQ \D GD ROPD\DQ \DOQ×]FD WRSOXPVDO KD\DW×Q SUDNVLV NHQGLVLGLU <XNDU×GD EDKVHGLOHQNLüLOHUNLüLVHORODUDN\DGDWDN×PODUKDOLQGH]HPLQLKD]×UOD\DELOLU ELoLPOHU WHNOLI HGHELOLU GHQH\HELOLU YH KD]×UOD\DELOLUOHU <LQH D\Q× üHNLOGH YH |]HOOLNOH ELOLPOH EHVOHQPLü ELU |] VD\HVLQGH ND]DQ×ODQ GHQH\LPOHULQ G|NPQ \DSDELOLU EDüDU×V×]O×NODUGDQ GHUV o×NDUDELOLU PPNQ RODQ×Q PH\GDQDJHOPHVLQH\DUG×PHGHELOLUOHU 9DUG×ù×P×]QRNWDGDHQWHOHNWHO\DNODü×PODU×QYHDUDoODU×QDFLOHQGHùLüPHVL JHUHNL\RU %DüND \HUOHUGH NXOODQ×OP×ü YH KDOD D] ELOLQHQ ED]× ÀNLU YH \DNODü×PODU×QHOHDO×QPDV×JHUHNOLKDOHJHOHFHNWLU 144 D 7UDQVGNVL\RQ 7UDQVGNVL\RQ WPHYDU×P YH WPGHQJHOLPGHQ VLPODV\RQGDQ PRGHO ROXüWXUPDGDQ YH KLSRWH] UHWPHNWHQ D\U×üDQ \|QWHPOL ELoLPGH X\JXODQDQ HQWHOHNWHO ELU RSHUDV\RQGXU 7UDQVGNVL\RQ WHRULN ELU REMH KD]×UODU YH LQüD HGHU %X WHRULN REMH PPNQ ELU REMHGLU JHUoHNOLùH UHIHUDQV YHUHQ ELOJLOHUGHQ YH EX JHUoHNOLùLQ RUWD\D NR\GXùX VRUXQVDOGDQ \ROD o×NDU 7UDQVGNVL\RQ GHQH\VHOJ|]OHPOHUYHNXOODQ×ODQNDYUDPVDOoHUoHYHDUDV×QGDNHVLQWLVL] ELUJHULELOGLULPEXOXQGXùXQXYDUVD\DU%X\|QWHPLQWHRULVLPHWRGRORML üHKLUFLQLQPLPDU×QVRV\RORùXQVL\DVHWoLQLQYHIHOVHIHFLQLQVSRQWDQH ELoLPGHNL GüQFH JHOLüWLUPH \ROODU×Q× VRPXW KDOH JHWLUPHN ]HULQH NXUXOXGXU%X\|QWHP\HQLWHRULNEXOXüODUGDQHWOLùLWRS\DLoHULVLQGH LVHELOJL\LRUWD\DNR\DU E 'HQH\VHOhWRS\D %XJQ NLPWRS\DF× VD\×OPD] NL"<DOQ×]FD GDU ELU NRQXGD X]PDQODüP×ü VLSDULüOH oDO×üDQ YH KLoELU QRUPX ]RUODPD\× NULWLùH WDEL WXWPD\DQ V×UDGDQ X\JXODPDF×ODU WRS\D NXUPD\D LKWL\Do GX\PDGDQ LüOHULQL VUGUHELOLUOHU )WULVWOHU ·OHULQ 3DULV·LQL WDVDUOD\DQ SODQODPDF×ODU %UH]LO\D·\× LQüD HGHQ PKHQGLVOHU YH GLùHU SHNoRNNLüLEXWRS\DF×ODUNDWHJRULVLQHJLUHU$QFDNWRS\DF×O×NoRN oHüLWOLGLU%XQODU×QHQN|WOHULDG×Q×V|\OHPHNVL]LQSR]LWLYL]PüDSNDV× DOW×QDVDNODQDUDNHQVHUWN×V×WODPDODU×YHHQJOQoWHNQLNHNVLNOLNOHUL GD\DWDQWRS\DODUGHùLOPLGLU" +HQUL/HIHYEUH hWRS\D HWNLOHUL YH VRQXoODU× DODQGD LQFHOHQHUHN GHQH\VHO RODUDN J|]GHQ JHoLULOPHOLGLU %X HWNLOHU YH VRQXoODU üDü×UW×F× RODELOLU 7RSOXPVDO Do×GDQ EDüDU×O×PHNkQODUQHUHOHULGLU\DGDQHUHOHULRODFDNW×U"%X\HUOHUKDQJL|OoWOHUH GD\DQDUDNQDV×OEXOXQXSRUWD\Do×NDU×ODELOLU"%X´EDüDU×O×µPHNkQODUGDGLùHU ELUGH\LüOHPXWOXOXNPHNkQODU×QGDKDQJL]DPDQKDQJLJQGHOLN\DüDPULWPL VUGUOU"úüWHEXLOJLoHNLFLGLU 9D]JHoLOPH]GLùHUHQWHOHNWHO\DNODü×PODUDUDV×QGDELUELULQGHQD\U×OPDNV×]×Q IDUNO×ODüDQ o WHPHO WHRULN NDYUDP× ELOPHN JHUHNPHNWHGLU \DS× LüOHY YH ELoLP %X oOQQ |QHPL JHoHUOLOLN DODQ× V×Q×UODU× NDUü×O×NO× LOLüNLOHUL L\L ELOLQPHOLGLUhoWRSODPGDELUEWQHWVHOHUGHKHUELULNHQGLEDù×PV×]O×ù×QD VDKLSWLU YH J|UHOL |]HUNOLNOHUL EXOXQXU û|\OH NL ELUL GLùHUOHULQGHQ GDKD |]HOOLNOL GüQOHUHN ELUHU LGHRORML WHPHOL ROXüWXUXOPDPDO× \DS×VDOF×O×N ELoLPVHOFLOLN LüOHYVHOFLOLN JLEL NDSDO× GRJPDWLN ELUHU DQODPODU VLVWHPL ROXüWXUXOPDPDO×G×U %XQODU×Q KHSVL JHUoHNOLùLQ DQDOL]LQL \DSDELOPHN ´WUDQVGNVL\RQµGHQHQLüOHPLJHUoHNOHüWLUPHNLoLQELUELULDUG×V×UDYHHüLWOLNoL ELUELoLPGHNXOODQ×OPDO×G×U%LULüOHYLQL\LDQODü×ODELOPHVLDQFDNDUDODU×QGD WDUW×üPDV×]ELULOLüNLROPD\DQIDUNO×\DS×ODU×QDUDF×O×ù×\ODEDüDU×O×ELUüHNLOGH PPNQRODELOLUúüOHYYH\DS×NHQGLOHULQLJL]OH\HQYHD\Q×]DPDQGDDo×ùD o×NDUDQELoLPOHULJL\LQLUOHUGROD\×V×\ODEXoO\DS×Q×QROXüWXUGXùXJ|UQP NHQGLHOHPDQODU×QGDQJ|UQPOHULQGHQYHSDUoDODU×QGDQoRNGDKDID]ODV×Q× LoHUHQELUEWQROXüWXUXU <DUDUODQG×ù×P×] HQWHOHNWHO DUDoODU DUDV×QGD ELU WDQHVL YDUG×U NL QH KRU J|UOPH\LQHGH|]HOELULPWL\D]×KDNHGHUEDKVHGLOHQDUDoDQODPODUVLVWHPLGLU \DGDDQODPODUDOWVLVWHPL 6L\DVHW HWNLOHGLùL WRSOXPVDO ROD\ODU YH GDYUDQ×üODUOD LOJLOL VWUDWHMLOHULQL EHOLUOHPHVLQL VDùOD\DQ NHQGL DQODPODU VLVWHPLQH LGHRORMLOHUH VDKLSWLU 0WHYD]× NHQW VDNLQL GH HNRORMLN G]H\GH NHQGL DQODPODU VLVWHPLQH GDKD GRùUXVXDQODPODUDOWVLVWHPLQHVDKLSROXU%XUDGD\DGDRUDGDLNDPHWHWPH KDOLPVWDNLOEDQOL\||UQHNOHULQGHROGXùXJLELYHULOLVLVWHPLQPHYFXWWDNL \DQV×PDV×RQXVDKLSOHQPHYHRQXQG×ü×QDJ|QGHULOPHNLOHLOLüNLOLGLUúNDPHW HGHQLQ DQODPODU VLVWHPL EL]H RQXQ HWNLQOLùL YH SDVLÁLùL KDNN×QGD LSXoODU× YHULUPHYFXGXQELU\DQV×PDV×G×UDQFDNSUDWLNOHELoLPLGHùLüWLULOPLüYHLNDPHW HGHQWDUDI×QGDQDOJ×ODQP×üW×U 0LPDUODULVH´LüOHYµ´ELoLPµ´\DS×µ\DGDGDKDoRNLüOHYVHOFLOLNELoLPVHOFLOLN \DS×VDOF×O×N JLEL QH\L NDVWHWWLùL oRN L\L DQODü×ODPD\DQ ELUELULQGHQ IDUNO× NHOLPHOHUOH LIDGH HGLOHQ NDYUDPODU DOW×QD \HUOHüWLULOPLü DQODPODU EWQQ 145 .HQW+DNN× ROXüWXUPXü YH GRJPDODüW×UP×ü JLEL J|UQPHNWHGLU 2QODU NHQW VDNLQOHUL WDUDI×QGDQ \DüDQDQ YH DOJ×ODQDQ GHùLO NHQGLOHULQH J|UH ELU LNDPHW HWPH \RUXPXQGDQ\RODo×NDUODU'Dù×Q×NYHV|]OGUJUDÀNVHOYHJ|UVHOGLUKDWWD ELUVWGLOROXüWXUPD\DNDGDUJLGHU 0LPDUODU ELUOLNWH WRSOXPVDO ELU YFXW ROXüWXUGXNODU×QGDQ NHQGLOHULQL NXUXPODUDEDùODG×NODU×QGDQGROD\×VLVWHPOHULNHQGLQLG×üDNDSDW×U]RUODNDEXO HWWLULU YH WP HOHüWLULOHULQ LoLQGHQ V×\U×O×U %X VLVWHPLQ JHQHOOLNOH üHKLUFLOLN ]HULQH NXUXOX ELoLPGH EDüND ELU L]OHN \D GD |QJ|U ROPDNV×]×Q G×üDU×GDQ GHùHUELoLOHUHNROXüWXUXOPDV×X\JXQRODFDNW×U 146 ûHKLUFLOLN RODUDN DGODQG×UDELOHFHùLPL] ´üHKLUGH LNDPHW HWPHµ RODUDN LIDGH HGLOHQ HVNL SUDWLùLQ DQODP×Q× RUWD\D o×NDUDFDN N×VPv ROJXODU×QD NHQWVHO ]DPDQPHNkQD GDLU JHQHO ELU WHRUL HNOH\HFHN YH EX KD]×UO×NWDQ LOHUL JHOHQ \HQL ELU SUDWLùL LüDUHW HGHFHN RODQ EX NXUDP SRWDQVL\HO RODUDN PHYFXWWXU ûHKLUFLOLN JQFHO DQODüPD]O×NODU× YH NHQW IHOVHIHVL ² NHQW ELOLPL \D GD SDUoDFײEWQF\DNODü×PODUDUDV×QGDNLD\U×O×NODU×DüDUDNNDSVDPO×ELUNHQW WHRULVLQLQSUDWLùHJHoPHVLQHLPNkQYHUHELOLU%X\ROGDLGHRORMLNYHVWUDWHMLN LoHULNOHULWHUHGGWV]ELoLPGHHOHüWLULOPHVLJHUHNHQJQFHOüHKLUFLOLNSURMHOHUL ELoLPOHQGLULOHELOLU 1HVQHPL]RODQNHQWLQHNDGDUWDULIHWPH\HoDO×ü×UVDNoDO×üDO×PRKLoELU]DPDQ DNO×P×]GDWDPDPHQYHEWQONOELUüHNLOGHROXüPD\DFDNW×U'LùHUQHVQHOHUH J|UH NHQW H\OHPVHO YH SRWDQVL\HO RODUDN oRN GDKD NDUPDü×N DUDüW×U×OPD\× KHGHÁH\HQ NHQGLQL D]DU D]DU RUWD\D o×NDUDQ oRN D] \RUXODQ EHONL GH KLo \RUJXQGüPH\HQELUNDUDNWHUHVDKLSWLU%XQHVQH\LYHULOLELUJHUoHNOLNRODUDN NDEXOHWPHNPLWOHüPLüELULGHRORML\LRUWD\Do×NDU×U%LOJLELULNLPLEXQHVQH\L DQOD\DELOPHN LoLQ WHN ELU \DNODü×P ]HULQGH NDUDU N×O×QPDV×Q× HQJHOOH\HFHN ELoLPGH X\JXQ VD\×GD PHWRGX VXQPDO×G×U $QDOLWLN NXUJXODU DVO×QGD üH\ ROPD\DQ EX ´üH\LQµ Lo HNOHPOHULQL KLoELU ]DPDQ WDPDPODQPD\DFDN RODQ \HQLGHQ \DS×ODQPDODU×Q× PPNQ ROGXùXQFD \DN×Q WDNLS HGHFHNWLU %HWLPOHPHOHU DQDOL]OHU VHQWH] WHüHEEVOHUL KLoELU ]DPDQ HNVLNVL] \D GD NHVLQ RODPD]ODU 7P NDYUDPODU WP NDYUDP EDWDU\DODU× R\XQD GkKLO RODFDNW×UELoLP\DS×LüOHYG]H\ER\XWEDù×PO×YHEDù×PV×]GHùLüNHQOHU NRUHODV\RQODUEWQONJUXSVLVWHPYV%XUDGDGDDQFDNEDüNDELU\HUGHQ GDKDGDID]ODELoLPGHWRUWXNHQGLQLELULFLNRODUDNDo×ùDYXUXUúQüDHGLOPLü KHU QHVQH HOHüWLUHO ELU LQFHOHPH\H YH PPNQ ROGXùX |OoGH GHQH\VHO ELU GRùUXODPD\DWDELWXWXODFDNW×U.HQWELOLPNHQGLQLNXUDELOPHNYHWRSOXPVDO ELUSUDWLùL\|QYHUPHNLoLQELUWDULKVHOVUHFHLKWL\DoGX\DU +HQUL/HIHYEUH %XELOLPJHUHNOLGLUDPD\HWHUOLGHùLOGLU*HUHNOLOLùLQLQ\DQ×V×UDV×Q×UODU×GD DOJ×OD\DELOLUL]ûHKLUFLOLNGüQFHVLoRN|]JQKXVXVLOHüPLüPHUNH]LOHüPLü \HUHO WRSOXPVDO ELULPOHULQ DUDV×QGDNL EDùODQW×ODU YH JHULOLPLQ ROXüWXUGXùX ELUNHQWVHOEWQOùQ\DS×ODQPDV×Q×YH\HQLGHQ\DS×ODQPDV×Q×WHNOLIHGHUNL EXNHQWVHOEWQOùQNDUPDü×NELULoG]HQLVWUNWUV]ROPD\DQHVQHNYH KL\HUDUüLNELU\DS×V×YDUG×U'DKDGHWD\O×RODUDNVRV\RORMLNGüQFHSUDWLNWHNL NDW×O×P HVDVODU× NRQXVXQGD ROGXùX JLEL ELOJLQLQ YH NHQWLQ EWQOHüWLULFL NDSDVLWHVLQLQ\HQLGHQ\DS×ODQG×U×OPDV×Q×DPDoODU1HGHQROPDV×Q"%X\DOQ×]FD WHNELUüDUWODPPNQGU(OHüWLULSUDWLNWHNLLVSDWoDEDODU×YHJOREDOND\J×ODU× SDUoDODUDD\U×OP×üYHGROD\×V×\ODE|OQPüJLULüLPOHUHNXUEDQHWPHGHQ %LOJL E|\OHOLNOH ´PRGHOOHUµ UHWHELOLU YH WHNOLI HGHELOLU +HU ´QHVQHµ EX DQODPGDNHQWVHOJHUoHNOLùLQELUPRGHOLQGHQEDüNDV×RODPD]%XQXQODELUOLNWH NHQW KLoELU ]DPDQ QH ELU ´üH\µ NDGDU NROD\ LüOHQLU RODFDN QH GH ELU DUDo KDOLQL DODFDNW×U NL EX GXUXP HQ RSHUDV\RQHO ELOJL LoLQ ELOH E|\OHGLU .LP NHQWLQHVNLGHQROGXùXJLELNDUPDü×NELUGüQFHQLQVDQDWHVHULYHLFUDDW×QD \HQLGHQ G|QüPHVLQL LVWHPH] NL" $QFDN EXQODU QL\HW YH LVWHN G]H\LQGH NDOPDPDO×G×U EX QRNWDGD NDO×UVD JHUoHN ELU NHQWVHO VWUDWHML ROXüWXUXODPD] %XPHYFXWWDNLVWUDWHMLOHULYHND]DQ×ODQELOJLOHULKHVDEDNDWDPD]NHQWELOLPL E\PHQLQ SODQODQPDV× YH JHOLüPHQLQ \|QOHQGLULOPHVLQH NDGDU X]DQ×U +HU NLP ´VWUDWHMLµ GHUVH J|] |QQGH EXOXQGXUXOPDV× JHUHNHQ ED]×ODU× VWUDWHMLN ELU NDSDVLWH\H VDKLS GLùHUOHUL\VH WDNWLN G]H\LQGH NDODQ ´GHùLüNHQOHULQµ KL\HUDUüLVLQGHQ D\Q× ]DPDQGD EX VWUDWHMLOHUL VDKD\D X\JXOD\DELOPHN LoLQ JHUHNHQJoWHQEDKVHWPLüROXU<DOQ×]FDJUXSODUWRSOXPVDOV×Q×ÁDUYHV×Q×I IUDNVL\RQODU× V×Q×ÁDU×Q GHYULPFL LQLVL\DWLIH VDKLS SDUoDODU× \|QHWLPL HOH DODELOLUYHNHQWVHOVRUXQODUDGDLUDPDFDXODüDQo|]POHULX\JXOD\DELOLU$QFDN EXWRSOXPVDOYHVL\DVDOJoOHUVD\HVLQGH\HQLOHQHQNHQWWHNUDUGDQELUVDQDW HVHULQHG|QüHFHNWLU%XQXEDüDUDELOPHNLoLQ|QFHOLNOHWRSOXPGDNL\HUOHüLN VWUDWHMLOHULYHLGHRORML\LER]PDNJHUHNLU7RSOXPLoHULVLQGHSHNoRNJUXSYH ELUELUOHUL\OHWHUVGüHQGHYOHWHDLWRODQYH|]HORODQDUDV×QGDNLJLELSHNoRN VWUDWHML YDUG×U YH EX IDUNO×O×NODU GXUXPX GHùLüWLUPH]OHU +HU NHQWVHO UHIRUP SURMHVLPHYFXWWDNLWRSOXPXQJQGHOLNYHDQLELUH\VHOLOLüNLOHULQLQ\DS×V×Q× YH D\Q× ]DPDQGD NHQWVHO JHUoHNOLNWHQ DUWD NDODQ PONL\HW PHVHOHOHULQGHQ D\U×üPD VRUXQODU×QD NDGDU HVNLQLQ ]RUOD\×F× NXUXPVDO \ROODU×Q×Q WPQ VRUJXODU %|\OHOLNOH DVOHQ UHIRUPFX RODQ NHQWVHO \HQLOHPH VWUDWHMLVL LVWHU LVWHPH] GHYULPFL KDOH JHOLU %X GHYULPFLOLN GXUXPX ]RUXQOXOXNWDQ GHùLO NXUXOX G]HQH NDUü× ROGXùX LoLQGLU .HQW ELOLPLQH GD\DQDQ ELU NHQWVHO VWUDWHMLQLQ HWNLOL RODELOPHVL LoLQ WRSOXPVDO GHVWHùH YH VL\DVL JFH LKWL\DF× YDUG×UWHNEDü×QDGDYUDQDELOPHVLPPNQGHùLOGLU%XGHYULPROXüWXUXOPXü D\U×üPD\DELWLüQRNWDV×Q×NR\DELOHFHN\HWHQHNWHNLWHNV×Q×IRODQLüoLV×Q×I×QD 147 .HQW+DNN× YHRQXQKDUHNHWLQHGRNXQPDGDQJHUoHNOHüHPH]<DOQ×]FDEXV×Q×IJHUoHNELU V×Q×IRODUDNELUD\U×üPDVWUDWHMLVLWDUDI×QGDQ\RNHGLOHQPHUNH]vUROQ\HQLGHQ LQüDHWPH\HNDWN×GDEXOXQDELOHFHNYHWHNUDUGDQWHKGLWNkUELUELoLPGH´NDUDU UHWLPLQLQ PHUNH]LQGHµ \HU DODELOHFHNWLU %X VDGHFH LüoL V×Q×I×Q×Q NHQWVHO WRSOXPX ROXüWXUDFDù× DQODP×QD JHOPH] IDNDW RQVX] KLo ELU üH\LQ PPNQ ROPD\DFDNW×U úüoL V×Q×I× ROPDGDQ ELU EWQOHüPH oDEDV×Q×Q KLo ELU DQODP× \RNWXU YH VWHOLN EX GXUXPGD EWQOHüHPHPH KDOL EWQOHüPH QRVWDOMLVLQLQ PDVNHVLDOW×QGDGHYDPHGHFHNWLU2UDGDVDGHFHELUVHoHQHNGHùLODo×ODQYH NDSDQDQELUXIXNEXOXQXUúüoLV×Q×I×VXVXSKDUHNHWHWPH\LQFHYHWHRULQLQRQD ´WDULKVHO J|UHYµ RODUDN WDQ×PODG×ù×Q× EDüDUDPD\×QFD KHP ´|]QHµ KHP GH ´QHVQHµHNVLNNDO×U'üQPHEXHNVLNOLùL\DQV×W×U%XEDùODPGDLNL|QHULGHQ EDKVHWPHNGRùUXRODFDNW×U 148 D .HQWVHO UHIRUPXQ SROLWLN SURJUDP× JHUoHNOHULQ DUDüW×U×OPDV×QD GD\DO× ROPDV×QD UDùPHQ EX UHIRUP KDNLP WRSOXPXQ oHUoHYHVL\OH YH LPNkQODU×\OD V×Q×UODQPD] RQX ´JHUoHNoLOLùLQµ HJHPHQOLùL DOW×QGD GD E×UDNPD]EDüNDELUGH\LüOHUHIRUPX|\OHFHUHIRUPFXOXNODN×V×WODPD] 'ROD\×V×\ODEXSURJUDP×QWHNLOKDWWDSDUDGRNVDOELUNDUDNWHULRODFDNYH VL\DVLJoOHUH\DQLVL\DVLSDUWLOHUH|QHULROXüWXUDFDNW×U7HUFLKOLRODUDN ´VROµ SDUWLOHUH LüoL V×Q×I×Q× WHPVLO HGHQ \D GD WHPVLO HWPH QL\HWLQGH RODQ VL\DVL ROXüXPODUD EDùO× RODFDN YH\D RQODUD HNOHPOHQHFHN IDNDW EX JoOHULQ YH ELoLPOHQPHQLQ ELU SDUoDV× RODUDN VUGUOPH\HFHNWLU 2QODUD EDùO× ROPDV×QD NDUü×Q HOLQGHNL ELOJLGHQ LOHUL JHOHQ |]HO ELU NDUDNWHUL RODFDN \DQL RQXQ ELOLPVHO ELU \DQ×Q× ROXüWXUDFDNW×U 6L\DVL JoOHU VRUXPOXOXNODU×Q× DOPDO×G×U 0RGHUQ WRSOXPXQ YH UHWLFLOHULQ JHOHFHùLQH\|QYHUHQEXDODQGDVL\DVLJoOHUWDULK|QQGHFHKDOHWYH ELOPH]OLNOH\DGV×G×NODU×VRUXPOXOXùXJHULND]DQPDO×G×U E ´0RGHOOHULµPHNkQELoLPOHULQLNHQWVHO]DPDQODU×NDSVD\DQROJXQODüP×ü NHQWVHO SURMHOHULQ JHUoHNWH X\JXODQ×S X\JXODQDPD\DFDNODU× WRSLN ROXS ROPDG×NODU× NRQXVXQGD HQGLüHOHQPH\L] %X PRGHOOHU EDVLW ELU NHQWVHO DUDüW×UPD \D GD NHQW WLSRORMLVL DQDOL]L\OH HOHPDQODU×Q EDVLWoH ELUELUOHUL\OH HüOHüWLULOPHVL\OH RUWD\D o×NDPD] =DPDQ×Q YH PHNkQ×Q IRUPODU× SUDNVLV WDUDI×QGDQ NHüIHGLOHFHN YH |QHULOHFHNWLU 6DGHFH NDo×üDYHWHUNHGLüHL]LQYHUHQLGHRORMLOHULWDü×\DQELUWDKD\\OGHùLO ]DPDQODU× PHNkQODU× SVLNRORMLN KD\DW× YH DU]XODU× VDKLSOHQPH\L PPNQN×ODQELUWDKD\\OKDUHNHWHJHoLUPHNJHUHNPHNWHGLU(EHGL NHQW QHGHQ JHoLFL NHQWH NDUü× GXUPD] \D GD KDUHNHWOL PHUNH]OHU QHGHQ VDELW ELU PHUNH]LQ NDUü×V×QGD GHùLOGLU" +HU WUO FHVXUOXùD L]LQ YHULOPHOLGLU 1HGHQ VHoHQHNOHULPL] PHNkQ×Q YH ]DPDQODU×Q WHN +HQUL/HIHYEUH ELU PRUIRORMLVL LOH V×Q×UODQV×Q" %DKVHGLOHQ VHoHQHNOHU NHQWWH \DüDPD ELoLPL\DüDPWDU]×YHNHQWLQJHOLüLPL\OHLOJLOLNRQXODU×GDLoHUHELOLU %XLNL|QHULVHULVLQLQLoLQHNHQWVHOVWUDWHMLPL]LROXüWXUDQN×VDRUWDYHX]XQ YDGHOL VHoHQHNOHU GkKLOGLU úoLQGH \DüDG×ù×P×] WRSOXP oRNOXùD HQ D]×QGDQ GROXOXùD GRùUX JLWPHNWHGLU NDO×F× QHVQHOHU YH UQOHU QLFHOLN WDWPLQ UDV\RQDOLWH 'RùUXVX GHYDVD ELU ERüOXùXQ ROXüPDV×QD L]LQ YHULOPHNWHGLU EX ERüOXNWD LGHRORMLOHU VDUV×O×U UHWRULùLQ VW VLVOH NDSODQ×U .XUJXODUGDQ YH GHULQOHPHVLQH J|]OHPOHUGHQ \ROD o×NDQ DNWLI GüQFH VD\HVLQGH RUWD\D NR\DFDù×P×]E\NUHVPLQDPDF×RUWDGDGXUDQE\NERüOXùXSDUoDO×E|ON S|UoN ELOJLOHUOH \D GD \DOQ×]FD V|]OH GHùLO EDüND ELU ELoLPGH GROGXUPDN ROPDO×G×U úGHRORJODU×Q NHQWLQ \DS×ODüPDV× YH \DS× ER]XPXQD XùUDW×OPDV× NRQXVXQGDVUHNOLV|\OHYOHUYHUGLNOHULELUG|QHPGHNHQWVRV\DOYHNOWUHO D\U×üPD\ODLOJLOLROD\ODU×Do×NO×NODJQ\]QHo×NDUPDNWDG×U%LUEWQRODUDN WDQ×PODQDQ WRSOXP NHQGLVLQL ERüOXNOX KLVVHWPHNWHGLU $OWVLVWHPOHULQ YH oHüLWOL EDVN× WHU|U LGHRORMLN LNQD YE DUDoODUOD VDùODPODüW×U×OP×ü \DS×ODU×Q LoLQGHELOHERüOXNODUEXOXQPDNWDKDWWD]DPDQ]DPDQEXERüOXNODUXoXUXPODUD G|QüPHNWHGLU%RüOXNODUWHVDGIvGHùLOGLURQODURODV×PHNkQODUG×U0PNQ RODQ×Q GHùLüNHQ YH GDù×Q×N XQVXUODU×Q× LoHULUOHU DPD RQODU× ELUOHüWLUHELOPHN LoLQ JHUHNHQ Jo HNVLNWLU hVWHOLN \DS×ODüPD H\OHPOHUL WRSOXP LoHULVLQGHNL ERüOXùXQJFYHEXJFQYDUROXüXELOHHQJHOOHQPHHùLOLPLQGHGLU0PNQ RODQ×QLKWLPDOOHULVDGHFHUDGLNDOELUG|QüPVUHFLPHWDPRUIR]V×UDV×QGD WDPDPODQDELOLUOHU %X NRQMRQNWUGH LGHRORML ´ELOLPVHOOLùHµ PXWODN ELU |]HOOLN YHUPHNWHGLU JHUoHNELOLPOHLOJLOLKDOHJHOLURQXSDUoDODU\HQLGHQLQüDHGHUYH|\OHFHRQX RODV×O×ù×QGDQD\×U×S\ROXQXNDSDW×U%LOLPLQEXEDùODPGDSDUoDSDUoDROPXü ELUELOLPVDGHFHSURJUDPRODUDNELUJHWLULVLEXOXQXU%LOLPoHüLWOLXQVXUODU× ELUSURJUDP×QLoLQHWDü×U%XXQVXUODU×QoRNWDQELUEWQONROXüWXUGXùXNDEXO HGLOLUVHYHEXSURJUDPNHOLPHNHOLPH\HULQHJHWLULOPHNLVWHQLUVHVDQDOQHVQH\L üLPGLGHQWHNQLNELUQHVQHRODUDNLüOHPHPL]JHUHNPHNWHGLU%XSURMHQHELU HOHüWLULQHGH|]HOHüWLUL\DSPDGDQKD\DWDJHoLULOHELOLU%XSURMHVDKD]HULQH ELULGHRORML\LWHNQRNUDWODU×QLGHRORMLVLQL\DQV×WDUDNJHUoHNOHüWLULOHELOLUûXELU JHUoHNWLUNL\DOQ×]FDSURJUDPQLWHOLùLQGHNLELOLP\HWHUOLGHùLOGLUYHX\JXODPD VUHFLQGH ELoLPL GHùLüLU .HQWVHO WRSOXPX LOJLOHQGLUHQ ELU SURJUDP×Q JHUoHNOHüWLULOPHVLKDGLVHVLQGH\DOQ×]FDNHQWLoLQGHX]XQELUVL\DVLGHQH\LP V×UDV×QGD NHQGLQH \DW×U×P \DSDELOHQ ELU WRSOXP \DS×V× PXNWHGLUGLU 'LùHU WDUDIWDQNHQWELOLPLEXSHUVSHNWLIHWHRULNYHHOHüWLUHODQFDNROXPOXELUNDWN×GD EXOXQXU 'L\DOHNWLN DN×O WDUDI×QGDQ NRQWURO HGLOHQ WRS\D V|]GH ELOLPVHO NXUJXODUDYHGRùUX\ROGDQo×NP×üKD\DOJFQHNDUü×ELUNRUX\XFXRODUDNLüOHY 149 .HQW+DNN× J|UU$\U×FDEXWHPHO\DOQ×]FDELUSURJUDPQLWHOLùLQGHND\EROPDP×]×|QOHU %XUDGD GL\DOHNWLN KDUHNHW ELOLP YH VL\DVL JFQ DUDV×QGDNL LOLüNL ´WHRUL SUDWLNµ YH ´ROXPOXROXPVX] HOHüWLULµ DUDV×QGDNL LOLüNLQLQ JHUoHNOHüPHVLQL VDùOD\DQELUGL\DORJRODUDNRUWD\DNRQPDNWDG×U 150 %LOLPNDGDUJHUHNOLRODQDQFDN\HWHUOLROPD\DQVDQDWNHQWVHOWRSOXPXQKD\DW KDNN×QGDNL PHGLWDV\RQYDUv GHULQ GüQFHOHULQL GUDP YH NH\LI DUDF×O×ù×\OD JHUoHNOHüWLULU úODYHWHQ YH |]HOOLNOH VDQDW HVHU ±XYUH DQOD\×ü×Q× \HQLGHQ RUWD\Do×NDU×U]DPDQDYHPHNkQODUDGDLUSHNoRNELoLPROXüWXUXUSDVLIELU ER\XQHùPH\DGDELUNDEXOOHQLüLoHUPH]VDQDWHVHULQHGRùUXELUEDüNDODü×P JHoLULOPLüWLU 0]LN ]DPDQ×Q VDKLSOHQLOPHVLQL J|VWHULUNHQ UHVLP YH KH\NHO PHNkQ×QVDKLSOHQLOPHVLQLLPOHU%LOLPSDUoDO×GHWHUPLQL]PLNHüIHGHUVHVDQDW YH GH IHOVHIH RQD SDUoDO× ELU GHWHUPLQL]PGHQ \ROD o×N×ODUDN EWQOùQ QDV×O GRùGXùXQX J|VWHUHELOHFHNWLU 6DQDW×Q WHNQLùLQ YH ELOJLQLQ HWNLOL YH HWNLQELUEWQON´VHQWH]µKDOLQHJHOPHVLQLVDùODPDNLoLQNHQWVHOWRSOXPX \DUDWPDJ|UHYL\LQHWRSOXPVDOJFHGüHU%LU\|QHWPHQKDOLQLDODQEXNHQW ]HULQHGHULQOHPHVLQHGüQPHSUDWLùLNDYUDPODUDUDV×NDUü×WO×ù×DüDUDNKHP WRSLN KHP GH JHUoHNoL RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOLU hWRS\DF×O×ù×Q HQ VW G]H\LQH JHOLQGLùLQGH JHUoHNoLOLNOH ELU ´RSWLPXPµ QRNWDV×QGD EXOXüXODFDù×Q× LGGLD HWPHNPPNQGU dDù×P×]×Q|]HOOLNOHULQGHQRODQoHOLüNLOLROPDGXUXPXWRSOXPXQoRùXQOXNOD ]RU RODQ JHUoHNOHUL LOH X\JDUO×ù×Q ND\×W DOW×QD DO×QDQ ROJXODU× DUDV×QGD GD EXOXQXU%LUWDUDIWDQVR\N×U×PGLùHUWDUDIWDQELUoRFXùXQKD\DW×Q×NXUWDUPD\D \D GD ELU DF×\× GLQGLUPH\H \DUD\DQ V×KKL PGDKDOHOHU D\Q× DQGDG×U %X NDUü×WO×NODUGDQ\DN×Q]DPDQGDRODQYHKLoGHNoNROPD\DQELUWDQHVLEXUDGD RUWD\DNRQPDNWDG×U%XNDUü×WO×NWRSOXPXQWRSOXPVDOODüPDV×YHJHQHOOHüPLü D\U×üW×UPDSUDWLùLDUDV×QGDG×U'DKDV×GDYDUG×UgUQHùLQGHYULPFLOLNHWLNHWL\OH UHWLFLELUJHUoHNoLOLNNDWHJRULOHULDUDV×QGD.LWOHOHULQEDVN×V×QDEDùO×RODUDN WRSOXPVDOHWNLOHULQWDPRUWDV×QGDELUH\\RNROPD]NHQGLQLSHNLüWLULU+DNODU JHQHOOLNOHNDQXQODU×QNDEXOQGHQVRQUDDGrWOHUH\DGD|ùWOHUHGkKLOROXUJQ \]QHo×NDUODU%XVRPXW´KDNODU×QµQDV×OROXSGDVR\XWLQVDQYHYDWDQGDü KDNODU×Q× GHPRNUDVL GHYULPLQLQ EDüODQJ×F×QGD ELQDODU×Q DO×QO×ù×QD DV×ODUDN WDPDPODG×NODU×Q× ELOL\RUX] NXüDNODUD YH FLQVL\HWH \|QHOLN KDNODU NDG×QODU oRFXNODUYH\DüO×ODUNRüXOODUDEDùO×KDNODUSUROHWHUOHUN|\OOHU|ùUHWLPHYH HùLWLPHGDLUKDNODUHPHùHNOWUHGLQOHQPH\HVDùO×ùDYHNRQXWDGDLUKDNODU 7P EXQODUD UDùPHQ \D GD EXQODU×Q DUDF×O×ù×\OD \DüDQDQ GHYDVD \×N×PODU GQ\D VDYDüODU× WHKGLWOHU YH QNOHHU VLODK WHU|U úüoL V×Q×I×Q×Q EDVN×V× EX KDNODU×Q WDQ×QPDV×QGD DGrWOHULQ LoHULVLQH \HUOHüPHVLQGH WDNLS HGLOPHVLQGH NDQXQODUDLüOHQPHVLQGHKHU]DPDQJHUHNOLROPXüWXUYHJHUHNOLROPD\DGHYDP +HQUL/HIHYEUH HWPHNWHGLU\DOQ×]FDEX\HWHUOLGHùLOGLU 7XKDI ELU ELoLPGH GRùD KDNN× N×UVDOD YH ¶VDI GRùD\D· LOLüNLQ VRQ ELUNDo VHQHGLU ERü YDNLWOHULQ NXOODQ×P×\OD LOJLOL RODUDN WRSOXPVDO SUDWLùLQ LoLQH JLUPLüWLU%XKDNPHVHOHVL\RUJXQOXNJUOWNHQWOHULQNHQWOHUER]XOGXNoDYH SDUoDODQG×NoD´\RùXQµGQ\DV×NDUü×V×QGD\DS×ODQV×UDGDQSURWHVWRODUDNDGDU JLWPHNWHGLU%XWXKDIELUJLGLüDWW×UûXV|\OHQHELOLUNLGRùDGDDUW×NGHùLüLP GHùHUL YH WLFDUHW LoHULVLQH GkKLO ROPDNWD DO×Q×S VDW×OPDNWDG×U 7LFDULOHüPLü HQGVWULOHüPLüNXUXPVDORODUDNG]HQOHQPLüERü]DPDQXùUDüODU×WLFDUHWLQL \DSDELOPHNYHND]DQoVDùODPDNLoLQLOJLOHQGLùLEX´GRùDOO×ù×µ\×NPDNWDG×U %XJ|]OHEDN×ODQYHEXVD\HGHKD\DWWDNDODQ´GRùDµERü]DPDQXùUDüODU×Q×Q JHWWRVXQD PXWOXOXNWDQ D\U×OP×ü ELU PHNkQD ´\DUDW×F×O×ù×Qµ HPHNOLOLùLQH G|QüPHNWHGLU .HQWVHO DODQODU NHQGLOHUL\OH ELUOLNWH NHQWL WDü×VDODU GD NHQWVHOOLùL WDü×PD]ODU .HQWOHU WDUDI×QGDQ V|PUJHOHüWLULOHQ N×UVDO DODQ NDOLWHVLQL |]HOOLNOHULQL YH N|\O \DüDP×Q×Q oHNLFLOLùLQL ND\EHWPLüWLU .HQW N×UVDO× WDKULS HWPHNWH NHQWOHüPLü EX N|\ GH PONV] N×UVDOO×ù×Q NDUü×V×QGD GXUPDNWD\DüDPDODQODU×Q×Q\DüD\DQODU×QYH\DüDP×QGHULQVHIDOHWLQLQDü×U× ELU |UQHùLQL ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U 'RùD KDNN× YH N×UVDO KDNN× NHQGL NHQGLOHULQL \×NPDNWDGHùLOPLGLU" %X KDN \D GD V|]GH KDN NDUü×V×QGD NHQW KDNN× ELU oDùU× ELU WDOHSWLU %X KDN üDü×UW×F× GRODPEDoO× \ROODUOD ²QRVWDOML WXUL]P JHOHQHNVHO üHKULQ NDOELQH JHUL G|Qü YH YDU RODQ \DGD \HQL JHOLüPLü PHUNH]OHULQ oDùU×ODUײ VDNLQFH GRODüPDNWDG×U 'RùD\× WDOHS HWPH YH RQXQ WDG×Q× o×NDUWPD NHQW KDNN×Q×Q \ROXQX VDSW×UPDNWDG×U %X WDOHS GROD\O× RODUDN ROVD GD \×SUDQP×ü YH \HQLOHQPHPLü NHQWWHQ YH GDKD ´JHUoHNWHQµ YDUO×ù×Q× ELOH NDQ×WODPDGDQ NHQGLQH\DEDQF×ODüP×üNHQWVHO\DüDPGDQELUNDo×ü×LIDGHHWPHNWHGLU'RùD\D RODQ LKWL\Do YH ¶GRùD KDNN×· NHQW KDNN×QGDQ NDoPD\× EHFHUHPHGHQ RQXQOD oHOLüPHNWHGLU %X GXUXP JHQLü ´GRùDOµ PHNkQODU× NRUXPDQ×Q JHUHNOL ROPDG×ù×DQODP×QDJHOPH] .HQW KDNN× EDVLW ELU ]L\DUHWKDNN× \D GD JHOHQHNVHO NHQWH JHUL G|Qü RODUDN GüQOHPH] %X VDGHFH G|QüWUOPü YH \HQLOHQPLü ELU NHQWVHO \DüDP KDNN×RODUDNIRUPOHHGLOHELOLU .HQWVHOOLN ELU NDUü×ODüPD DODQ× NXOODQ×P GHùHULQLQ |QFHOLNOL ROGXùX WP ND\QDNODULoLQGHHQVWQRODQ]DPDQ×QPHNkQD\D]×OG×ù×NHQGLPRUIRORMLN WHPHOLQL EXOGXùX YH SUDWLNOHULQ PDGGLOHüWLùL ELU PHNkQ ROGXùX VUHFH NHQW GRNXVXQXQN×UVDO×NXüDWP×üROPDV×YHN|\KD\DW×QDGDLUQHOHULQVUGUOGù KLoIDUNHWPH] 151 .HQW+DNN× 152 .HQWLQ YH NHQWVHO WRSOXPXQ HNVLNVL] ELU WHRULVLQL NXUPD YDUVD\×P× ELOLPLQ YHVDQDW×QLPNkQODU×LOHPPNQGU6DGHFHLüoLV×Q×IEXQXQJHUoHNOHüPHVLQL VDùOD\DELOHFHNELUWRSOXPVDOWDü×\×F×YHGHVWHNoLDNW|UNRQXPXQGDRODELOLU%LU DV×U|QFHROGXùXJLELEXJQGHLüoLV×Q×I×NHQGLYDUO×ù×QGDQGROD\×NHQGLVLQH NDUü×\UWOHQV×Q×IVDOVWUDWHML\LUHGGHWPHNWHYHEXQDLWLUD]HWPHNWHGLU%LU DV×U|QFHROGXùXJLELEXJQIDUNO×üDUWODUDOW×QGDELOHROVDLüoLV×Q×I×EWQ WRSOXPXQYHLONRODUDN´NHQWWH\DüD\DQODU×QµJ|UüOHULQLDQO×NYH\]H\VHO RODQ×JHoHUHNELUDUD\DJHWLULU2OLPSRVOXODUYH\HQLEXUMXYDDULVWRNUDWODUNLP RQODU×\RNVD\DU"DUW×NNHQWWHLNDPHWHWPHPHNWHGLU%XQODUELUVDUD\GDQEDüND ELUVDUD\DELUüDWRGDQEDüNDELUüDWR\DJHoHUOHUELU\DWWDQELUÀOR\D\DGDELU ONH\HHPUHGHUOHUKHU\HUGHYHKLoELU\HUGHGLUOHU%|\OHFHJQGHOLNKD\DWD NHQGLQLID]ODV×\ODNDSW×UP×üLQVDQODU×E\OHPHNWHGLUOHU*QGHOLNKD\DW×Q |WHVLQHJHoHUOHUGRùD\×VDKLSOHQLUNOWUQLFDWHGLOPHVLQLSROLVHE×UDN×UODU *HQoOHULQ |ùUHQFLOHULQ HQWHOHNWHOOHULQ EH\D] \DNDO× RODQ \D GD ROPD\DQ LüoLRUGXODU×Q×QWDüUDGDQJHOHQLQVDQODU×QKHUWUOV|PUJHOHüWLULOPLü\DGD \DU×V|PUJHOHüWLULOPLü LQVDQODU×Q üDUWODU×Q× oRN L\L G]HQOHQPLü JQGHOLN KD\DWODUDNDWODQPDN]RUXQGDNDODQKHUNHVLQGXUXPXQXX]XQX]XQDQODWPDN JHUHNOL PLGLU" %XUDGD NHQW VDNLQLQLQ |QHPVL] YH JOQo SHULüDQO×ù×Q× EDQOL\|OHUGH\DüD\DQJHWWRODUGDNDODQHVNLüHKLUOHULQoU\HQPHUNH]OHULQGH YH EX üHKLUOHULQ PHUNH]OHULQGHQ X]DN WP|UOHULQGH RWXUDQODU× VHUJLOHPHN JHUHNOL PLGLU" (YLQLQ \DN×Q×QGD \D GD X]Dù×QGD EXOXQDQ LVWDV\RQD Dù]×QD NDGDUGROXPHWUR\DRÀVH\DGDIDEULND\DNRüDQYHDNüDPD\Q×\ROGDQHYLQH ELU VRQUDNL JQ LoLQ \HQLGHQ Jo WRSODPD\D G|QHQOHULQ JQGHOLN KD\DW×Q× DQOD\DELOPHNDG×QDJ|]OHULPL]LDoPDP×]\HWHUOLGLU%XJHQHOOHüPLüSHULüDQO×N WDEORVX RQX JL]OH\HQ DNOD JHOPHVLQL HQJHOOH\HQ YH RQGDQ NXUWXOPDN LoLQ NXOODQ×ODQ´PHPQXQL\HWµWDEORVXROPDGDQ\U\HPH\HFHNWLU 'ú3127/$5 /HIHYEUH+´/HGURLWjODYLOOHµ/HGURLWjODYLOOH6XLYLGH(VSDFH HWSROLWLTXH3DULVËGLWLRQV$QWKURSRV °XYUH>oQ@ 5HFRQVWLWLXWLRQ>oQ@ 1LHWV]FKH·QLQ ´7UDJHG\D·Q×Q 'RùXüXµ DGO× HVHULQGH WDULI HWWLùL ELU NDYUDPG×UYHWUDMHGLLNLOLùLQLNDVWHGHU>oQ@ *LOEHUW6LPRQGRQWDUDI×QGDQRUWD\DDW×ODQELUIHOVHIHWHULPL>oQ@
Benzer belgeler
Rhein Main - Vitrin Hayati Paylas
ND]DQHWLFHVLQGHGRNWRUDYH\DKDVWDKDQH\HJLELGXUXPODU
PH\GDQDJHOHELOL\RUEHQGHVL]H7UNL\HGHELU\ROJ|VWHULFL
1HFDWL6X|]HU
RODUDNHNWHNL7DWLO6DùO×N5HKEHULQLKD]×UODG×P
NXUXOXüODU×QG...
Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
+DUYH\·LQV×NoDNXOODQG×ù×.HQW+DNN×DVO×QGDROGXNoDUDGLNDOGHYULPFLELU
WRSOXPVDOGHùLüLPo×ùO×ù×WDOHELRODUDNGüQOHELOLU$\Q×]DPDQGDSROLWLN
ELUVORJDQRODQ¶.HQW+DNN×·üXDQYDUR...
Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
NXüDNODU× LoLQ VRUXQ HQWHJUDV\RQXQ JHUoHNOHüLS JHUoHNOHüPH\HFHùL GHùLO EX HQWHJUDV\RQXQ
$OPDQWRSOXPXQXQKDQJLNHVLPLQGH\DQLWRSOXPXQDüDù×WDEDNDV×QGDP×\XNDU×WDEDNDV×QGD
P× YH K...
Jeti Mira - Agfa Graphics
VDùODPDN]HUH|]HORODUDNWDVDUODQP×üW×UúüLQWUQH
EDN×OPDNV×]×Q-HWL0LUDKHUWUOLüL\DSDELOHFHNWLU
-HWL0LUDLoLQoRN\|QOONDQDKWDUNHOLPHROGXùXQGDQ
EXEDVN×PDNLQHVLLOHUXORGDQ...
Baskı önizleme - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
*oNHQGLQLDo×NYHJL]OLELoLPOHUGHJ|VWHUHELOLU7RSOXPGDNLWPELUH\OHULQ
LKWL\DoODU×GüQOGùQGHGHYOHWVLYLOWRSOXPLOLüNLOHULQLQKHPRUWDNKHPGH
NDUü×WROPDV×ELU]RUXQOXOXNWXU -DODOL...
Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
DODQH\OHPLQHGLU"%XH\OHPOHULQJHUHNoHOHULQHGLUYHVDQDWLOHLOLüNLVLQHGLUVRUXODU×QDFHYDS
DUDQDUDNELULQFLE|OPWDPDPODQP×üW×U
úNLQFLE|OPGHLVH 6DQDWWDSURWHVWH\OHPQHGLU"3URWHVWROPD...
Kolektifin Sesi - Yeni Demokrat Gençlik
ODUDNDUúÕGLUHQLúVDÀDUÕQGD\HUDODUDNPFDGHOHHWPH\L
8÷UDGÕNODUÕ NDWOLDPODUOD \RNVXOOXNODUÕ\OD YHUGLNOHUL WHUFLK HGL\RUODU *oV]O÷ YH PD÷GXUL\HWOHUL LOH |Q
NLPOLN PFDGHOHOHUL...
C 4/36-90 / C 4/36-350
FLVLPOHUGHQ X]DN WXWXQX] $N YH\D üDUM NRQWDNODU× DUDV×QGDNL
N×VD GHYUH \DQ×NODUD YH\D \DQJ×QD VHEHS RODELOLU
I